处理含铁尘泥的DRI工艺优选及废气污染防治

将高炉炼铁及炼钢时产生的含铁尘泥作为配料回用于烧结生产是目前较常使用的方法,但是这些尘泥之中的重金属Zn和Pb可能会对烧结和后续的高炉炼铁产生不良影响,通过对直接还原铁的工艺和设备进行综合对比,确定以转底炉为主要设备的煤基直接还原工艺较为适合处理炼铁及炼钢的含铁尘泥,并对转底炉工艺的原理及污染防治措施进行了讨论,最后提出了该工艺和钢铁联合企业之间的循环经济产业链。     

城市植物叶面尘中痕量元素分布特征及其生态风险评价

为了解城市植物叶面尘中痕量元素的分布规律及污染特征,以南京市5个典型区域植物叶面尘作为研究对象,应用ICP-AES(电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪)对其中As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ti、Mn等痕量元素质量比进行测定,并运用地质积累指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险法评价重金属污染程度和存在的潜在生态风险.结果表明:商业区和交通枢纽区各重金属的质量比均较高,尤其是Pb、Cu污染最为严重;工业区Cu、Zn等重金属污染较为严重;城郊结合部重金属污染相对较轻;风景名胜区部分重金属元素质量比高于南京市背景值.地质积累指数表明,南京市典型区域植物叶面尘重金属As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ti存在着不同程度的污染,Pb、Zn和Ti元素污染最严重,已经达到了偏中度污染水平.潜在生态危害指数表明,5个区域的植物叶面尘中重金属潜在生态危害均属于中等风险等级.     

铸造车间中频电炉烟尘的吹吸净化

黑龙江完达山修造厂的铸造车间有二台150千克中频电炉,在冶炼、钢水浇铸、扒箱、造型等工艺中,产生大量金属烟尘、矿物粉尘、游离二氧化硅粉尘,以及烟气尘。冶炼一炉(150千克)钢水,就产生1～3千克的尘、烟气;一班冶炼四炉钢水,散发4～12千克的尘、烟、气。生产中,尘、烟、气的排放量每小时达15～25立方米。尤其是在扒箱后,经湿度调整的砂型升腾的尘、烟、气,其浓度使人在两米间都看不清。作业场所的粉尘浓度达96.2～105毫克/立方米。超过《工业企业设计卫生标准>(TJ36—79)车间空气中有害物质的最高允许浓度十几倍,严重地污染生产环境,危害…     

铁合金电炉烟气净化的现状

一、铁合金电炉烟尘净化技术的发展铁合金通常是用高炉、还原电炉或以电解、硅热、铝热与真空等法生产,但用得最普遍的是还原电炉法。还原电炉传统的炉型是敞开式矿热炉,冶炼时产生大量烟尘,未被处理就直接排入大气,严重污染厂区周围的环境。六十年代初期,电炉生产过程中的原料运输、破碎和筛分等产生的粉尘,采用旋风除尘器、冲击式洗涤器等是有效的。而电炉冶炼时产生的大量高温烟尘仍用这些除尘设备,则效果不大理想。为了提高除尘效率,曾采用过泰森洗涤器或文丘里洗涤器,但它们需要大量的洗涤水,除尘后的洗涤水     

锌冶炼烟尘中铅汞分布及形态研究

锌精矿脱硫焙烧烟气降温过程中,烟尘的性质及其中铅汞存在形态的变化规律是冶炼烟气重金属(Pb和Hg)污染控制的重要依据。通过电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、激光粒度分析及筛分分析了不同降温收尘环节烟尘元素成分及粒度变化。烟尘主要含Zn、Fe、Ca、Cd、S、Pb元素,其累积质量分数达69.90%~77.62%,而Hg含量较低。烟尘粒径随烟气温度降低呈先增大后减小的变化规律,中位径由沸腾焙烧炉排出的28μm升至经余热锅炉降温后的36μm,再逐级降至经电收尘器后的5.6μm。据此,重点分析了Pb和Hg在烟气中的分布,并借助X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了其存在形态。结果表明,随烟气温度降低,烟气中Pb和Hg含量呈上升趋势,Pb由2.8%增至9.2%,Hg由4.8μg/g增至109.1μg/g。不同工艺环节的烟尘中Pb均以PbSO_4和含Pb—O键的复杂Pb配合物的形式存在。Hg变化较为明显,仅沸腾焙烧炉烟尘样品中能够检测到HgS与HgSO_4,其余工艺环节烟尘样品中无含Hg化合物的特征峰。     

吉林永安煤矿区土壤及近地表大气尘重金属污染评价

以吉林省永安煤矿区为研究区域,分别采用Pearson相关系数法、富集因子法、地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害系数法,对矿区土壤和近地表大气尘的重金属污染状况进行了综合性评价。Pearson相关系数法表明,土壤与近地表大气尘中重金属的相关性较高。富集因子指数分析表明,近地表大气尘重金属污染情况受人为活动的影响较大,污染亦较为严重。地质累积指数分析结果表明,土壤及近地表大气尘中V和Cr属于清洁级别,Zn、As、Pb、Cu、Cd属轻度污染级别。潜在生态危害指数结果表明,土壤和近地表大气尘中Cd元素的潜在生态风险最高,Cu其次,其余元素处于轻微生态危害至中等生态危害风险状态。     

云南个旧多金属矿区农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染现状——以乍甸镇为例

对云南个旧市乍甸镇农田土壤和农作物重金属污染现状进行了野外调查及评价。结果表明:农田土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As质量比均超出GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准,Hg未检出,该地区农田呈现以As、Cd为主多种重金属复合污染。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As土壤有效态质量比与土壤全量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。农作物中Cu、As质量比与土壤有效态Cu、As质量比无显著相关,Zn质量比与土壤有效态Zn呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),Cd、Pb质量比与土壤有效态Cd、Pb呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。89%的农作物As超标,油菜籽(Brassica napusL.)As质量比最高,均值达(23.04±14.33)mg/kg(鲜重,下同)。Pb超标率达72%,油菜籽Pb质量比最高,平均为(5.55±2.53)mg/kg。Zn、Cd超标率均为11.11%,超标最严重的油菜籽Zn质量比为(46.65±13.61)mg/kg,Cd质量比为(0.24±0.10)mg/kg。Cu超标率为5.55%,油菜籽Cu质量比最高,达(16.02±2.75)mg/kg。油菜籽对As、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的转移系数(农作物可食部分重金属质量比(鲜重)与土壤重金属质量比的比值)远高于其他作物。农作物对Pb、Zn、Cd、As的转移顺序依次为果实类、叶菜类、根茎类,对Cu的转移顺序为果实类、根茎类、叶菜类。农作物以As、Pb污染为主,总体属重度污染。聚类分析得出:油菜籽、青蒜(Allium ampeloprasumL.)和生菜(Lactuca sativaL.var.ramosaHort.)重金属污染严重,不适合在该地区继续种植和食用。     

黑色金属选矿厂粉尘污染现状及治理措施

一、污染现状选矿工艺中矿石装卸、运输、机械加工过程产生的粉尘,矿石磁化焙烧过程产生的有害废气,尾矿系统及湿法防尘所产生的废水,高速运转设备产生的噪音,造成了对操作区和厂区环境的综合污染。其中粉尘是量大、面广、危害严重的主要污染物。一座年处理原矿量550万吨的选矿厂,每小时散发的粉尘量达0.5吨,约占处理原矿量的0.5～1.0％。其主要尘源是:1.粗破碎上部卸矿     

黄磷生产中炉气爆炸的原因及预防

近几年来,我矿生产黄磷过程中电炉气爆炸事故频繁,造成了较大的经济损失。电炉法生产黄磷是将磷矿石、硅石和焦炭按一定配比混合后加入电炉,在1300～1500℃的温度下熔融和产生化学反应,使元素磷升华,生成含磷炉气,同时副产炉渣和磷铁。炉气进入冷凝系统,经分离、精制得工业黄磷。经冷凝分离元素磷之后的电炉尾气,含一氧化碳达90％左右。由此可见,电炉法生产黄磷过程中,其炉气富含一氧化碳,一旦与空气混合达到12.5％～74.5％的浓度(18～19℃时),就有爆炸危险。炉内混入空气是由于炉内形成负压造成的。那么,炉内形成负压的原因何在? 从炉气爆炸后的电炉发现,炉内壁有较     

大东沟底泥重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

为了解镇江市大东沟底泥重金属污染状况,监测了不同水位时底泥重金属含量,并对其底泥中As、Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd等6种重金属元素进行了污染及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明,大东沟底泥重金属浓度受水位影响较大,低水位普遍大于高水位;各重金属污染程度大小排列依次为Cd＞Zn＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cr,综合评价为重度污染;潜在...     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。