液体零排放技术在工业水处理领域的应用

介绍了最新的、已实现工业应用的液体零排放技术,概括了该技术的常规系统组成,描述了液体零排放技术的预处理、热处理、最终废弃物处理以及高效反渗透预浓缩的液体零排放技术的特点,总结了该技术在电力、炼油及石化、煤化工和采油等工业水处理领域的应用,指出了该技术存在的问题,展望了该技术的发展前景。     

基于"五级处理-五级回用"的高新区污水近零排放新模式

污水近零排放是提高高新区水资源利用效率,推动产业结构调整升级的有效途径。然而,目前近零排放研究多关注单元技术的开发与改进,缺乏园区整体的近零排放方案,制约了近零排放在高新区的实践与推广。针对这一问题,以高新区整体为研究对象,在系统分析高新区典型产业的用水、排水特征的基础上,提出耦合单元处理-分质利用、企业处理-综合利用、园区处理-市政杂用、生态处理-生态回用、再生处理-工业回用的"五级处理-五级回用"园区污水近零排放模式,剖析该模式推广运行面临的智慧决策系统开发、水处理关键技术研发以及运行保障体系构建等关键问题,为高新区污水近零排放提供了可行、有效的途径。     

钢铁行业废水零排放技术探索

针对钢铁行业废水特点,分析了目前钢铁行业各工序及全厂主要废水污染控制措施,重点分析了二级反渗透工艺的主要流程及进出水水质,以及该工艺存在的主要问题。通过对大型钢铁集团的现场调研,以太钢采用的反渗透和蒸发结晶工艺为例分析了钢铁行业真正实现废水零排放的技术可行性。该技术可以很好解决钢铁行业浓盐水的外排问题。     

城镇污水处理排放标准改革的费效分析

从费用效果角度对提高城镇污水处理排放标准的科学性和可实施性进行探讨,利用污染源普查数据,通过城镇污水治理投资和运行函数的构建,计算不同处理规模和排放标准下的污水处理投资和运行费用,在全国层面上计算提高污水处理排放标准所需费用和污染物的减排效果.研究表明：污水处理厂的投资和运行费用的增加随着污水处理规模的增加而递减.以污...     

Practical experiences with the implementation of the concept of zero emissions in the surface treatment industry in Austria

The authors have developed the approach of the “Zero emission retrofitting method for existing galvanizing plants” (ZERMEG). The goal of this approach is to take existing galvanizing plants as far as possible towards zero emissions. The development was supported by the Austrian ministry for science and technology within the programme “Factory of the Future”. The method consists first of an analytical step to describe the existing performance of the plant in terms of production, water input and input of chemicals, a second step is designed to characterize the theoretically possible minimum consumption using the present equipment and the third step is the comparison of the present to the ideal situation to identify optimisation options (improved draining, dosage of chemicals, control of rinsing water, mixing in the tanks, etc.).To facilitate the calculations, a Microsoft-Excel-programme was developed (Zero Emission Program Analysis, ZEPRA), which allows to calculate the ideal water consumption of different configurations of rin ses, drag out for different shapes and surface conditions of parts, and changes in concentrations of active baths. A technology data bank was developed that includes information on different technologies to enlarge the useful time of galvanizing baths or to recycle spent solutions and rinsing water.This paper describes case studies in five galvanizing plants. The measures which were implemented include changing the rinsing cascades in three plants at the wire producer Pengg (reduction of the water consumption in the batch pickling plant by 50%), the use of spent caustics to preneutralise spent process baths and the implementation of an electrolysis plant to recover copper at the printed circuit board manufacturer AT&S (recovery of 20 kg/day of copper), optimising the pickling baths of the hot dip galvanizer Mosdorfer (50% reduction of consumption of acids) and the optimisation of the spray rinses in the automatic copper plating plants of the producer of printing cyclinders Rotoform (reduction of water consumption by 50%, reduction of acid consumption by 40%).The work showed, that in three of the five plants it was possible to fully avoid the discharge of spent process baths. One plant now operates at zero emissions. In one plant it would be technically feasible to do so, however, it is not economically feasible, at this time.     

电渗析技术在水泥厂废水零排放处理中的应用

在国家污废水资源化战略政策驱动下,工业废水零排放已成为必然趋势。作为重工业的水泥厂主要产生的循环冷却排污废水具有含盐量高、浓缩倍率大、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度高等特点,排放和回用前须进行科学有效的脱盐处理,以减少环境污染及负担。传统处理工艺存在加药量大、运行不稳定、易造成二次污染的剩余化学污泥量大等诸多的问题。采用混凝沉淀+反渗透+电渗析工艺深度处理水泥厂排污水的技术思路,探讨了电渗析单元在高盐废水处理中极致浓缩作用及特点并考察了其长期运行效果。在陕西省某水泥厂2个月以上的运行结果表明,电渗析系统脱盐率为24.7%,浓缩倍率为14.6倍,浓缩液平均电导率和产水量分别为147.7 mS/cm和0.07 m3/h。     

Recovery of Cu and Fe from Printed Circuit Board waste sludge by ultrasound: Evaluation of industrial application

The paper presents a novel cleaner process for metal recovery from the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) waste sludge by assistance of ultrasound. The process can effectively recover heavy metals at low cost with high separation and recovery efficiency, produce high quality products and also achieve zero waste discharge with operation at industrial scale. With the PCB waste sludge containing (wet content) 3.14–4.85% copper and 3.71–4.23% iron, copper recovery efficiency of 95.2–97.5% and iron recovery efficiency of 97.1–98.5% were achieved, while the purity of copper sulfate produced by the process was 98.0% and the produced ferric chloride had a satisfied quality for using as a coagulant material for the plant on-site wastewater treatment. The process had been successfully scaled up to the industrial scaled applications in a heavy metal recovery plant in city of Huizhou, China for more than two years. The novel cleaner heavy metal recovery process has a great prospect on the applications of resources recovery and environmental protection practices.     

废纸类造纸废水的零排放技术及其进展

节约用水和防治环境污染是造纸工业面临的一项重要课题,造纸废水的封闭循环和零排放技术成为废纸类造纸废水处理技术研究的重要方向.以废纸为原料的制浆造纸可望通过采取改进设计,采用合理的工艺和设备,改善和加强管理,加大综合利用等措施,率先实现循环回用废水零排放.本文选取国内外几例实践技术,作一简单介绍,以供参考.     

城镇污水处理厂出水排放限值分级及提标成本研究

为了解城镇污水处理厂不同提标改造要求对成本的影响程度,围绕水环境质量改善目标,提出城镇污水处理厂排放限值的分级体系设计.在排放浓度分级方面,梳理现行国家和地方城镇污水处理厂排放标准,将其主要水污染物的排放浓度限值分为四级,按照从宽到严的顺序,分别为GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准（四级）、GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中准Ⅴ类水质标准（三级）、准Ⅳ类水质标准（二级）和准Ⅲ类水质标准（一级）的浓度水平,并对从四级分别提高到三级、二级和一级排放限值进行技术经济评估.结果表明:对于一座设计规模为10×104 t/d的城镇污水处理厂,由四级分别提高到三级、二级和一级,需增加的成本和占地面积逐步提高.当排放限值从四级提高到一级时,成本与占地面积增加最多,其中投资成本增加1.1×108~1.4×108元,运行成本增加1.6~1.8元/t,土地占用面积增加2 000 m2.以某中等城市为例,提标到最严格的一级限值最高需要增加投资成本24.4×108~31.1×108元,新增运行成本13.0×108~14.6×108元/a,增加占地面积6.8×104 m2.研究显示,城镇污水处理厂出水可直接与水质改善目标相衔接,且将大幅度增加污水处理厂的成本.      

Water savings and sludge minimization in a beet-sugar factory through re-design of the wastewater treatment facility

The task of rehabilitating the already existing waste treatment facilities of a sugar factory was undertaken. A detailed survey of the water and wastewater streams indicated a necessity for immediate action towards water conservation within the plant. The spent waters from the beet-washing unit were first being intercepted at an integrated solids–liquid separation system (ISLSS) where they were partially recycled for reuse. Sludge from the ISLSS was going to an end-of-pipe treatment plant composed of lagoons. In order to conserve and recycle water, it was firstly deemed essential to modify the operating regime of the ISLSS. Consequently the sludge going to the lagoons could be decreased by one third. Next, the existing lagoons were re-arranged to comply with the discharge standards, at a very little extra cost.     

Simple and cost-effective measures for the improvement of paper mill effluent treatment – A case study

In this study, the performance and the efficiency of physico-chemical effluent treatment in a paper mill was investigated, with the aim of evaluating the treatment rationality and running stability. The effluent treatment plant (ETP) uses alum as a coagulant and polyacrylamide as a flocculant in multi-stage water purification. Inadequate efficiency and some operational problems were observed and their occurrences were investigated. Several simple measures inside the mill and some technical measures can prevent or postpone expensive end-of-pipe treatment investments, such as biological treatment. Chemically enhanced primary treatment under optimal operating conditions can be a stand-alone technique for achieving high quality effluent. Furthermore, reductions in wastewater generation in combination with fiber and filler recovery provide environmental benefits as well as significant economic savings in production. The advantages of the cleaner production approach in existing treatment units compared to expensive biological end-of-pipe technologies are obvious. This study demonstrated that the examined mill could easily and cost-effectively change its water system toward strict discharge limits by continuing to use the existing treatment units.     

印染集中区水网络优化研究

耗水量大、水环境污染严重是印染集中区的一个突出问题.本文建立水网络数学模型,对印染集中区用水排水网络进行系统规划,该模型以集中区总成本最低为目标函数,模拟了以多级组合工艺为特点的污水处理设施数学模型.运用该模型对东北某印染集中区水网络进行设计和优化改进,在保证废水达标排放、成本最低的条件下,构建了企业内及企业间最佳回用网络,确定了污水处理设施工艺最优方案,并明确各级处理工艺中不同品质的处理水回用集中区企业的最优途径,为集中区内污水处理设施提标改造计划提供参考.研究结果表明：该模型在工业集中区或工业园用水规划及废水减量方面具有实用价值和较好的应用前景.     

污水处理场废渣的减量和资源化

分析了一些油厂污水处理场废渣量大，难处理、废渣脱水效果差和焚烧最终处理费用高等问题，对池底油泥、浮渣和剩余活性污泥三种废渣分别提出了减污措施，确定了按质分流收集、脱水处理和资源化方案，并论证了用炼油厂延迟焦化装置的焦碳塔直接回炼痈水浮渣及油泥以取代焚烧处理法的可行性和工业化试验结果。     

基于污水处理厂运营成本的污水处理费制度分析

通过选取全国东、中、西部227个污水处理厂为样本,估算这些样本的运营成本及其结构,分析其地区差异与执行标准的关系.结果显示样本平均运营成本为1.38元/t,并且通过与污水处理厂所在地的污水处理费征收标准比较,判断当前我国大部分地区征收的污水处理费只覆盖污水处理厂的运行成本,并未覆盖我国城镇污水处理厂的全部运营成本.运用成本收益分析研究污水处理厂运行状况,结果显示227个样本的平均单位污水处理费收入为0.80元/t,平均治理污水的单位收益为3.24元/t,平均单位盈利水平为2.09元/t,政策补贴成为污水处理厂主要收入.进一步探索污水处理费制度的不足,并以此提出我国污水处理费征收标准应基于科学的排放标准下的污水处理厂的运营成本而制定,坚持污染者付费原则和因地制宜原则.     

某有色金属企业污水处理厂污水处理工艺

对有色金属冶炼过程中产生的废水按特征因子的不同进行分质处理。其中,高浓度氨氮废水采用三级氨氮吹脱、吸收工艺进行脱氨预处理;含砷酸性废水采用三段中和-铁盐混凝法预处理;经预处理废水混合后,采用石灰法分级沉淀处理废水中重金属离子;然后根据各单位对回用水水质的不同要求,对废水进行深度处理,实现了污水处理后全部回用,污水零排放的目的。并且对污水中的氨、石膏、镍等资源进行回收利用,为企业降低了运行成本,并且防止了二次污染。     

火电厂节水及废水“零排放”系统综述

随着水资源日益紧缺和环保要求的严格,为保证电力工业快速和健康发展,节水势在必行。作为工业行业的耗水大户-火电厂,必须提高水资源的重复使用率和节约用水,才能有效地实施火电厂废水“零排放”。本文介绍了火电厂废水“零排放”应用现状,概述了火电厂废水“零排放”实现的措施以及确保火电厂废水“零排放”的有效方法。     

流光放电等离子体污水消毒灭菌

采用流光放电等离子体技术,研究放电电压、大肠杆菌初始浓度、反应器类型对大肠杆菌灭杀的影响,并将流光放电等离子体与臭氧灭菌进行效果对比。结果表明:当在水槽装置中,处理温度为室温,大肠杆菌初始浓度为480 000个/L,放电时间为45 min,水样体积V=50 L,气量Q=8 m3/h,放电电压为30 k V,电流I=11 m A时大肠杆菌的去除率达到99%。流光放电等离子体与臭氧去除污水中大肠杆菌的能力都较强,与臭氧灭菌相,比流光放电等离子体杀菌经济成本低廉许多。     

沈抚灌渠(抚顺段)水环境状况及污染减排对策研究

基于沈抚灌渠(抚顺段)高污染、高排放的特点,设计了一套生态环保型污染减排对策,在沈抚灌渠东部起点处建设东洲再生水厂及传输污水管线工程;在中西部建海城污水处理厂及污水截流工程;在西部的抚顺开发区段采用生态修复技术对出市前的污水进行综合整治和处理,采取治污、清淤、引水和两岸景观建设四项措施,使沈抚灌渠水质达到地表水Ⅳ标准.     

废纸造纸废水处理技术

近年来,废纸造纸行业发展迅速,为了使其产生的废水达标排放,应采用合理的处理技术。通过对废纸造纸废水污染特性、目前比较成熟的处理技术及零排放清洁生产工艺的研究,对废纸造纸处理技术的进一步发展提出了建议。目前,很多处理技术已成功研发并投入使用,取得了不错的处理效果,同时在应用范围、能源消耗、技术可操作性、投资运行费用等方面存在一定的局限性。建议在废水处理新技术开发和零排放清洁生产工艺的研究,废水处理设备、使用药剂的优化等方面加大工作力度。     

Evaluation of a cost e ective technique for treating aquaculture water discharge using Lolium perenne Lam as a biofilter

Wastewater stabilization ponds generate low cost by-products that are useful for agriculture. The utilization of these by-products for soil amendment and as a source of nutrients for plants requires a high level of sanitation and stabilization of the organic matter, to maintain acceptable levels of soil, water and air quality. In this study, two aquaculture wastewater treatment systems; recirculating system and a floating plant bed system were designed to improve the quality of irrigation water in local communities with low income. In both systems the grass species Lolium perenne Lam was used as a plant biofilter while vegetable specie Amaranthus viridis was used to evaluate the performance of the system and the suitability of the phyto-treated water for irrigation. It was found that the harmful material removal rate for recirculating system was 88.9% for TAN （total ammonia nitrogen）, 90% for NO2--N, 64.8% for NO3--N while for floating plant bed system 82.7% for TAN, 82% for NO2--N and 60.5% for NO3--N. Comparative analysis of the efficiency of waste element removal between the two systems revealed that both systems performed well, however, plant growth was not robust for floating plant bed system while recirculating system is energy consuming. Although both systems did not attain sufficient levels of TN （total nitrogen） and TP （total phosphorus） load reduction, the treatment with L. perenne remarkably improved the irrigation water quality. A. viridis plants irrigated with the phyto-treated discharge water had lesser concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues compared to those irrigated with untreated discharge. The control plants irrigated with untreated discharge were also found to be highly lignified with few stems and small leaves.