空气中铅的采样及测定方法探讨

铅是银灰色软金属,比重11.34(16℃),熔点327.4℃,沸点1620℃,常温下易溶于稀硝酸和醋酸中. 铅在地球上分布很广,用途非常广泛.主要用作电缆、蓄电池、铸字合金和防放射线材料,也是油漆、农药、某些医药的主要原料,工业上用铅,一般可分为金属铅和铅的化合物两大类.进入环境中的铅主要是铅的化合物.在厂房空气中,铅及其某些化合物以气溶胶即以铅烟和铅尘的形式存在. 铅可在人体内蓄积,体内长期有铅的蓄     

微细水雾除尘技术的实验研究

分析了煤矿并下呼吸性粉尘防治技术现状，并对水的超声雾化技术进行了实验研究，应用回归分析建立了超声雾化性能的数学模型。在分析微细水雾捕尘机理及捕尘水雾凝并沉降技术的基础上，设计了一集微细水雾捕尘-凝聚、凝并降尘-惯性沉降分离为一体的含尘气流净化系统，并对该系统的除尘效率进行了实验研究，建立了相应的数学模型。     

基于表面活性剂的施工扬尘抑尘剂及其性能

针对建筑施工扬尘控制的需求,研究了适用于建筑施工扬尘的抑尘剂配方。该抑尘剂是由吸湿剂、凝并剂和表面活性剂组成的。采用含湿量、筛上和筛下土壤尘质量之比、渗透性作为指标,确定了组分及其浓度范围,通过正交实验筛选出最优抑尘剂配方,并对其抑尘性能进行了研究。结果表明,抑尘剂的最优组成为25%的氯化钙、0.25%的聚丙烯酰胺和0.05%的椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱。在吸湿放湿性实验中,喷洒过该抑尘剂溶液的土壤尘样品的10 d后含湿量大于9%;在抗风蚀性实验中,喷洒过抑尘剂溶液的土壤尘样品的损失率为0。     

混凝土尘抑尘剂配方研制及其性能表征

针对建筑工地扬尘控制需求,研究了适用于混凝土尘的抑尘剂。以高温抗蒸发性、抗研磨性、渗透性作为指标,研究了以吸湿剂、凝并剂和表面活性剂为组成的抑尘剂配方,并对其抑制混凝土尘性能进行了表征。结果表明:(1)混凝土尘粒径越小,越难被润湿。200目混凝土尘粒径均一;Ca含量最多,其次是Si,质量分数占11.10%;真密度为6.41g/cm3。(2)抑尘剂最优配方为25%(质量分数,下同)CaCl2、0.15%蔗糖、0.10%吐温-20。(3)10d后喷洒抑尘剂溶液的混凝土尘含湿量仍能达到10%,具有很好的吸湿放湿性。持续14m/s风速1h后,混凝土尘的损失率为2.23%(质量分数),具有良好的抗风蚀性能。     

绿化树木带滞尘能力的测定与探讨

对１０种不同造林树木和绿化树木的荫蔽下大气中总悬浮微粒含量进行测定。结果表明，１０种不同树木的滞尘量比率为空旷地对照的５０．７－８２．３％，同时对影响树木滞尘能力的有关因子进行了分析和探讨。     

湖北孝感不同类型扬尘中黑碳的污染特征及来源分析

在湖北孝感采集5种不同类型扬尘(道路尘 、大气降尘 、堆场尘 、土壤尘和建筑尘)样品45个,并采用热光反射法测定其黑碳(BC)、焦炭和烟炱浓度.结果表明:(1)孝感扬尘中BC质量浓度为0.02～10.65 g/kg,平均值为1.45 g/kg,BC平均值表现为道路尘>土壤尘>建筑尘>大气降尘>堆场尘.(2)BC和总有机...     

土壤中不同形态铅的提取及其取样深度

对国内外关于土壤中不同形态铅的提取方法和土壤采样深度进行了综述。在土壤铅与植物关系的研究中，采样深度的重要性和实际采样深度因不同研究目的而不同。对有效性铅的重要性作了研究，归纳了中外有效铅提取剂研究的主要历程，并对各种提取剂的利弊作了分析。建议在研究土壤的效铅时，应综合考虑植物和土壤中的诸多因素的影响，并认为混合提取剂更能反映土壤有效铅与植物的关系。     

上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘组分特征及来源解析

分析了上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘的化学组分,并采用化学质量平衡模型进行了道路扬尘的源解析。结果表明,上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘的主要化学组分为Si(18.285 0%(质量分数,下同))、Ca(5.772 2%)、Al(2.460 6%)、Fe(2.345 8%)、Mg(0.889 3%)、K(0.846 4%)、Na(0.785 6%)等地壳元素;源解析结果表明,道路扬尘的首要污染来源是建筑尘(贡献率为34.4%),其次是土壤风沙尘(贡献率为32.6%)、渣土尘(贡献率为20.8%)、机动车尾气尘(贡献率为0.8%)。土壤风沙尘、建筑尘和渣土尘是道路扬尘主要的供应者(贡献率合计超过80%)。     

一种新型环境矿物材料在废水治理中的应用研究——磷矿石去除水溶液中铅离子和镉离子的对比研究

采用天然磷矿石及其改性产品对水溶液中铅离子和镉离子的去除进行了对比研究。天然磷矿石能够有效地去除水溶性铅离子和镉离子，在强酸介质条件下对铅离子的去除效果最好，而对于镉离子，在弱酸或中性的介质中去除效果达到最佳；改性后的磷矿石能够在广泛的pH值范围内对铅离子具有良好的去除作用，显著地提高了对铅离子的去除能力，但是对镉离子的去除没有明显的改善；最后指出，磷矿石对铅离子和镉离子去除差异的根本原因是其对铅离子和镉离子去除机理的不同。     

基于脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀的新型扬尘抑制剂

为研制出一种持续时间长、减少二次扬尘、耐高温、绿色环保的扬尘抑制剂,利用脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀的方法,确定了脲酶抑尘剂的最佳成分配比为脲酶30 g·L~(-1)、尿素0.8 mol·L~(-1)、氯化钙0.8 mol·L~(-1)、高分子吸水树脂1 g·L~(-1)。此外还选取了纯水、氯化钙和高分子吸水树脂这3种抑尘剂与脲酶抑尘剂进行性能对比。结果表明:脲酶抑尘剂的蒸发率为0.04 g·(m~2·s)-1、失水率23.7%、抗风指数27.8、抑尘效率70.7%。其抗蒸发性、保水性、抗风性能和抑尘效率都要优于其他3种抑尘剂。     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Tracing lead contamination in foods in the city of Kolkata,India</Emphasis>

Lead isotopic ratios (LIR) of eight common food items, street dust, coal, diesel, sediments, lead ore and rainwater from India have been reported for the first time in this paper. This study characterized the source and extent of lead pollution in the different foodstuff consumed in Kolkata, a major metropolis of eastern India. The atmospheric lead input to the food items, sold openly in busy roadside markets of the city, has been quantified. The mean 207/206 and 208/206 LIRs of the eight food items ranged from 0.8847 to 0.8924 and 2.145 to 2.167, respectively. Diesel had the highest mean 207/206 and 208/206 values of 0.9015 and 2.1869, respectively, apart from the lead ore. The food items had a mean lead concentration between 3.78 and 43.35 mg kg^?1. The two ratio scatter plots of all the different environmental matrices were spread linearly between the uncontaminated Ichapur sediment and diesel. The 207/206 LIRs of the coal with a mean of 0.8777 did not fall in the linear trend, while the street dust and food samples overlapped strongly. The rainwater sample had a 207/206 LIR of 0.9007. Contaminated sediments in Dhapa, the repository of the city’s municipal garbage, had a mean 207/206 LIR of 0.8658. The corresponding value obtained from the sewage-fed vegetable grown there was 0.8058. The present study indicated that diesel was one of the main contributor to Pb pollution. The atmospheric lead contribution to the food items was in the range of 68.48–86.66 %.     

Economic comparison of emission control systems for glass manufacturing furnaces with heat recovery

Glass manufacturing, like other process industries, is faced with air pollution compliance problems due to ever stricter emission limits. Several waste gas cleaning equipment options are available for air pollution control (APC) in glass plants, the most common arrangements being based on electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or fabric filter (FF) dust collectors and semi-wet or dry processes for acid gas removal. However, several counteracting aspects affect the choice of gas cleaning technologies, which are confirmed by the discrepancies encountered in actual suppliers' bids. In this paper, the main pollution control options are analyzed by carrying out a critical comparison under the cost-effectiveness point of view to select the lowest cost arrangement considering capital investment, operating expenses, and energy-saving revenues from heat recovery processes. The analysis is carried out with reference to a case study involving actual float glass production lines at Pilkington plants in Italy.     

Economic Comparison of Emission Control Systems for Glass Manufacturing Furnaces with Heat Recovery

ABSTRACT

Glass manufacturing, like other process industries, is faced with air pollution compliance problems due to ever stricter emission limits. Several waste gas cleaning equipment options are available for air pollution control (APC) in glass plants, the most common arrangements being based on electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or fabric filter (FF) dust collectors and semi-wet or dry processes for acid gas removal. However, several counteracting aspects affect the choice of gas cleaning technologies, which are confirmed by the discrepancies encountered in actual suppliers' bids. In this paper, the main pollution control options are analyzed by carrying out a critical comparison under the cost-effectiveness point of view to select the lowest cost arrangement considering capital investment, operating expenses, and energy-saving revenues from heat recovery processes. The analysis is carried out with reference to a case study involving actual float glass production lines at Pilkington plants in Italy.     

Acoustic barriers obtained from industrial wastes

Acoustic pollution is an environmental problem that is becoming increasingly more important in our society. Likewise, the accumulation of generated waste and the need for waste management are also becoming more and more pressing. In this study we describe a new material--called PROUSO--obtained from industrial wastes. PROUSO has a variety of commercial and engineering, as well as building, applications. The main raw materials used for this environmentally friendly material come from slag from the aluminium recycling process, dust from the marble industry, foundry sands, and recycled expanded polystyrene from recycled packaging. Some natural materials, such as plastic clays, are also used. To obtain PROUSO we used a conventional ceramic process, forming new mineral phases and incorporating polluted elements into the structure. Its physical properties make PROUSO an excellent acoustic and thermal insulation material. It absorbs 95% of the sound in the frequency band of the 500 Hz. Its compressive strength makes it ideal for use in ceramic wall building.     

南京大气细粒子中重金属污染特征及来源解析简

利用2011年1月、4月、7月和10月在南京市区和北郊采集的气溶胶样品,研究了南京大气细粒子中Zn、Pb、Hg、As和Cd 5种重金属的污染水平,通过元素相关性分析和因子分析方法,对细粒子中这些重金属的污染来源进行了初步解析。结果表明,南京大气细粒子及其重金属污染严重,北郊普遍比市区严重;As严重超标,Cd在南京北郊超标约5倍,Zn在市区与北郊的质量浓度均高于其他重金属元素。每种重金属的浓度均随季节而变化。市区细粒子中,As和Zn可能主要与燃煤、轮胎灰尘和建筑扬尘等有关,Pb、Hg和Cd主要来自交通尘、城市垃圾焚烧等。北郊细粒子中,As、Hg和Zn主要来源于燃煤、钢铁冶炼等工业,Pb和Cd主要与农作物秸秆燃烧、汽车尾气、道路扬尘等影响有关。     

南京大气细粒子中重金属污染特征及来源解析

利用2011年1月、4月、7月和10月在南京市区和北郊采集的气溶胶样品,研究了南京大气细粒子中zn、Ph、Hg、As和cd5种重金属的污染水平,通过元素相关性分析和因子分析方法,对细粒子中这些重金属的污染来源进行了初步解析。结果表明,南京大气细粒子及其重金属污染严重,北郊普遍比市区严重;As严重超标,cd在南京北郊超标约5倍,zn在市区与北郊的质量浓度均高于其他重金属元素。每种重金属的浓度均随季节而变化。市区细粒子中,As和zn可能主要与燃煤、轮胎灰尘和建筑扬尘等有关,Pb、Hg和cd主要来自交通尘、城市垃圾焚烧等。北郊细粒子中,As、Hg和zn主要来源于燃煤、钢铁冶炼等工业,Pb和cd主要与农作物秸秆燃烧、汽车尾气、道路扬尘等影响有关。     

Scale-dependent spatial variability in peatland lead pollution in the southern Pennines, UK

Increasingly, within-site and regional comparisons of peatland lead pollution have been undertaken using the inventory approach. The peatlands of the Peak District, southern Pennines, UK, have received significant atmospheric inputs of lead over the last few hundred years. A multi-core study at three peatland sites in the Peak District demonstrates significant within-site spatial variability in industrial lead pollution. Stochastic simulations reveal that 15 peat cores are required to calculate reliable lead inventories at the within-site and within-region scale for this highly polluted area of the southern Pennines. Within-site variability in lead pollution is dominant at the within-region scale. The study demonstrates that significant errors may be associated with peatland lead inventories at sites where only a single peat core has been used to calculate an inventory. Meaningful comparisons of lead inventories at the regional or global scale can only be made if the within-site variability of lead pollution has been quantified reliably.     

上海市延安高架道路绿地土壤与沿线灰尘中铅的分布特征

对上海市区延安高架道路两旁绿地土壤和沿线灰尘中铅的含量调查发现,延安高架道路沿线绿地土壤中全铅平均质量浓度为93.61 mg/kg,是上海市土壤背景值的3.7倍,沿线灰尘全铅平均质量浓度为324.62 mg/kg,远远超过了绿地土壤中铅的含量.研究区域土壤和灰尘中铅的空间分布差异较大,部分地区出现严重积累.土壤和灰尘中铅的分布规律趋于一致,均表现为延安东路最高,其次是延安中路,延安西路最低.所选区域随着垂直道路水平距离的增加,土壤中铅含量的分布呈现一定的规律性,却易受人为影响而变得复杂多样.     

Implications of high altitude desert dust transport from Western Sahara to Nile Delta during biomass burning season

The air over major cities and rural regions of the Nile Delta is highly polluted during autumn which is the biomass burning season, locally known as black cloud. Previous studies have attributed the increased pollution levels during the black cloud season to the biomass or open burning of agricultural waste, vehicular, industrial emissions, and secondary aerosols. However, new multi-sensor observations (column and vertical profiles) from satellites, dust transport models and associated meteorology present a different picture of the autumn pollution. Here we show, for the first time, the evidence of long range transport of dust at high altitude (2.5-6 km) from Western Sahara and its deposition over the Nile Delta region unlike current Models. The desert dust is found to be a major contributor to the local air quality which was previously considered to be due to pollution from biomass burning enhanced by the dominant northerly winds coming from Europe.     

Sources and fates of lead and cadmium in municipal solid waste

Lead and cadmium enter the municipal solid waste stream as components of a variety of consumer products. Average empirical data from several resource recovery plants were analyzed to obtain an estimate of the source and fate of the subject elements. The total amounts of lead and cadmium found in municipal solid waste, determined from empirical data sources, were found to agree closely with those based on materials flow data. It was determined that most of the cadmium enters the waste stream in the combustible fraction and can account for a major share of the cadmium observed in fly ash and in atmospheric particulates. The most likely sources of cadmium are plastics and pigments. The lead emissions appeared to be derived from both combustible and noncombustible discards of batteries, plastics, and pigments. The data suggests that it would be useful to perform mass balance studies to provide primary data for the determination of the most effective methods for managing discards containing lead and cadmium. The purpose of the suggested research is the reduction of lead and cadmium emissions into the environment from resource recovery plants.