共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 156 毫秒
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饮用水消毒副产物:化学特征与毒性 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11
饮用水消毒过程中消毒剂与天然有机物(NOMs)反应生成消毒副产物(DBPs).本文针对氯、氯胺、二氧化氯、臭氧4种主要消毒方式产生的消毒副产物,综述了10类DBPs的化学特性、毒性和分析方法.具体包括:三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)、溴酸盐(BrO3-)、亚氯酸盐(CIO2-)、卤乙腈(HANs)、致诱变化合... 相似文献
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用二氧化氯(ClO2)消毒饮用水会产生无机卤素含氧酸ClO2^-和ClO3^-,用臭氧消毒会产生溴酸盐.这些消毒副产物(DBPs)对人体健康具有危害性. 相似文献
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水体中的氨基酸作为饮用水消毒副产物(DBPs)的重要前驱体之一,已成为环境毒理学研究的焦点问题.本文对典型的20种氨基酸进行模拟氯化消毒实验,确定其耗氯量,以甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)萃取消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)和三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM),并用气相色谱仪测试分析THMs、HAAs和TCNM的生成势,同时通过数理统计方法分析不同氨基酸的化学结构与生成消毒副产物浓度的关系.结果表明:(1)各氨基酸的耗氯能力与其结构密切相关,侧链上具有芳香性环状结构的氨基酸的耗氯量较大,其中芳香环上有羟基和氮取代基的酪氨酸和色氨酸分别表现出较高的耗氯量(13.58、14.10 mg·mg~(-1)),而没有官能团的苯丙氨酸耗氯量低(4.24 mg·mg~(-1)).(2)20种氨基酸氯化过程中DBPs生成能力的差异与氨基酸侧链官能团的结构与性质有一定关系,其中侧链上具有芳香性环状结构、羟基、氨基和硫自由基等官能团结构的氨基酸可形成较高浓度DBPs;氯化色氨酸生成THMs能力最强,其生成三卤甲烷量达338.5μg·L~(-1).天冬氨酸生成HAAs(390.61μg·L~(-1))能力最强,酪氨酸生成TCNM(56.38μg·L~(-1))能力最强.(3)通过回归分析得出20种氨基酸在氯化消毒过程中HAAs生成能力大小与耗氯量大小具有较明显的相关性,耗氯量较大的氨基酸生成的HAAs也较高. 相似文献
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卤代乙酰胺类(HAc Am)消毒副产物(DBPs)是饮用水中新兴含氮类DBPs之一。为探究HAc Ams的致突变性,选择小鼠淋巴瘤细胞作为受试细胞,分别考察了一氯代乙酰胺、二氯代乙酰胺、三氯代乙酰胺、一碘代乙酰胺、二碘代乙酰胺(DIAc Ams)共5种HAc Ams对小鼠淋巴瘤细胞Tk基因突变的影响。结果表明,在0.05~20μmol·L~(-1)暴露浓度下,5种HacAms类DBPs对小鼠淋巴瘤细胞呈现出一定的细胞毒性,随着暴露浓度的升高,细胞毒性增强。暴露4 h后,5种HacAms中只有DIAc-Ams呈现出显著的致突变性(暴露剂量高于5μmol·L~(-1)),且以小集落为主。上述研究结果为研究HacAms对哺乳动物细胞的致突变作用提供了基础数据。 相似文献
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消毒副产物(Disinfection by-products,DBPs)是指用消毒剂对饮用水消毒时,消毒剂与水中含有的天然有机物反应生成的化合物.随着水处理技术的发展,对水处理中产生的各类消毒副产物的研究也日益关注.氯气、漂白粉和臭氧在消毒过程会产生少量对人体健康不利的副产物,如亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐等.其中溴酸盐是饮用水中臭氧消毒的副产物,已被世界卫生组织和美国EPA列为潜在的致癌物,甚至在含量低至1μg.L-1也有致癌的作用.美国环境保护署(USEPA)和世界卫生组织(WHO)在最新的饮用水法规中规定饮用水中溴酸盐的含量不得超过10μg.L-1.我国最新的饮用水规范中也建议生活饮用水中溴酸盐的最高含量不允许超过10μg.L-1.卤代乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs)是饮用水加氯消毒时氯与水中存在的天然有机物反应生成的一类消毒副产物,通 相似文献
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溶解有机物(DOM)普遍存在于地表水源中,是饮用水消毒副产物的重要前驱物.本研究考察了Fe(Ⅵ)与Mn(Ⅶ)预氧化对浙江东部某水源水中DOM的组成特征及消毒副产物生成势的影响.运用三维荧光光谱(3D-EEMs)分析了两种氧化剂在不同的浓度梯度下对水样进行预氧化后,水样DOM的荧光光谱特性、荧光特征参数和荧光组分等的变化情况,及氯化后消毒副产物(DBPs)的生成情况.结果表明,水源水水样DOM的来源主要为陆源与内源混合且具有一定的腐殖质化程度,Mn(Ⅶ)和Fe(Ⅵ)预氧化不仅对荧光DOM具有较好的降解效果,对腐殖质类DOM也具有一定的降解作用.在DBPs的生成势方面,Mn(Ⅶ)预氧化对三氯甲烷(TCM)生成势的变化呈现出先增强后减弱的现象,对二氯乙腈(DCAN)的生成势具有一定的减弱作用.而Fe(Ⅵ)预氧化对三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)、溴氯乙腈(BCAN)、二溴乙腈(DBAN)和DCAN的生成势均具有明显的降低作用,对二氯一溴甲烷(DCBM)、二溴一氯甲烷(DBCM)和三溴甲烷(TBM)生成势的变化呈现出先增强后减弱的现象.研究结果推动了水源水氧化消毒工艺的发展并为相关研究提供理论指... 相似文献
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Qian-Yuan Wu Yi-Jun Yan Yao Lu Ye Du Zi-Fan Liang Hong-Ying Hu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(2):25
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碘代X射线造影剂(ICMs)是使用最广泛的血管内药物,近年来在水生环境中频繁检出.由于其高稳定性、高极性和持久性,ICMs会在水生环境中持续存在并且难以被降解.在水生环境中会与消毒剂、天然有机物结合生成具有毒性的消毒副产物(DBPs),由于其本身毒性以及转化产物DBPs的毒性增强了环境健康风险,进而引发了人们的密切关注.本文介绍了ICMs的环境浓度、分析方法以及毒性风险.重点描述了ICMs的前处理技术、检测方法及ICMs毒性评价现状,并展望了以后ICMs毒性的研究方向. 相似文献
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Jinhui Liang Peng Gao Benhang Li Longfei Kang Li Feng Qi Han Yongze Liu Liqiu Zhang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(12):150
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This research work was performed to evaluate ozonation and granular activated carbon adsorption processes from the view‐point of controlling the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). Both the humic acid and raw water were first preozonated and then adsorbed on the activated carbon to assess the potency for removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and DBPs. The disinfection by‐product including THMs and HAAs, in principle, can be successfully removed through a use of the ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption processes. However, in practice dealing with the raw water, it is necessary to introduce the pilot‐plant to obtain the design and operation guidelines for the water treatment plant through the ICA (Instrumentation Control and Automation) program in our future research work. 相似文献
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Yufeng Liao Mengmeng Tang Mengyuan Li Peng Shi Aimin Li Yangyang Zhang Yang Pan 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(10):125
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为了探究消毒副产物(DBPs)的氧化损伤和神经毒性作用,选择幼年斑马鱼作为模式生物,研究了市政污水处理厂二级出水和经次氯酸钠(NaClO)消毒后的二级出水对斑马鱼体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)活性的影响。结果表明,暴露时间达到10 d时,MDA含量显著高于对照,且消毒后MDA含量增幅(91.43%)显著高于消毒前(44.36%);暴露时间达到15 d时,CAT活性被显著抑制,且消毒后抑制率(40.22%)显著高于消毒前(15.56%);说明消毒后暴露组对斑马鱼的氧化损伤强于消毒前。另外,消毒前后污水对Ach E活性抑制率分别为38.49%和48.50%,说明消毒后污水对斑马鱼的神经毒性更大。因此,经NaClO消毒后的市政污水处理厂二级出水中DBPs对斑马鱼的抗氧化防御系统和神经系统具有潜在影响。 相似文献
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黄浦江原水中各类有机物在铝盐混凝过程中的去除效果 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将黄浦江微污染原水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物,研究了铝盐混凝工艺对黄浦江水中4类有机物的去除效果.硫酸铝在最佳混凝条件下,即投加量为8 mg·l~(-1)(以Al计),pH=5.5时,水中的DOC和UV_(254)的去除率分别达到23%和32%.有机物的亲疏水性对混凝工艺有较大影响,混凝法倾向于优先去除水中疏水性有机物,而疏水性有机物的酸碱性对混凝工艺没有明显影响,酸性和非酸类疏水物质均能破混凝工艺所去除.疏水酸是水中最主要的三氯甲烷类消毒副产物的前体物质,混凝工艺对于三氯甲烷类消毒副产物有良好的控制作用,总体减少了 39%的生成量.而不同类的有机物之间,混凝工艺对消毒副产物控制效果不同,其中对疏水酸的控制三氯甲烷消毒副产物的效果最好,减少了63%的生成量,亲水物质的控制效果最差,三氯甲烷生成量仪减少了3%.疏水酸表现出比亲水物质更强的生物毒性,混凝工艺能明显降低原水的毒性. 相似文献
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Xiaojiang FAN Yi TAO Dequan WEI Xihui ZHANG Ying LEI Hiroshi NOGUCHI 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2015,9(1):112
The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) and biologic activated carbon (BAC) filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors from micro-polluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m3 per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m2 and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid (HoA), base (HoB) and neutral (HoN), weakly hydrophobic acid (WHoA) and hydrophilic matter (HiM) by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 87% of UV254, 77% of trihalomethane (THMs) precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid (HAAs) precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde (CH) precursor, 77% of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) precursor, 96% of 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (TCP) precursor and 63% of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000–3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200–500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs. 相似文献
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Xiaolu ZHANG Hongwei YANG Xiaofeng WANG Yu ZHAO Xiaomao WANG Yuefeng XIE 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2015,9(6):995-1003
Swimming has become a popular exercising and recreational activity in China but little is known about the disinfection by-products (DBPs) concentration levels in the pools. This study was conducted as a survey of the DBPs in China swimming pools, and to establish the correlations between the DBP concentrations and the pool water quality parameters. A total of 14 public indoor and outdoor pools in Beijing were included in the survey. Results showed that the median concentrations for total trihalomethanes (TTHM), nine haloacetic acids (HAA9), chloral hydrate (CH), four haloacetonitriles (HAN4), 1,1-dichloropropanone, 1,1,1-trichloropropanone and trichloronitromethane were 33.8, 109.1, 30.1, 3.2, 0.3, 0.6 µg∙L−1 and below detection limit, respectively. The TTHM and HAA9 levels were in the same magnitude of that in many regions of the world. The levels of CH and nitrogenous DBPs were greatly higher than and were comparable to that in typical drinking water, respectively. Disinfection by chlorine dioxide or trichloroisocyanuric acid could substantially lower the DBP levels. The outdoor pools had higher TTHM and HAA9 levels, but lower trihaloacetic acids (THAA) levels than the indoor pools. The TTHM and HAA9 concentrations could be moderately correlated with the free chlorine and total chlorine residuals but not with the total organic carbon (TOC) contents. When the DBP concentration levels from other survey studies were also included for statistical analysis, a good correlation could be established between the TTHM levels and the TOC concentration. The influence of chlorine residual on DBP levels could also be significant. 相似文献