PM2.5致卵巢癌的风险及城乡差异的生态学研究

为了评估PM_2.5排放导致女性生殖系统癌症的风险以及城乡差异,以卵巢癌为例,分析了中国东部地区2000~2011年期间PM_2.5和卵巢癌发病率和死亡率的相关关系,并估算了PM_2.5排放导致卵巢癌发病率和死亡率升高的风险.结果表明,城市地区卵巢癌发病率和死亡率显著高于农村,在城市地区,PM_2.5与卵巢癌发病率显著相关,PM_2.5年平均浓度每上升10μg/m³,城市地区卵巢癌发病率上升的相对风险为9.3%（相对于PM_2.5年平均浓度为35μg/m³时）,每十万人口升高0.51人.     

Iodoacetic acid exposure alters the transcriptome in mouse ovarian antral follicles

Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is an unregulated water disinfection byproduct that is an ovarian toxicant. However, the mechanisms of action underlying IAA toxicity in ovarian follicles remain unclear. Thus, we determined whether IAA alters gene expression in ovarian follicles in mice. Adult female mice were dosed with water or IAA (10 or 500 mg/L) in the water for 35-40 days. Antral follicles were collected for RNA-sequencing analysis and sera were collected to measure estradiol. RNA-sequencing analysis identified 1063 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the 10 and 500 mg/L IAA groups (false discovery rate FDR < 0.1), respectively, compared to controls. Gene Ontology Enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were involved with RNA processing and regulation of angiogenesis (10 mg/L) and the cell cycle and cell division (500 mg/L). Pathway Enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), estrogen, and insulin signaling pathways (10 mg/L). Pathway Enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were involved in the oocyte meiosis, GnRH, and oxytocin signaling pathways (500 mg/L). RNA-sequencing analysis identified 809 DEGs when comparing the 500 and 10 mg/L IAA groups (FDR < 0.1). DEGs were related to ribosome, translation, mRNA processing, oxidative phosphorylation, chromosome, cell cycle, cell division, protein folding, and the oxytocin signaling pathway. Moreover, IAA exposure significantly decreased estradiol levels (500 mg/L) compared to control. This study identified key candidate genes and pathways involved in IAA toxicity and can help to further understand the molecular mechanisms of IAA toxicity in ovarian follicles.     

水土流失风险扰动下区域人地系统适应性研究——以榆林市为例

适应性概念为可持续性科学领域提供了新的研究思维。论文在总结、梳理适应性内涵,整合相关适应性理论与方法的基础上,提出了基于风险扰动的适应性分析框架,采用风险-适应能力指数评估区域人地系统适应性,将系统适应性分解为风险干扰和适应能力（包括生态、经济、社会能力3个参数）两个维度,从研究区水土流失风险出发,构建系统适应性评价指标体系。通过美国通用土壤流失方程（USLE）与适应性函数模型,分析榆林市水土流失风险以及人地系统适应能力时空演化特征,在系统适应性水平评估基础上,揭示榆林市不同时期人地系统适应性演化的驱动因素。研究结果表明：1）2000—2011年榆林市水土流失风险显著下降,但时空演化明显,到2011年高流失区转移分布于西南部、长城沿线等县域;2）12 a间榆林市系统适应性水平整体呈增高趋势,但空间上出现两极分化,呈现“西北高、东南低”的格局,其中北部县区（根据榆林市当地分区,北部县区包括府谷、神木、榆阳、横山、靖边、定边6县区;南部县域包括佳县、米脂、吴堡、子洲、绥德、清涧6县。）在生态、经济和社会子系统能力上明显高于南部,但南部县域适应性水平提升较北部更为明显;3）人地系统适应性演化驱动力由社会经济发展转化为生态环境修复、经济能力增强和社会保障提升的共同作用。     

Depression of brain dopamine and its metabolite after mating in European honeybee (Apis mellifera) queens

To explore neuro-endocrinal changes in the brain of European honeybee (Apis mellifera) queens before and after mating, we measured the amount of several biogenic amines, including dopamine and its metabolite in the brain of 6- and 12-day-old virgins and 12-day-old mated queens. Twelve-day-old mated queens showed significantly lower amounts of dopamine and its metabolite (N-acetyldopamine) than both 6- and 12-day-old virgin queens, whereas significant differences in the amounts of these amines were not detected between 6- and 12-day-old virgin queens. These results are explained by down-regulation of both synthesis and secretion of brain dopamine after mating. It is speculated that higher amounts of brain dopamine in virgin queens might be involved in activation of ovarian follicles arrested in previtellogenic stages, as well as regulation of their characteristic behaviors.     

Prenatal evaluation and postnatal outcomes of fetal ovarian cysts

To evaluate the natural history and outcome of cases of fetal ovarian cyst under conservative prenatal treatment. A retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with fetal ovarian cysts was conducted between January 2008 to December 2016. Data including clinical data, sonographic feature and postnatal outcomes were obtained. One hundred and two cases were included for statistical analysis. The rate of spontaneous resolution was significantly higher among cases with simple than complex cysts (70/92 or 76.1% vs 2/10 or 20%, P < .01) and for cysts <4 cm than cysts ≥4 cm (50/56 or 89.3% vs 22/46 or 47.8%, P < .01). Ovarian torsion was confirmed in 5/102 (4.9%) cases; neither prenatal characteristics of cysts (complex: 2/10 or 20% vs simple: 3/92 or 3.3%, P = .07), nor their size ( ≥ 40 mm: 4/46 or 8.7% vs < 40 mm: 1/56 or 1.8%, P = .17) was predictive for ovarian torsion. 25/102 (24.5%) of cysts change in size or sonographic characteristics prenatally. Half of the complex cysts at the last prenatal scan are not ovarian in origin. 98/102 neonates (96.1%) were able to preserve both ovaries. Spontaneous resolution of ovarian cysts is predicted by cyst size and characteristics, whereas likelihood of torsion cannot be predicted.     

Effects of Serotonergic and Opioidergic Drugs on Escape Behaviors and Social Status of Male Crickets

 We examined the effects of selective serotonin depletion and opioid ligands on social rank and related escape behavior of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Establishment of social rank in a pair of males affected their escape reactions. Losers showed a lower and dominants a higher percentage of jumps in response to tactile cercal stimulation than before a fight. The serotonin-depleting drug α-methyltryptophan (AMTP) caused an activation of the escape reactivity in socially naive crickets. AMTP-treated animals also showed a lower ability to become dominants. With an initial 51.6±3.6% of wins in the AMTP group, the percentage decreased to 26±1.6% on day 5 after injection. The opiate receptor antagonist naloxone affected fight and escape similarly as AMTP. In contrast to naloxone, the opioid agonist [d-Ala², N-Me-Phe⁴, Gly⁵-ol]-enkephalin decreased escape responsiveness to cercal stimulation in naive and subordinate crickets. We suggest that serotonergic and opioid systems are involved in the dominance induced depression of escape behavior. Received: 27 July 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 31 March 1999     

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the neotropical dart-poison frog genus Phyllobates (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae)

 A phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical dart-poison frogs, genus Phyllobates, was performed based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Members of Phyllobates from South and Central America were found to form each an evolutionary lineage. Among the South American lineage, species with uniform dorsal coloration as adults form a derived monophyletic clade. Received: 26 June 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 8 November 2000     

安徽铜陵市生态安全评价研究

铜陵市是全国重要的有色金属生产基地,长期的矿业采冶和加工对城市生态系统构成了巨大的持续压力,生态安全问题凸显.因此,本文构建了城市生态安全评价指标体系和生态安全压力与响应指数模型,采用集对分析-可变模糊集综合分析方法,对铜陵市生态安全进行时序评价.评价结果显示,2000年以来,铜陵市生态系统一直处于较不安全、临界安全水平,安全等级总体较低.2003年作为分割时点,铜陵市的生态安全由较不安全上升至临界安全.压力和响应指数变化趋势反映了生态安全子系统间的作用机理,即2000年以来,铜陵市生态调控措施减缓了系统压力,而环境投入力度不够,致使生态安全在较低等级徘徊.影响系统安全的主要因子为生态环境压力综合因子、资源约束综合因子和环境投入响应综合因子.     

Mating System and Sexual Selection in the Scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Panorpa vulgaris   has become a model insect for testing theories of sexual selection. This contribution summarizes that which has been learned in recent years and presents new data that clearly show that the mating system of P. vulgaris is not simply a resource-defense polygyny, as has previously been thought. In P. vulgaris neither the pattern in food exploitation nor the ratio of variance in the lifetime reproductive success of the two sexes is in accordance with that expected in resource defense polygynous mating systems. Lifetime mating duration is the most important proximate determinant of male fitness. Males employing alternative mating tactics obtain copulations of varying duration in relation to the following sequence: saliva secretion  1  food offering  1  no gift. The number of salivary masses which males provide to females during their lifetime is significantly correlated with the lifetime condition index. The condition index depends on the fighting prowess of males and their ability to find food items. Thus saliva secretion of Panorpa is considered a Zahavian handicap, which can serve as an honest quality indicator used by mating females. Our results confirm four main predictions of the indicator model of the theory of sexual selection: (a) the indicator signals high ecological quality of its bearer, (b) the indicator value increases with phenotypic quality, (c) the indicator value is positively correlated with the genetic quality affecting offspring fitness in a natural selection context, and (d) the quality indicator is more costly for low- than for high-quality individuals. The evolutionary consequences of the mating pattern and the sperm competition mechanism in P. vulgaris are discussed in the context the way in which sexual selection creates and maintains sperm mixing and the evolution of a promiscuous mating system.     

环境规制对长三角城市绿色发展的影响——基于技术创新的作用路径分析

环境规制与绿色发展的关系及其作用机制是复杂且有争议的议题。基于长三角41个地级及以上城市2003—2018年的面板数据,首先科学构建绿色发展水平测度的指标体系,计算各城市的绿色发展水平及空间动态演变;其次,借鉴可拓展随机性的环境影响评估模型（STIRPAT）,构建面板计量模型,深入探究环境规制对城市绿色发展的影响。研究发现：（1）长三角地区环境规制和绿色发展水平均呈上升趋势,但区域差异显著,绿色发展水平从东南向西北,呈现圈层式递减态势,而环境规制强度重心经历了由东南向西北转移的演变。（2）总体上,环境规制显著影响城市绿色发展,两者间存在倒“U”型关系,即过强的环境规制会抑制城市绿色发展水平的提升。（3）环境规制与技术创新之间存在紧密的联动关系,即环境规制主要通过技术创新这一中介路径促进城市绿色发展转型,其中介效应占总效应的比例约为50.1%。因此,在推动长三角一体化高质量发展过程中,应该根据城市绿色发展效率来制定本地的环境规制,并重视提升本地的技术创新水平,进而实现城市绿色发展转型的目标。     

流域水环境承载力聚类分区方法研究——以湟水流域小峡桥断面上游为例

流域内社会经济发展水平与水资源环境条件存在空间差异,导致水环境承载力具有空间差异特征.因此,有必要在流域水环境承载力分区基础上,实施差异化监管.以湟水河流域小峡桥监测断面上游为例,基于国家控制单元划分16个子单元,从水环境承载力大小、水环境承载状态、水系统脆弱程度及水环境承载力开发利用潜力4个角度,构建水环境承载力聚类分区指标体系,并对其进行量化.在此基础上,利用k-均值聚类法对控制子单元进行合并分区.通过轮廓系数验证,将研究区划分为4类最合理,即重点保护水环境敏感区、限制开发水资源约束区、控制开发水环境超载区和优化开发高开发潜力区.针对不同分区特点,提出具有针对性的水环境承载力双向调控措施,为流域水系统精细化管理及可持续发展提供科学依据.     

生物炭和秸秆还田对微咸水滴灌棉田土壤真菌群落结构多样性的影响

微咸水灌溉增加土壤盐分,改变土壤环境,进而影响土壤真菌的结构和多样性.在长期微咸水灌溉的基础上,分别添加生物炭和秸秆（采用等碳量设计,分别为3.7 t·hm^-2和6 t·hm^-2）,探究生物炭和秸秆对土壤理化性质和真菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明：与不施生物炭和秸秆（对照）相比,生物炭施用显著增加土壤的pH、全碳、速效钾和速效磷含量,但显著降低土壤电导率,降低幅度为20.71%;秸秆处理显著增加土壤的速效钾和速效磷含量,但显著降低土壤容重和电导率,降低幅度为4.17%和64.50%.生物炭和秸秆处理对真菌群落Chao1指数和ACE指数有增加趋势,对Shannon指数和Simpson指数有降低趋势.土壤优势真菌门类为子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门、壶菌门和球囊菌门;优势真菌属为毛壳菌属、赤霉菌属、镰刀菌属、Idriella和被孢霉属.施加生物炭和秸秆提高子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门、球囊菌门和毛壳菌属的相对丰度;但降低壶菌门、赤霉菌属和Idriella的相对丰度.LEfSe分析表明,施用生物炭和秸秆还田降低真菌群落潜在生物标志物数量.RDA结果显示,土壤真菌群落结构与EC_1：5和TN显著相关.微咸水灌溉给土壤带来了不利影响,其中EC_1：5和TN是驱动土壤真菌群落结构变化的主要因子,土壤真菌群落通过生物炭和秸秆对土壤的改良作用来适应盐胁迫环境.     

基于SPR的焦作生态安全评价指标体系构建

构建符合研究地点实际生态环境状况的生态安全评价指标体系是科学、合理的进行评价的基础,也是政府进行有效管理的前提。构建了SPR概念模型,提出了基于该模型的城市生态安全指标体系的构建方法。该方法主要包括建立SPR概念模型、实地调研、环境问题及成因辨识、指标体系初建、问卷调查及指标筛选等5个基本步骤。所建的指标体系可反映研究区域的主要生态环境问题,以及这些问题的现状水平、产生诱因和调控力度。以焦作为例,描述了该方法的应用。结果为:经实地调研及问卷调查,率定出9个主要的环境问题及形成每个环境问题的2个主要成因;根据SPR模型,确定表征每个环境问题成因的状态层、压力层及响应层指标,共计74个;就合理性、数据可得性等设计问卷征求专家意见后,最终建立了包含43个指标的生态安全评价指标体系,为未来焦作市生态安全评价和调控奠定基础。     

黄土高原子午岭植被自然恢复下的固碳特征

为分析黄土高原生态脆弱区植被自然恢复的碳汇效应和植被群落特征变化对生态系统碳密度的影响,采用时空互代的方法,研究了子午岭地区150 a恢复年限内8个演替阶段{坡耕地、撂荒10 a草地、20 a草地、白刺花[Sophora davidii(Franch.) Skeels.]、白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)、辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanic Mary)+油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)混交林和辽东栎}下植被-土壤系统的固碳特征,探讨了群落特征变化对植被-土壤系统碳密度的影响.结果表明,调查植被群落盖度从坡耕地阶段的85%波动增加到乔木阶段的100%.物种数量、Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数总体呈现出先快速增加后缓慢降低直至趋向稳定的变化特征,演替中期(白桦)达到峰值.植被各组分(地上生物、地下根系、枯落物)的生物量和碳密度在演替过程中呈指数函数关系增加,即白桦以前增加缓慢,白桦和油松阶段显著增加(P<...     

Driving mechanisms of desertification process in the Horqin Sandy Land-a case study in Zhalute Banner, Inner Mongolia of China

Both natural and human factors contributing to desertification were examined to understand the driving mechanisms of the desertification process in Zhalute Banner, Inner Mongolia of China. The coefficient of variation (CV) and climate departure index (Z) were calculated to examine the fluctuations and trends of interannual variations of temperature and precipitation; TM remote sensing data was extracted to obtain the sandy land area; linear regression analysis was used to analyze climate changes and the socio-economic evolution over the years, and it was also used to standardize the variables, which included annual temperature, annual precipitation, human population, and livestock number, in order to measure the difference in the rate of change between climate and anthropogenic factors. The results showed that there was a rise of about 1.6°C in temperature but no significant change in precipitation from 1961 to 2000, which indicated a short-term climatic trend toward aridity in this area, a condition necessary for desertification. The fraction of precipitation in spring tended to increase whilst the fraction in autumn and winter decreased. Both the human population and livestock population had tripled and the cultivated area had doubled from 1961 to 2000, suggesting that socio-economic factors might have contributed more significantly to the desertification. Between 1988 and 1997, the sandy land area increased by 12.5%, nearly 2.4 times in the farming section. It could be concluded that the driving mechanisms of the desertification processes in Zhalute banner are mainly the policy of cropland expansion and the rising populations of humans and their livestock, which has affected the land use pattern in the past decades.     

区域经济转型度的内涵及其评价——以湘西地区为例

经济转型是区域经济发展的重要方面,也是区域经济学、经济地理学等研究的重要内容,对其转型度的研究具有理论价值与实践意义。区域经济转型度涉及转型的速度、广度、深度、向度和易度等5个方面,论文据此构建了区域经济转型度评价指标体系,提出了区域经济转型度评价方法,并以湘西地区为例开展了实证研究,结果表明：① 湘西地区经济转型发展变化较快,相对于2000年现已进入高转型阶段,但转型指数仍不高,仅略高于高转型水平的最低值0.517,与省内外发达地区的差距仍较明显,有待进一步发展提升;② 从各系统的转型态势看,2001—2011年,湘西地区经济转型速度发展较快,转型广度呈下降趋势,转型深度跃升发展,转型向度不断调整优化,转型易度有所提升;③ 经济转型向度系统是导致湘西地区经济转型的主要原因,其次为转型深度系统和转型易度系统,转型速度系统和转型广度系统的影响也不容忽视。     

国土空间用途管制的改革逻辑及其规划响应路径

在完善生态文明制度体系、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的宏观背景下,系统梳理土地用途管制制度起源、实施特点、成效与不足,重点解析土地用途管制向国土空间用途管制转型的改革逻辑及其对国土空间规划的具体要求,为完善国土空间规划体系提供借鉴。研究结果表明：（1）土地用途管制制度突出强调对耕地的保护,以新增建设用地为主要管控对象,建立了土地用途分类—规划—计划—审批—监管的完整管控链条,在保护耕地、保障粮食安全、倒逼节约集约用地和提高依法依规用地意识等方面取得了较好成效,但仍存在覆盖范围不全、管制刚性过强、生态用地管制乏力等不足。（2）国土空间用途管制以生态文明建设为逻辑起点,通过单一地类保护向空间统筹转型、地类管制向空间管控转型、指标传导为主向指标与分区相结合转型、底线约束向约束与引导并重转型,构建面向全过程、多样化的管制规则体系,完善空间传导机制,进而实现所有国土空间全要素统一管制。（3）面对国土空间用途管制的时代需求,国土空间规划改革应在系统性、整体性的规划管控指标体系、覆盖全域、上下衔接的规划分区体系、底线约束与激励引导相结合的规划实施弹性机制以及“全链条”管理机制等方面做出积极响应,进而实现不同层级国土空间规划和用途管制的统筹协调管控。     

北方农牧交错带干旱脆弱性时空格局演变

干旱脆弱性研究为北方农牧交错带人地系统的“整合”研究提供了新思路与分析框架。论文运用VSD脆弱性评估框架,将系统脆弱性分解为暴露度、敏感性、适应能力3个维度,以北方农牧交错带112个县域为研究单元,以2000、2008、2015年社会经济统计数据、气象数据、遥感影像数据为研究基础,运用模糊层次分析、空间热点探测分析和变异系数分析等方法,对各县域干旱脆弱性时空演变特征进行分析与总结。研究结论：1）研究区干旱脆弱性指数逐步降低,整体呈现东北地区低脆弱、西南地区高脆弱的空间格局。2）研究区暴露度指数先上升、后下降,且由东北向西南逐渐增高;敏感性指数先下降、后上升,呈现空间碎片化特征;适应能力指数逐步提高,呈现中部高度适应、东部中度适应、西部低度适应的格局。3）研究区干旱脆弱性差异度先增大、后减小,且呈现西、南部差异度大,东、北部差异度小的格局。4）研究区干旱脆弱性冷、热点个数增加明显,2000—2008年冷热点个数增加最明显;空间上,热点先由中部向西部蔓延,冷点由东部边界区向西部、南部扩展,形成了东部边界冷点集聚带和中、西部热点集聚区。     

基于水资源调度的平原河网区城市河道氮迁移转化研究

研究平原河网区城市河道在水资源调度过程中的水文特征和理化特征,探讨基于水资源调度的城市河道氮素形态与组成;在实验模拟条件下,研究基于水资源调度的城市河道沉积物NH+4-N释放过程.结果表明,研究河段在水资源调度作用下水深日变化过程明显;以农历月为单位,水资源调度可以分为轻度置换阶段和深度置换阶段;沿调水路径河道上覆水DO有下降趋势,高锰酸盐指数则呈现升高趋势;沿调水路径上覆水NO-3-N浓度逐渐减少,NH+4-N浓度显著升高;DO与高锰酸盐指数是影响上覆水NO-3-N、NH+4-N浓度的主要因素;沉积物内源NH+4-N释放是上覆水NH+4-N的一个重要来源;水资源调度显著影响(P<0.05)上覆水NH+4-N浓度,对沉积物内源NH+4-N的释放影响不显著(P>0.05).     

2000～2020年中国典型经济区PM2.5时空变化及其与植被景观格局的关系

探究典型经济区PM_2.5时空变化特征及其与植被景观格局的关系,对区域PM_2.5污染治理和大气环境保护具有重要意义.基于PM_2.5数据和MODIS NDVI数据集,采用像元二分模型、 Getis-Ord G^*_i分析、 Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、 Mann-Kendall检验、皮尔逊相关分析和复相关分析等方法,探究中国三大经济区PM_2.5空间聚集性、时空变化特征及其与植被景观格局指数的相关性.结果表明,2000～2020年环渤海地区PM_2.5主要表现为热点区扩张,冷点区缩减;长江三角洲地区冷点区和热点区面积占比无显著变化;珠江三角洲地区冷点区和热点区均发生扩张.2000～2020年三大经济区PM_2.5整体表现为下降趋势,改善程度由高到低依次是：珠江三角洲地区、长江三角洲地区和环渤海地区.2000～2020年三大经济区不同植被覆盖度等级下PM_2.5均表现为下降趋势,三大经济区PM<...