青海东部山区水土流失对环境的危害及治理措施

青海东部系指日月山以东的黄河干流及其一级支流湟水流域、大通河流域。它是青海省的主要农业区,也是全省水土流失的重灾区,认识本区水土流失对环境的影响,探讨防治对策,对指导全省的水土保持工作,促进本区环境、经济建设和社会发展,具有重大的现实意义。青海东部水土流失的特征本区水土流失按强度分有三种,其中轻度侵蚀面积13416.1平方公里(土壤侵蚀模数500—2000吨/平方公里·年),占总面积的50.0％;中度侵蚀面积8011.3平方公里(土壤侵蚀模数2000—5000吨/平方公里·年),占总面积的29.9％;强度侵蚀面积5390平方公里(土壤侵蚀模数5000吨/平方公里·年),占总面积的20.1％。本区水土流失特征,从以下几方面可以看出。     

乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区生态系统服务功能变化研究

在3S技术的支持下,以1990年和2005年的TM图像解译数据为基础,采用谢高地的评价方法分析了乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区景观类型与生态系统服务功能的变化特征,为研究该地区水土开发与生态环境演变提供了依据。结果表明,1990-2005年,乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区农田、灌木林地、城镇及工业用地、盐碱地、水域和未利用地面积增加,其他乔木林地、草地、冰川和沼泽面积均减少;区域生态系统服务功能从1990年的9 182.84×106元减少到2005年的8 627.96×106元,减少量为554.87×106元,减少率为6.04%。保护区域生态环境,恢复和提高区域生态系统服务功能是该区域生态环境建设的重要任务。     

改善农业生态经济环境 综合治理水土流失

遂宁地处四川盆地中部、琼江流域上游,幅员面积1873.31km~2。由于乱砍滥伐,盲目开垦,宕性松软(遂宁组为主),易风化、剥蚀,抗蚀力弱,因此水土流失十分严重。全市中区水土流失面积为1330.8km~2,占幅员的71.0％;年平均侵蚀模数8728.4t/km~2t;年泥沙流失总量1161.6万t,农业生态经济环境严重恶化。 1981年,四川省把遂宁市中区列为琼江流域重点治理区,7年多来(截止1987年底),他们巳完成初步治理水土流失面积294km~2,占开展治理面积358km~2的82.1％。生物措施规划营造水土保持林草7.50万亩,完成7.21万亩,占96.13％。工程措施规划工程总土石方量1000.0m~3,完成1078.8万m~3,新扩建沿山渠、排洪     

中国土地利用碳排放空间特征演化研究

探索土地利用碳排放的空间特征演化对制定区域化减排政策具有重要意义。利用重心模型和空间自相关模型,对我国2009—2016年土地利用碳排放的空间特征演变进行了研究。结果表明:①土地利用碳排放总量由2. 64×10~9t增长到3. 35×10~9t,地均排放量由1038. 42t/km~2增长到1189. 83t/km~2;强度在研究期内整体呈下降趋势,截至研究期末排放强度下降到0. 55t/万元。②排放总量和强度重心迁移方向一致,总量以西移为主且速度趋缓,强度以北移为主且速度趋强;地均排放量重心总体向西南迁移。③排放总量、地均排放量和强度均有较强的空间正相关关系,空间集聚显著。排放总量"热点"区稳定,"冷点"区由新疆和四川两地向川贵一带变动;地均排放量和强度的"热点"区与"冷点"区均相对稳定。因此,减排增效政策着力点应往西部偏移,积极引导西部地区发展低碳经济。     

秦皇岛市土地利用结构与土壤侵蚀空间格局分析

利用3S技术和景观生态学原理,以小流域为单元对秦皇岛市土地利用结构和土壤侵蚀等级类型进行空间分析,得出了不同土地利用结构所占面积和不同土壤侵蚀类型所占面积及分布小流域,并详细分析了秦皇岛市土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子和不同土地利用结构侵蚀现状。     

临沂市土壤侵蚀的经济损失分析

运用环境经济学理论与基本方法,估算并分析了临沂市及各县区水土流失经济损失的货币价值.结果表明,临沂市2010年土壤侵蚀经济损失总量为327.7069×106元;各县区单位面积土壤侵蚀经济损失由大到小依次是蒙阴＞苍山＞沂水＞平邑＞沂南＞费县＞莒南＞临沭＞罗庄＞兰山＞郯城＞河东,表明经济损失是自然因素与社会经济因素共同作用的结果.     

遥感技术在开发建设项目环境监测中的典型应用——以郑徐客运专线穿越开封国家森林公园为例

以新建铁路郑州至徐州客运专线工程为例,以遥感技术为手段,针对铁路穿越开封国家森林公园,分析和阐述了做好生产建设项目生态监测的方法。通过遥感监测,再进行数据分析,森林公园2015年较2014年,交通运输用地、草地均有所增加,林地有略微的减少,可能是由于线路经过区域砍伐了部分树木所致。但是,在工程完工后,通过后期植被恢复,会将该部分林地弥补,不会对森林公园整个用地格局造成影响。2015年较2014年,森林公园有林地和栽培植被减少,草地增加。通过比较分析,减少量很小,反之,草地有所增加,加上后期生态恢复,会逐渐弥补减少的林地不会对森林公园的生态格局造成影响。2015年较2014年,森林公园内水力侵蚀面积增加,工程侵蚀面积减少。说明工程对森林公园的影响正在逐步降低,工程所引发的水土流失减少,生态有所恢复和改善。     

鹤壁矿区土地利用与土壤侵蚀的关系研究

以河北省鹤壁矿区为研究区域,运用GIS和RS技术分析、研究了区域土壤侵蚀强度和土地利用状况.通过SPSS软件包的统计分析,计算土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀强度的相关系数,其强弱依次为:耕地>有林地>荒草地>灌木林地>裸岩石砾地>裸地;计算土壤侵蚀率,其强弱依次为:裸地>裸岩石砾地>灌木林地>荒草地>有林地>耕地.在此基础上进行了鹤壁矿区土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀的关系分析.结果表明,土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀率越低,则土地利用与土壤侵蚀强度的相关性越强.     

海河流域农村生活非点源污染负荷量估算及环境风险分析

分别建立了农村生活污水、生活垃圾和人体粪尿输出系数模型,从省级行政区和水资源三级区2个层面分别估算了海河流域农村生活各类污染物负荷量及比例。2007年,海河流域农村生活非点源污染负荷总量TN322×10^4t·a^-1,TP62×10^4t·a^-1,COD210×10^4t·a^-1。其中,生活污水污染物负荷量TN3×10^4t·a^-1,TP0．36×10^4t·a^-1,COD30×10^4t·a^-1;人体粪尿污染物负荷量TN278×10^4t·a^-1,TP48×10^4t·a^-1,COD180×10^4t·a^-1;生活垃圾污染物负荷量TN41×10^4t·a^-1,TP14×10^4t·a^-1。从各省来看,在农村生活非点源污染负荷总量中,河北省所占比例最大,为57．69％,这是由河北省农村人口数量最多决定的。从水资源三级区来看,在农村生活非点源污染负荷总量中,徒骇马颊河平原所占比例最大,为15．54％;其次是黑龙港及运东平原,占11．57％。在非汛期,农村生活非点源污染的影响微乎其微;在汛期,特别是发生强降雨时,农村生活非点源污染对水体污染构成一定的威胁,尤其以生活垃圾的环境风险最大,这是由目前生活垃圾的处理和堆放方式决定的。     

基于ArcGIS的坡度分析

坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响最大,是水土保持工作中首先要考虑的因素之一。用传统方法计算研究区坡度组成和平均坡度的效率低、精度低;而应用ArcGIS软件的空间分析功能对研究区进行坡度分析的效率高、精度高,减少了人为主观因素的影响,为水土保持工作提供一种新技术、新方法。     

Levels of lead in blood in residents of Kuwait

Following an examination of blood samples from 1000 persons from Kuwait, a number of important differences in the levels of lead in the blood were noted. There were significant differences between the sexes living in the same residential area. Certain significant lead in blood differences were also found between females and males who dyed their hair, and between smokers and non-smokers. Lead in blood concentrations were also tested for the various blood groups of the respondents. It was noted that O⁺ blood group respondents were found to have higher lead levels than those of other major blood groups.     

Assessment of flooding impacts in terms of sustainability in mainland China

An understanding of flood impact in terms of sustainability is vital for long-term disaster risk reduction. This paper utilizes two important concepts: conventional insurance related flood risk for short-term damage by specific flood events, and long-term flood impact on sustainability. The Insurance Related Flood Risk index, IRFR, is defined as the product of the Flood Hazard Index (FHI) and Vulnerability. The Long-term Flood Impact on Sustainability index, LFIS, is the ratio of the flood hazard index to the Sustainable Development Index (SDI). Using a rapid assessment approach, quantitative assessments of IRFR and LFIS are carried out for 2339 counties and cities in mainland China. Each index is graded from ‘very low’ to ‘very high’ according to the eigenvalue magnitude of cluster centroids. By combining grades of FHI and SDI, mainland China is then classified into four zones in order to identify regional variations in the potential linkage between flood hazard and sustainability. Zone I regions, where FHI is graded ‘very low’ or ‘low’ and SDI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’, are mainly located in western China. Zone II regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘medium’ or ‘high’, occur in the rapidly developing areas of central and eastern China. Zone III regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘very low’ or ‘low’, correspond to the resource-based areas of western and north-central China. Zone IV regions, where FHI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’ and SDI is ‘very low’ to ‘low’, occur in ecologically fragile areas of south-western China. The paper also examines the distributions of IRFR and LFIS throughout mainland China. Although 57% of the counties and cities have low IRFR values, 64% have high LFIS values. The modal values of LFIS are ordered as Zone I < Zone II ≈ Zone III < Zone IV; whereas the modal values of IRFR are ordered as Zone I < Zone III < Zone IV < Zone II. It is recommended that present flood risk policies be altered towards a more sustainable flood risk management strategy in areas where LFIS and IRFR vary significantly, with particular attention focused on Zone IV regions, which presently experience poverty and a deteriorating eco-system.     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。     

Closure of Disputes in Assessments of Climate Change in The Netherlands

2 greenhouse gases in assessment studies. For the cases studied, we identify variability in the assessment reports in the Netherlands during the pre-IPCC period. In the Netherlands arena, the assessments in this period can be seen as exponents of two different lines, a Netherlands line and an international line. We seek to identify what factors were decisive in the selection processes that resulted in the closure of visible disputes (visible in or across the assessment reports) for both cases. Our analysis reveals a remarkable difference in the adoption behavior of two Dutch assessment groups despite a large overlap in membership. We provide evidence that it is not the paradigmatic predisposition of the experts in the committee that was decisive for the closure of visible disputes, but it was the context in which the experts operated and the commitments they had made in each setting.     

攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤Zn污染调查研究

根据各水果、蔬菜基地的分区定点采样结果的对比分析,研究了四川省攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤中Zn含量。结果表明,该区土壤Zn平均值范围在75．0～160mg／kg之间。各基地土壤平均锌含量顺序为：撒莲蔬菜基地〉攀莲蔬菜基地〉会理石榴基地〉大田石榴基地〉西区芒果、桂圆基地〉仁和芒果基地〉盐边芒果、枇杷基地。7个基地中有3个基地的土壤锌含量不同程度超过土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,其中以大田石榴基地超标最高（16％）,平均值却是两个蔬菜基地最高。     

铜陵铜官山矿区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了铜陵铜官山铜矿区土壤重金属含量,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法对铜官山土壤污染程度进行评价.研究结果表明,研究区土壤Cu、Zn、As、Hg平均含量高于当地的土壤背景值,土壤已受Cu、Zn、As重污染,受Hg轻污染.不同样点土壤重金属含量存在较大差异,其中处于选矿厂附近的9到16号样点土壤重金属污染情况较其它样点相对较重,15和16号样点的重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数都很高,污染状况在所有样点中最为严重.     

高校参与社区精神文明建设的思考

高等院校汇集了多方面的人才,是社会主义精神文明建设的重要阵地。如何发挥其优势为社区精神文明建设服务?本文从多方面论述了高校主动参与社区精神文明建设的指导思想、意义、优势、思路和途径。     

Role of Wild Game in the Diet of Recreationists in South Carolina

Risk assessors have devoted considerable attention to the consumption of fish in the diet of recreational and subsistence anglers, but little attention has been directed toward the percentage that wild game contributes to total protein intake for people who engage in hunting and fishing. While recall studies have limitations, the relative errors should be similar for different types of fish and game. We interviewed 454 people attending the Palmetto Sportsmen's Classic in South Carolina to determine their consumption patterns of domesticated animals, fish (both wild-caught and commercial) and wild game. The percentage of people who consumed each type of meat was: chicken (98%); beef (95%); wild-caught fish (79%); deer (79%); restaurant fish (73%); pork (71%); dove (47%); commercial fish (41%); wild turkey (40%), duck, squirrel and self-caught quail (about 25% each); restaurant quail (10%); and raccoon (11%). Although a similar proportion of white respondents and black respondents consumed wild game overall (90%), there were ethnic differences in the number of meals of wild-caught fish and game. Black respondents ate more wild-caught fish, rabbit, raccoon and squirrel, and less deer, than did white respondents. Wild-caught fish and game made up 50% of the meat and fish diet of black sportsmen, but only 32% for whites. Wild-caught fish and game were being eaten disproportionately more by low-income black respondents, while more deer was consumed by higher-income black respondents. The data suggest that managers and planners should take into account age, ethnicity and income when (1) conducting exposure assessments, (2) considering consumption patterns for wild-caught fish and game and (3) managing risk from wild-caught fish and game. The data will be especially useful to policy makers and risk managers who are designing consumption advisories, for risk communicators in identifying the target audience and for managers designing long-term stewardship for sites with contamination.     

生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的应用

在分析县域可持续发展指标体系特点的基础上,从生态功能区划依据的原则、目标等方面,深入论述了生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的三方面作用,提出了应用生态功能区划结果对某一区域内不同县域的可持续发展状况分类别进行评价的观点。     

色谱法测定水中苯乙烯的实验室应用

文章通过"溶剂萃取-毛细管柱气相色谱法测定水中苯乙烯"方法的实验室应用,进行了曲线制作、验证、标准样品的实际测定,允许相对偏差、相对误差及加标回收率均符合方法要求,验证了气相色谱法测定苯系物(程序升温和分流进样),具有较高的精密度和准确度。同时证明了在此实验条件下采用"溶剂萃取-毛细管柱气相色谱法测定水中苯乙烯"的方法可行。