Scanning proton microprobe microanalysis for the assessment of homogeneity of IAEA urban dust reference materials

In order to develop new reference materials for microanalytical nuclear techniques, scanning proton microprobe(SPM) technique was used to determine homogeneity level within 100x200 μm2 micro-area on the small pieces of IAEA urban dust reference materials. The experimental methods were described in detail. The results show that IAEA-396A/M Vienna urban dust is homogeneous enough for small sample analysis of standard reference material (SRM).     

SMT法插标分析沉积物中磷的地球化学形态

SMT法是一种较为通用的沉积物磷地球化学形态分析方法,但分析结果的准确性和重现性成为制约其进一步应用的关键.本研究以我国沉积物标准样品GSD-12为标样,在详细研究该标样的SMT法提取的磷的各个地球化学形态含量的基础上,提出了插标法控制沉积物中磷地球化学形态的准确性和可比性.在对比了手工分析,Skalar仪器分析及ICP-MS仪器分析的结果之后,针对SMT法操作中存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了操作过程中的注意事项,提出了GSD-12中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、盐酸提取磷(HCl-P)和氢氧化钠提取磷(NaOH-P)等含量分别为(156±5),(77±2),(39±3),(41±2),(42±2)mg/kg,并将该标样用于太湖沉积物中磷形态测定的质量控制,取得了较为满意的结果.     

环境监测实验室标准物质的管理

在环境监测实验室中为达到长期的质量保证,标准物质被y-泛用于测量仪器的校正、测量方法的评价或为材料赋值。标准物质的正确使用和规范管理对保证分析结果的准确性、溯源性有重要意义。本文阐述了实验室应如何正确管理与使用标准物质,探讨了标准物质的期间核查方法。     

环境标准物质探讨及含有干扰组分的COD标准物质的研制

很多标准物质与环境实际样品在基体组成上存在着很大差异．因此在环境监测中仅仅使用基体纯净的标准物质不能完全有效地进行质量控制,根据上述问题,本文介绍了含有干扰组分的COD标准物质的研制与应用。      

An evaluation of quality assurance to monitor acidprecipitation by using ion balancein Guizhou, China

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Preparation and characterization of a lipoid adsorption material and its atrazine removal performance

A novel adsorbent named lipoid adsorption material (LAM), with a hydrophobic nucleolus (triolein) and a hydrophilic membrane structure (polyamide), was synthesized to remove hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) from solution. Triolein, a type of lipoid, was entrapped by the polyamide membrane through an interfacial polymerization reaction. The method of preparation and the structure of the LAM were investigated and subsequent experiments were conducted to determine the characteristics of atrazine (a type of HOC) removal from wastewater using LAM as the adsorbent. The results showed that LAM had a regular structure compared with the prepolymer, where compact particles were linked with each other and openings were present in the structure of the LAM in which the fat drops formed from triolein were entrapped. In contrast to the atrazine adsorption behavior of powdered activated carbon (PAC), LAM showed a persistent adsorption capacity for atrazine when initial concentrations of 0.57, 1.12, 8.31 and 19.01 mg/L were present, and the equilibrium time was 12 hr. Using an 8 mg/L initial concentration of atrazine as an indicator of HOCs in aqueous solution, experiments on the adsorption capacity of the LAM showed 69.3% removal within 6–12 hr contact time, which was close to the 75.5% removal of atrazine by PAC. Results indicated that LAM has two atrazine removal mechanisms, namely the bioaccumulation of atrazine by the nucleous material and physical adsorption to the LAM membrane. Bioaccumulation was the main removal mechanism.     

两种释碳材料的制备及其性能研究

应用固定化技术制备了包埋淀粉的聚乙烯醇(PVA)释碳材料和海藻酸钠(SA)释碳材料,采用红外光谱和扫描电镜对其物化特性进行分析,研究了二者的释碳性能以及作为碳源对硝态氮的去除效果.结果表明,PVA释碳材料中淀粉混合较好,释碳过程满足二级动力学方程,单位质量材料释放的饱和COD达到99.60mg/(g·L).在温度为18~22℃,pH7.2~8.0,硝态氮浓度为35mg/L的条件下,PVA释碳材料的平均反硝化速率为18.5g/(m3·d),SA释碳材料的平均反硝化速率为15.5g/(m3·d),在稳定运行15d后,出水硝态氮浓度逐渐升高,脱氮效果开始下降.     

基于门限极值理论的湖泊水质参照状态的确定

在前人工作的基础上,利用门限极值的广义Pareto分布理论和超出阈值峰(Peak Over Threshold,POT)方法,提出了一种确定湖泊参照状态浓度的新方法.该方法不仅能够给出更为精确的置信区间,而且克服了广义极值分布理论取用数据浪费等缺陷.将该方法应用到太湖的水质基准参照状态中,通过POT方法对太湖8个站点1995~2006年总氮(TN),总磷(TP)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的数据进行预处理,分别以-1.0mg/L, -0.05mg/L与-4μg/L作为它们观测值相反数的门限值,结果表明观测值的相反数符合广义Pareto分布,验证了方法的可行性.推荐采用25%分位点的值作为太湖总氮,总磷和叶绿素a的参照状态,即太湖的参照状态是:总氮0.66mg/L;总磷0.023mg/L;叶绿素a为1.27μg/L.最后分别得出了它们各自的95%置信区间,而且其精度明显高于广义极值分布理论结果.     

土壤监测的全程序质量保证和质量控制

土壤监测的全程序质量保证和质量控制是确保获取具有代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性和完整性的监测数据的重要保证。土壤监测全程序质量控制包括机构、人员、设备、监测方案、点位布设、样品采集、保存、制备、实验室分析质量控制、数据审核等所有环节。     

Preparation of steel slag porous sound-absorbing material using coal powder as pore former

The aim of the study was to prepare a porous sound-absorbing material using steel slag and fly ash as the main raw material, with coal powder and sodium silicate used as a pore former and binder respectively. The influence of the experimental conditions such as the ratio of fly ash, sintering temperature, sintering time, and porosity regulation on the performance of the porous sound-absorbing material was investigated. The results showed that the specimens prepared by this method had high sound absorption performance and good mechanical properties, and the noise reduction coefficient and compressive strength could reach 0.50 and 6.5 MPa, respectively. The compressive strength increased when the dosage of fly ash and sintering temperature were raised. The noise reduction coefficient decreased with increasing ratio of fly ash and reducing pore former, and first increased and then decreased with the increase of sintering temperature and time. The optimum preparation conditions for the porous sound-absorbing material were a proportion of fly ash of 50% (wt.%), percentage of coal powder of 30% (wt.%), sintering temperature of 1130°C, and sintering time of 6.0 hr, which were determined by analyzing the properties of the sound-absorbing material.     

提高废旧塑料再生产品品质的预处理技术

废旧塑料是一种很有价值的可回收利用资源,经过再生可制取高品质塑材制品。但目前因塑料种类、颜色等原因,难有统一、合适的预处理技术,从而导致废旧塑料回收率低和塑材产品品质低等问题。针对废旧塑料的分选、破碎、清洗预处理技术影响塑材产品品质因素进行研究,重点考察破碎料粒度与氯乙烯(VCM)含量对再生塑料物化性质的多因素影响,实验结果表明,PVC型材产品杂质粒子数≤12个/900cm2,优于国标GB5761-1993相应的SG3型号优等品要求的16个/900cm2,且水循环利用率大于90%,环保效益好,具有极大的推广价值。     

Preparation of calibration standard of organic vapours using the diffusion tube method

This paper describe the theoretical consideration, experimental results and applications of diffusion tube, used for preparing the calibration standard of organic vapours. This dynamic procedure entirely eliminates the adsorption effect, which is important in static procedures. Its concentration range is wider than that of the permeation tube. The diffusion tube technique is therefore a very accurate, simple and easy-to-make device. It is quite useful in the determination of organic pollutants existing in the environment.     

某含铁物料固体废物属性鉴别研究

以一批含铁物料为例,采用化学分析方法、X射线荧光光谱及X射线衍射等分析方法,结合样品物理、化学等特性,对该物品的属性进行鉴别研究.     

纳米刻蚀法制备氧化锰介孔材料及其降解高含盐废水中罗丹明B

为了有效去除高含盐废水中的有机染料污染物,利用有序介孔硅材料作为模板剂,通过硬模板法制备了新型锰系氧化物（MnO_x）介孔材料作为类Fenton催化剂.催化剂的结构表征结果表明,模板剂在锰前驱物溶液中浸渍和后续煅烧成型过程决定了氧化锰介孔材料的结构.浸渍-煅烧成型重复次数越多,MnO_x介孔材料中孔道结构的有序度和氧化锰的结晶度越好.浸渍-煅烧成型次数过少,MnO_x介孔材料中孔道呈现无序状态,比表面积较大但氧化锰结晶度不足;次数过多则形成更为致密的小孔径的孔道结构,从而使MnO_x介孔材料的比表面积减小.由于对罗丹明B（RhB）良好的选择性吸附能力和较多的Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺对,具有有序规则孔道的氧化锰介孔材料具有优异的类Fenton催化活性,对高含盐废水中RhB的5 h降解去除率最高可达90%左右.     

复合材料BiOI/BiOCl的制备及可见光催化降解活性艳红X-3B

以乙二醇为溶剂,利用溶剂热方法制备了不同I/Cl比的BiOI/BiOCl可见光催化材料.同时,采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(DRS)和光致荧光光谱(PL)对所制备材料的晶相、元素价态和光学性质等进行了表征,并以活性艳红X-3B为目标化合物,研究了不同I/Cl比对X-3B光催化降解动力学的影响.分析结果表明,BiOI和BiOCl能够得到很好的复合,在可见光范围内有很好的吸收.降解实验结果表明,I/Cl摩尔比为9∶1时,复合材料对X-3B的可见光降解效率最高,一级反应动力学速率为0.0133 min-1;TOC和COD在3 h内分别降低28%和25%左右,证明能够对所选目标染料在一定程度上实现矿化;在光催化降解活性艳红X-3B过程中起主要作用的为光生空穴.此外,还对复合材料光催化性能提高机理进行了探索与推测.     

我国环境空气质量标准发展及现状

环境空气质量标准是控制大气污染的重要手段,新修订的环境空气质量标准进一步提高了我国环境空气管理能力,完善了大气环境保护标准.通过对比新修订和现行环境空气质量标准的变更情况,突出了《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095-2012）在功能分区、污染物浓度限值、数据有效性规定等方面的优越性.研究指出,新增设的PM2.5年均、日均浓度限值和臭氧8h浓度限值,是我国环境空气质量标准与国际标准接轨的重大突破.发达国家和国际代表组织已经开始有增加苯、重金属等污染物的趋势,我国也已经将这些评价指标列入参考浓度限值之列,同时通过这次环境空气质量标准的修订,我国环境空气质量标准在主要污染物控制上,一级标准已经接近或者达到了国际先进水平,但是二级标准与一级标准相差很大,因此二级标准随着我国经济社会和生态环境的发展将有非常大的严格修订空间.针对目前世界各国、国际组织或者地区已经基本取消了环境空气质量标准执行分级标准,中国继续执行分级标准,逐渐缩小差距或者在技术水平达到的情况下取消环境空气质量标准的分级制度,成为下一步努力的目标.     

臭氧室内空气质量评价标准的研究制订

通过分析O3毒理学研究和流行病学研究结果，参考国际权威机构制订的O3健康基准和国外相关标准，在考虑O3室内污染特点和我国目前污染水平的基础上，提出我国室内空气质量标准推荐值。     

对美军装备采购合同管理的分析与借鉴

装备采购合同管理是装备采购管理的重要组成部分,是军方依法执行合同、实现合同权利的主要手段。对美军装备合同管理进行分析,进而提出若干有益于我军装备采购合同管理的借鉴意见。     

官厅水库上游河流营养物参照状态的制定

采用参照河流百分位法、一般河流百分位法和多元线性回归法,制定了官厅水库上游流域河流雨季和旱季的营养物参照状态,探讨季风气候对河流营养物参照状态的季节性影响,并识别影响官厅水库上游河流营养物浓度的主要人类活动.结果表明：参照河流点和一般河流点总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）浓度在雨季和旱季均表现出明显的季节性差异.参照河流百分位法、一般河流百分位法和多元线性回归法制定的营养物参照状态在雨季和旱季也均存在季节性差异,取3种方法的平均值作为官厅水库上游河流的营养物参照状态：TN在雨季和旱季参照状态的建议值分别为1.580和1.672mg/L; TP在雨季和旱季参照状态的建议值分别为0.075和0.055mg/L.影响河流TN浓度的人类活动按贡献大小依次为：畜禽养殖污染负荷强度、耕地（坡度0~8°）比例和城市用地比例.影响河流TP浓度的人类活动按贡献大小依次为：耕地（坡度0~8°）比例和畜禽养殖污染负荷强度.