室内装饰装修材料测试舱的研制与应用

介绍了测试舱的研制意义、测试舱构造和温度控制部分,以及空气交换、循环控制,空气净化装置和温度、湿度、流速显示装置等.通过实验,对测试舱的温度控制,空气净化系统检验,空气交换、循环的检验,释放甲醛平衡点的快速判断和测试舱的比对等运行技术指标进行了论证、优化.结果表明,简易的室内装饰装修材料测试舱对主要运行参数可以自动运行与控制,运行情况满足国家标准方法的技术指标要求,与同类商品化测试舱相比,误差在2%左右.     

江苏省工业发展与大气污染物排放的时空演变关系

选取2001—2014年的相关数据,采用环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC曲线)模型和物理学的区域重心模型,分析了江苏省工业发展与大气污染物排放的时空演变关系。结果表明,2001年以来,随着工业总产值的增加,工业废气排放量呈现增加的趋势,虽然增加幅度有所减缓,但是拐点还未出现,而SO_2和烟粉尘排放强度已经跨过EKC曲线高峰进入二者协调发展的新阶段。时空演变关系表明,工业总产值和污染物排放强度重心均有较大的移动,并且二者的移动方向呈现相反的趋势,而SO_2和烟粉尘排放强度重心的移动方向具有相同的趋势,并且移动幅度接近。指出,当污染物减排到一定程度时,新的技术和政策措施必须同步发展,才能使污染物排放得到进一步控制,最终进入第五个阶段。     

深度透析农村水源污染的饮水安全解困之道

正不久前网上关于农夫山泉的"标准门"被炒得沸沸扬扬,媒体报道农夫山泉标准不如自来水,再次触发了公众对饮用水水源的重新思考。不管是商家的竞争,还是水质的问题。水被誉为生命之源,可见其重要性,尤其饮用水的安全,关乎民生大计,绝不容忽视。近些年,我国农村的大多数生活污水直接排放,造成河流、水塘污染,不仅影响农村居民居住环境,而且严重威胁到了农村居民的身体健康。农村普遍存在基础设施建设薄弱、排水系统和污水处理建     

日本城市环境监测技术系统运营管理研究与借鉴

日本城市环境监测技术系统管理经历多年探索和总结,形成了成熟的运营模式,对我国现行技术系统的管理实践极有借鉴价值.目前环保部门在相应的管理、技术和人才等方面准备不足,面对社会专业化公司的参与,在管理和运营中暴露出一些问题,比较和借鉴国外市场化运营理念,将促进我们管理思路的创新.     

推进环境监测转型 为探索环保新道路提供技术支撑

环境保护工作是全面落实贯彻科学发展观的重要措施,是科学发展的具体体现.环境监测是环境保护工作的基础,是环境管理的组成部分,对于摸清环境状况,促进环境保护事业的发展,满足广大公众的环境知情权,建设和谐社会具有重要作用.     

王水消解蒸气发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的砷、锑和汞

对土壤的前处理进行了研究,通过一系列的实验验证,给出了土壤中砷、锑和汞的监测分析方法,采用王水消解,硫脲还原,蒸气发生连续进样,运用原子荧光光谱法进行测定,得到了令人满意的结果.     

重庆市区灰霾天气变化及特征分析

分析了近15年重庆市区灰霾的时间变化特征以及主要大气污染物与能见度的相关性。1997—2012年,灰霾天气占41.2%,发生天数没有明显变化,严重程度有所减缓。灰霾在冬季发生的天数最多,持续时间长,且容易发生重度的持续灰霾。夏季灰霾天数最少,程度最轻。PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2浓度随灰霾的加重而增加,其中PM2.5浓度增幅最大,O3浓度随灰霾的加重而降低。灰霾对能见度的影响大于降水天气对其的影响。灰霾天气下能见度受PM2.5的影响较大,非灰霾天气下,能见度主要受O3的影响。     

我国环境执法难的症结及对策分析

环境问题的日渐突出促使我国环境保护事业不断发展,近年来,环境执法在环境保护中发挥着越来越重要的作用,也面临着来自内部和外部的诸多挑战。本文针对我国环境执法难的现实,立足执法三要素(法律、执法者及执法对象),坚持内外因相结合,剖析了执法难的症结,提出了具体的对策。     

世界银行:中国实现“十二五”减排目标须城市低碳

正中国新闻网消息日前,世界银行在北京发布了《中国可持续性低碳城市发展》。该报告称,中国的城市走低碳发展之路,有助于实现国家降低单位G D P能源强度和碳强度的目标,同时更加宜居,效率更高,更有竞争力,最终实现可持续发     

“体检”报告称地球严重超载2050年需2.9个地球

新京报消息昨日,400 km之外的国际空间站发布了《地球生命力报告2012》,报告称,过去40年,地球生命力下降了28%,处于"很不健康"的状态。昨日,兼任世界自然基金会(WWF)推广大使的欧洲航天局宇航员安德鲁.库佩斯从国际空间站向全球发布了该组织     

高产水稻田氮磷排放监测及特征分析

通过设立田间定位监测点,对高产水稻田的水及氮、磷的输入和排出进行了3年的定点监测,根据监测结果分析了稻田的氮、磷迁移特征和规律。结果表明,每667m^2稻田氮排出量约3000g,磷排出量约82g;随降雨及灌溉水带人的氮约1600g,磷约59g;两者相抵,表观净排出氮约为1400g,磷约23g。稻田氮、磷排出与稻田排水量及基面肥施用量有关。改进稻田氮肥施用时间和施用方法,合理管理稻田水量,减少排水,是减少高产水稻田氮、磷排放的关键技术措施。     

重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜中Hg、Pb的污染特征及相关性分析

通过对重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb的含量分析 ,发现土壤 Hg含量远远大于背景值 ,并且土壤 Hg的含量与菜地周围的环境密切相关 ;土壤 Pb的含量同背景值相差不大。Hg、Pb在土壤和蔬菜中的污染特征表现为主城区 >近郊区 >远郊区 ;并且不同蔬菜品种中 Hg、Pb的含量差异较大 ,在不同蔬菜种类表现为叶菜类 >果菜类 >根菜类。相关性分析表明同一菜地土壤和蔬菜中 Hg、Pb含量无相关性 ;不同菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb含量不具有相关性。     

Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative: Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen – Issues and Impacts

Anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and oxygen-consuming material to aquatic ecosystems can change nutrient dynamics, deplete oxygen, and change abundance and diversity of aquatic plants and animals. The Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative required a research and assessment program to establish the contribution of pulp mill and sewage discharges to eutrophication and depressions in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Athabasca and Wapiti rivers of northern Alberta, Canada and examine the adequacy of existing guidelines for protecting these systems. Analysis of long-term data showed that total N (TN) and total P (TP) concentrations in exposed river reaches exceeded concentrations in reference reaches by ≤ 2 times for the Athabasca River, and by 9.6 (TP) and 2.6 (TN) times for the Wapiti River. Results from nutrient limitation experiments conducted in situ and in mesocosms showed that benthic algal production was nutrient sufficient downstream of pulp mill discharges but constrained in upper river reaches by insufficient P (Athabasca River) or N + P (Wapiti River). Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in both rivers declined during winter such that median concentrations in the Athabasca River 945 km downstream of the headwaters were approximately 8 mg L⁻¹ in mid-February. Although water column DO rarely approached the guideline of 6.5 mg L⁻¹, DO studies undertaken in the Wapiti River showed that pore water DO often failed to meet this guideline and could not be predicted from water column DO. Results from this integrated program of monitoring and experimentation have improved understanding of the interactions between nutrients, DO and aquatic ecosystem productivity and resulted in recommendations for revisions to nutrient and DO guidelines for these northern rivers.The Canadian Crown reserves the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright.     

A Review of the Northern Ecosystem Initiative in Arctic Canada: Facilitating Arctic Ecosystem Research Through Traditional and Novel Approaches

The Canadian Arctic is undergoing considerable social and environmental change. Anthropogenic stressors on this sensitive environment include climate change, contaminants, resource extraction, tourism and increasing human populations. The Northern Ecosystem Initiative (NEI) is a program aimed at supporting the sustainability of northern communities, and at improving our understanding of how northern ecosystems respond to these environmental stressors. A key element of the NEI is to establish partnerships between all levels of government, non-governmental environmental agencies, and northern residents. The NEI is an important source of financial support critical for social and environmental scientists as well as northern residents and their community and regional organizations. Initiated in 1998, the NEI has supported numerous northern scientific and capacity-building projects, and has evaluated the information gained from this work to refine and focus its future support to address key information gaps and northern needs.     

总氮、总磷监测中存在的有关问题

文章简要介绍了我国部分地表水总氮、总磷的浓度现状和相关标准,重点讨论了总氮、总磷监测中存在的问题并提出相应的解决办法.     

Appraising the role of relationships between regulators and consultants for effective EIA

The role of relationships between regulators and consultants engaged in environmental impact assessment (EIA) is explored. A Partnering Agreement between Western Australian regulators and consultants gave rise to a survey and interviews with representatives of these EIA practitioners to understand levels of cooperation between them and ways to improve EIA practice locally. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative responses are presented with an emphasis on practitioner comments reproduced in their own words and ‘voice’. The results suggest that while relationships are strained because of staff resources and levels of expertise brought about by a major resource boom in recent years, there is a great desire for cooperation and collaboration. Greater clarification and understanding of each stakeholder's purpose and role in the EIA process along with opportunities for EIA practitioners to interact, communicate and socialise are identified as positive ways forward. The value of establishing the relatively simple Partnering Agreement approach is demonstrated and is put forward as something that practitioners internationally might equally benefit from as a means of improving the effectiveness of EIA practice.     

Particle-phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Non-catalysed, In-use Four-stroke Scooters

Metals and radionuclide levels in marine birds of the Aleutians are of interest because they are part of subsistence diets of the Aleut people, and can also serve as indicators of marine pollution. We examined geographic and species-specific variations in concentrations of radionuclides in birds and their eggs from Amchitka, the site of underground nuclear tests from 1965 to 1971, and Kiska Islands (a reference site) in the Aleutians, and the levels of lead, mercury and cadmium in eggs. In 2004 we collected common eiders (Somateria mollissima), tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata), pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) and glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) from Amchitka and Kiska, and eggs from eiders and gulls from the two island. We also collected one runt bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) chick from both Amchitka and Kiska Islands. For most species, the levels of radionuclide isotopes were below the minimum detectable activity levels (MDA). Out of 74 cesium-137 analyses, only one composite (gulls) was above the MDA, and out of 14 composites tested for plutonium (Pu-239, 240), only one exceeded the MDA (a guillemots). Three composites out of 14 tested had detectable uranium-238. In all cases, the levels were low and close to the MDAs, and were below those reported for other seabirds. There were significant interspecific differences in metal levels in eggs: gulls had significantly higher levels of cadmium and mercury than the eiders, and eiders had higher levels of lead than gulls. There were few significant differences as a function of island, but eiders had significantly higher levels of cadmium in eggs from Kiska, and gulls had significantly higher levels of mercury on Kiska. The levels of cadmium and mercury in eggs of eiders and gulls from this study were above the median for cadmium and mercury from studies in the literature. The levels of mercury in eggs are within the range known to affect avian predators, but seabirds seem less vulnerable to mercury than other birds. However, the levels of mercury are within the action levels for humans, suggesting some cause for concern if subsistence Aleuts eat a large quantity of eggs.     

Pilot-study on GIS-based risk modelling of a climate warming induced tertian malaria outbreak in Lower Saxony (Germany)

This project was designed to establish baseline aquatic biological community structure and physical habitat conditions in select wadeable streams within the California Central Valley. A secondary objective was to evaluate possible water quality differences between site types and seasons. Two agricultural and two urban streams were monitored in spring and fall for two consecutive years beginning in the fall of 2002. Bioassessment sampling was conducted according to modified US EPA methods. The study included physical habitat assessment, water and sediment chemical analysis and characterization of the benthic macroinvertebrate community at each site. Water samples were analyzed for selected organophosphate insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides and herbicides, while sediment samples were analyzed for pyrethroids only. All sites had substantial physical habitat and water quality impairments, and the absence of pollution intolerant macroinvertebrates and dominance of pollution tolerant macroinvertebrates were indications of biological impairment. Due to the limited amount of water quality and pesticide data collected, it was not possible to definitively demonstrate any cause and effect relationships between BMI community structure and water quality or pesticide concentrations. Though most physical habitat parameters were similar and EPA physical habitat scores revealed on no significant differences between urban and agricultural sites (P? = ?0.290), a significant difference was seen in substrate embeddedness (P? = ?0.020). Dominant taxon found at all sites were chironomids, amphipods, and oligochaetes. Benthic macroinvertebrate metrics were significantly different between both types of sites (P? = ?0.001) and seasons (P? = ?0.014). Chironomidae taxon and those of the functional feeding group scrapers were greater at urban sites, while those of the functional feeding group filterers were greater at agricultural sites. In addition, the metric groups Chironomidae, filterers, and predators were found in greater numbers in the spring than the fall.     

Integrated Models of Fisheries Management and Policy

An overview of the structure and elements of integrated models aimed at studying fishery management policies using static and dynamic optimisation techniques is presented. Continuous and discrete time models are considered under both open-access and sole-owner settings. A variety of economic and biological processes that affect the fishery as a whole is examined. It turns out that overseeing important fish population characteristics such as metapopulation dynamics and multi-species interaction can lead to serious misrepresentation of the fishery and suboptimal controls. Adequate understanding of the economic conditions and considerations potentially affecting the fishermen is necessary to model their behaviour and address their concerns. Misrepresentation of these economic and biologic processes will have an impact on the success of management policies in attaining a sustainable fish population.