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《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1993,27(16):2503-2508
The results of studies on dust aerosol optical properties obtained during the U.S.S.R.-U.S. experiment are discussed. The ground-based and aircraft measurements carried out during the experiment allow the estimation of characteristic values of aerosol optical depth, aerosol light-scattering coefficients, the degree of linear polarization, and aureole phase functions for different atmospheric conditions in Central Soviet Asia. Two dust storms were observed for which the recorded aerosol optical depth at λ = 0.55 μm {τa(0.55)} reached 1.5 on 16 and 17 September 1989, and 3.5 on 20 and 21 September 1989. The optical characteristics (spectral dependence of the optical depth, degree of linear polarization) were similar for two dust episodes. 相似文献
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《Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics》1993,27(16):2519-2525
The shrub-steppe area near Shaartuz, Tadzhik, S.S.R., is shown to be a net accumulator of dust despite being an occasional source of dust. For the accumulation of the dust to form the observed surface crust, a net deposition of about 290–490 g m−2 yr−1 of particles smaller than 20 μm is required, depending on the duration of the deposition period. The particles smaller than 20 μm are mixed with particles brought up from the sandy material below the surface crust by bioturbation and are incorporated into the surface crust. Measurements during the 16 and 20 September 1989 dust storms provided a total deposition of 41.1 g m−2 of particles smaller than 20 μm. Because 10–30 dust storms are observed at Shaartuz, the measured average dust storm deposition would yield 206–617 g m−2 yr−1. This range of deposition is of the order of that needed to provide a mass balance for the observed crust formation. Cryptogams (including algae, lichen, and moss) and rainwater are the main agents of incorporation of the aeolian dust into a stable soil crust. The role that the vascular plants played at the Shaartuz site was to reduce the rate of soil movement to levels where the cryptogamic crusting was possible. the observed mechanisms of dust deposition followed by crust incorporation are possibly an important processes in loess formation in Central Asia. 相似文献
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Dr. Sci. V. S. Baranov V. N. Gorbunova T. E. Ivaschenko N. Yu. Shwed N. S. Osinovskaya T. K. Kascheeva V. M. Lebedev A. V. Mikhailov V. G. Vakharlovsky T. V. Kuznetzova 《黑龙江环境通报》1992,12(7):575-586
From a total of 490 cystic fibrosis (CF) high-risk families under supervision (mostly Russian Slavs from the European part of the country), DNA data including both direct screening for some CF gene(CFTR)mutations(deIF508, G551D and 1677delTA) and allelic polymorphism studies with tightly CF linked DNA markers were collected from 261 families. All full families (129) and 86 CF families with a deceased index child were found to be either fully (42 per cent) or partially (40 per cent) informative for DNA analysis. Prenatal diagnosis (PD) was carried out in 161 CF families. Microvillar enzyme (MVE) assay was applied to all 140 PD at the second trimester either as a single test (88) or in conjunction with DNA analysis (52). The frequency of false-negative results of the MVE assay was 1.3 percent and that of false-positive results, as judged by the albumin meconium test, was 5.0 per cent. Ambiguous results of MVE analysis were found in 30 cases, 12 of which were verified by DNA analysis. Molecular diagnosis of CF at the first trimester was carried out in 21 cases and four pregnancies were terminated. Altogether, 39 pregnancies with a predicted high risk of CF fetuses were terminated. The low average frequency of delF508 in CF chromosomes of Russian Slavs (50 per cent), its remarkable inter-population variation, and the significant proportion of at-risk families without an affected child determine the necessity of combined molecular and biochemical (MVE assay) approaches for efficient prenatal diagnosis of CF in the former U.S.S.R. 相似文献
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地热资源作为一种清洁能源在欧美国家已经普遍获得立法肯定,并建立起了较为成熟的法律规则。美国在地热资源的界定、地热财税制度、国有资源的保护等方面进行的立法探索,为中国当前的地热资源开发提供了良好的制度借鉴。在欧美国家的实践基础上,中国资源立法可以籍此完善国有资源的产权结构,构建起科学的地热资源用益机制。 相似文献
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着重介绍了美国国家海洋自然保护区的监测目标、理论基础、监测内容。监测是掌握海洋自然保护区状况与发展趋势的重要手段,是海洋自然保护区建设与管理的重要工作内容。美国国家海洋自然保护区的保护目的和所保护的资源类型同我国的海洋自然保护区相似。且监测水平与管理机制处于世界领先水平。了解研究美国的先进经验,对促进我国海洋自然保护区的监测工作具有很好的借鉴作用。 相似文献
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陈小亮 《中国ISO14000认证》2014,(3):26-30
总结分析了中美两国二噁英有关标准的特点。我国二噁英相关的标准体系有待完善,主要集中在重点行业的烟气排放标准方面。美国二噁英相关标准体系较为完善,以风险评估为重点,二噁英排放源涉及的行业划分细致。排放标准分级明显,技术导向明显。通过对比分析指出,我国应继续深化重点行业的烟气排放控制的策略。加强二噁英风险评估的基础性研究工作,以减排技术为基础,强化分级管理的思路,并针对不同排放源细化二噁英的标准。 相似文献
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美军基于模拟仿真的加速腐蚀系统 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
美军最新开发了全尺寸车辆腐蚀模拟仿真和建模工具,称为加速腐蚀专家模拟器(ACES),它与实际加速腐蚀耐久性试验(ACDT)数据高度相关.该系统引入现有全尺寸车辆3D几何模型,进行综合检测以确定有无故障并报告补救措施;采用了基于腐蚀和涂层失效机理分析的各种人工智能解决方案;使用了由专家、ACDT、实验室试验数据以及现场观... 相似文献
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文化差异会使得跨文化交际产生困难、误解和矛盾.对文化差异必要的了解在成功地进行跨文化交际中起到重要的作用.本文归纳分析了文化差异在语言使用中的表现及造成误解和误译的原因,提出了进行跨文化交际应具备的基础. 相似文献
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FredricC.Menz 《世界环境》2002,(5):33-36
移动源污染控制政策设计 政策工具的范围由于一定的理由,设计和执行机动车污染控制政策特别困难。首先,从根本上说,控制移动源污染不同于控制固定源污染,因为高度移动的污染源数量奇多,每个体污染排放又相对较少。第二,用于控制移动源污染的各种政策措施还没有得到与固定源替代政策相同的注意力。使人意外的是,大多数国家的法规仍然主要依靠针对生产厂商的新车排放标准。第三,在使用刺激手段以采用环保型交通产品时,人们对针对机动车生产厂商的法规是否比指向使用者的措施是否更有效尚不确定。最后,机动车在现代生活方式中的统治… 相似文献
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1994年3月,美国加利福尼亚州的立法委员会通过和颁布”餐馆,酒吧内一律不准吸烟”的法令。3个月后,又把禁烟范围扩大到政府机关大楼周边地区和公共活动场地,。到2003年9月,加利福尼亚州沿海城市索拉纳滩(Solana Beach)又把禁烟范围率先扩大到海滨沙滩和游泳场。2004年3月,圣克利门蒂(San Clemente)和圣莫尼卡(Senta Monica)两座沿海城市议会投票, 相似文献
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《Environmental Science & Policy》2008,11(3):253-271
Scientific uncertainty plays a significant role in forest policy and planning. Ecological complexity, the gap between science and policy, and public perceptions of science all contribute to the challenge of dealing with scientific uncertainty. This paper provides an overview of the role of scientific uncertainty in U.S. forest policy and an analysis of the requirements for responding to uncertainty under the National Forest Management Act, National Environmental Policy Act, and Endangered Species Act. The analysis includes a review of a broad range of literature and relevant statutory and regulatory language, along with several illustrative examples of case law. Findings include that all three laws allow for considerable agency discretion in cases of scientific uncertainty, and none prescribes a particular response to uncertainty. Approaches such as adaptive management may provide a way to proceed despite uncertainty, and while this approach represents something of a new paradigm in public land management, it is not incompatible with the current legal framework. The article concludes with recommendations, such as increased transparency and changes in the norms of judicial review, for increasing the accountability of decisions when uncertainty is involved. Also considered are other suggestions, such as peer-review, Daubert standards, and Bayesian inference techniques. 相似文献