长江经济带能源消费碳排放与经济增长实证分析——基于弹性脱钩模型

基于我国1995—2015年长江经济带能源消费数据测算碳排放总量,借助弹性脱钩模型分析碳排放与经济增长的脱钩状态,利用等维灰色递补GM(1,1)模型进行预测。结果表明:①1995—2015年长江经济带碳排放量逐年增长,约70%的碳排放来自于工业部门;原煤和电力碳排放量占总量1/2左右;江浙、湖南与四川分别成为东、中、西部地区的碳排放中心;②长江经济带碳排放与经济增长脱钩先后经历:较理想的弱脱钩状态恶化为增长连结甚至扩张的负脱钩状态,逐渐改善为增长连结或弱脱钩状态,再进一步改善为弱脱钩或强脱钩状态;③2016—2026年长江经济带能源消费、碳排放及GDP均持续增长,导致能源消费与经济增长、碳排放与经济增长均呈现出弱脱钩状态,而排放与能源消费呈现出增长连结状态,该状态与理想的强脱钩状态尚有一定的距离。     

基于LMDI分解法的我国碳生产率影响因素研究

运用LMDI分解法,以1995-2010年为样本期,按东、中、西三大区域把我国碳生产率总体变动分解为能源效率、碳排放能耗和碳排放结构3个影响因素,得出以下主要结论:1995-2010年我国碳生产率变化除了2003-2005年为负数外,其余期间均为正数,表明我国碳生产率在逐年提高.碳生产率总体变动因素分解的贡献值和贡献率表明,能源效率因素是影响我国碳生产率变动的主要因素,贡献值为0.9722,贡献率为87.66％,其变动趋势决定了碳生产率的变动趋势;单位碳排放能耗因素贡献值为0.1431,贡献率仅为12.9％,影响较小;而碳排放结构因素的贡献值和贡献率分别为-0.0063和-0.56％,表明碳排放结构抑制了碳生产率的增加.因此,提高区域能源效率,改善区域碳排放结构,对提高我国碳生产率具有重要意义.     

广东省交通运输业碳排放测算与驱动因素分析

为减少广东省交通运输业碳排放量,加快推动经济社会全面绿色转型,基于广东省2013—2020年统计数据,采用“自上而下”的算法对广东省交通运输业碳排放量进行测算,并通过LMDI分解模型分析了影响广东省交通运输业碳排量的主要因素。结果表明：广东省交通运输业碳排放量在2013—2019年呈逐渐上升趋势,2020年较2019年出现明显下跌;样本期内汽油、煤油、柴油、燃料油及电力在广东省交通运输业总碳排量中占比97.38%,其中柴油占比最高,达到45.74%,同时电力在交通运输业能源消耗中增速较快;不同影响因子中,经济和人口与交通运输业碳排量之间呈明显的正相关关系,能源结构、能源强度及植被覆盖与碳排量则呈明显负相关关系。总体来看,广东省交通运输业碳排放量仍处于上升期,未来交通运输业降碳减排方向应从优化能源结构、加强能源利用效率、增加植被覆盖面积等方面入手。     

广东产业结构调整与碳排放分析——基于LMDI分解方法

运用碳排放系数法,在考虑主要化石能源消耗以及电力消耗的情况下汇总广东省能源消耗来估算碳排放情况;发现2005年以来广东CO_2排放呈现上升趋势,但2012—2014年增加趋势明显减缓,2014年还出现了下降。运用LMDI分解方法来分析碳排放的影响因素,分析结果表明,经济规模扩张是碳排放增加的主要影响因素,产业结构调整对于碳减排有正向促进作用。进一步对广东碳减排提出了继续发展现代服务业和现代制造业,利用新能源代替化石能源的对策建议。     

碳排放与经济增长关系及驱动因素分析——以西北地区为例

选取2000--2010年我国西北地区（陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆）5个省区能源消费数据和经济数据作为样本数据,根据IPCC碳排放计算指南,测算出西北各地区的碳排放量;采用脱钩理论对西北地区碳排放与经济增长脱钩状态进行分析,运用LMDI分解方法构建碳排放因素分解模型深入研究其驱动因素.研究结论显示,2001-2010年西北地区经济增长与碳排放的脱钩状态趋于不稳定状态,其中2002年、2004年为强脱钩,2001年、2007年、2009年、2010年为弱脱钩,2003年、2005年、2008年为扩展性负脱钩,2006年为增长连接;经济规模持续扩大是西北地区碳排放快速增长的关键因素,能源强度下降是抑制西北地区碳排放增长的主要因素,产业结构优化升级和能源结构调整是控制碳排放增加的潜在因素.     

黑龙江省能源消费碳排放量情景预测

采用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会规定的碳排放计算方法,测算了黑龙江省2002-2010年的能源消费碳排放量。运用Kaya分解法,预测了黑龙江省2011—2020年在不同情境下的人均碳排放量。研究表明,2002-2010年黑龙江省能源消费碳排放量以年均8％的速度增长,人均碳排量年均增长率为8．18％。在四种经济增长情境下,黑龙江省2011—2020年人均碳排放量的年均增长率均远远低于2002-2010年,但人均碳排放量仍逐年增长,且GDP增长速度越快,人均碳排放量增长也越快。     

河南省能源消费碳排放的时空变化分析

区域碳排放核算是衡量区域低碳经济发展水平,制订低碳经济发展策略的重要前提和依据。借鉴IPCC及国内相关研究成果,构建了区域碳排放、碳汇及碳补偿率测算的方法,并以河南省为例进行了初步研究。其结论为：①1989—2008年河南省能源消费碳排放总量为128941.44万t,整体呈递增趋势,年均增长率为7.16%;②就碳排放构成而言,煤炭消费的碳排放量构成了河南省碳排放的主体,占碳排放总量的91%;③河南省人均碳排放量低于同时期全国平均水平,而碳排放强度高于全国平均水平;④就碳排放的区域差异而言,平顶山碳排放量最大,开封市、漯河市和周口市碳排放相对较低;⑤林业碳汇虽有一定程度的增加,但远远不足以补偿能源消费的碳排放,碳补偿率由14%下降到不足8%。     

考虑“水—土—能—碳”关联的我国工农业碳排放效率及减排潜力研究

考虑“水—土—能—碳”关联,本文将水土资源要素纳入投入变量,构建了我国工农业碳排放效率投入产出测度指标,运用考虑非期望产出的SBM-undesirable模型计算我国29个省份2004—2017年农业、工业部门碳排放效率,利用乘法逆转法计算碳减排潜力并对影响碳排放的投入产出因素进行分析。结果表明：研究期内我国整体农业、工业碳排放效率均呈波动下降趋势,各年的农业碳排放效率均高于工业碳排放效率,江苏、山东等7省份农业碳排放效率以及北京、天津工业碳排放效率最优;各省份农业、工业减排潜力和规模具有显著差异,山西、甘肃的农业、工业碳减排均具有较大潜力;我国绝大多数省份均存在农业、工业的资源能源投入冗余和非期望产出冗余,土地资源投入过剩是影响农业碳排放效率的最重要因素,水资源投入过剩是影响工业碳排放效率的最重要因素。碳排放效率较低省份应积极开展技术创新,发展低碳技术,提高水土资源和能源利用效率,减少碳排放。     

“双碳”目标下安徽省能源现状及减碳对策研究

安徽省现处于重大战略叠加效应集中释放期。基于统计年鉴数据,借助IPCC和Tapio脱钩理论,统计分析了安徽省2005—2019年能源消费现状,以及2015—2019年碳排放总量及特征。结果表明：2015—2019年安徽省碳排放总量总体呈上升趋势,碳排放主要来自煤炭消费,受能源强度下降驱动全省碳排放强度持续优化;碳脱钩系数一直保持在弱脱钩状态,距离强脱钩状态仍有一定距离。从优化能源发展体系、推进工业领域降碳和完善市场化减排机制等角度,提出了能源领域碳减排的对策建议,以期为安徽省制定碳减排和能源发展战略及策略提供科学依据。     

甘肃省农业碳排放与经济增长的脱钩研究

在测算甘肃省1993-2011年农业碳排放量的基础上,构建该省农业碳排放与经济增长的Tapio脱钩指标模型,研究了甘肃省1994-2011年农业碳排放与经济增长之间的相互关系.结果显示,农业投入导致显著的碳排放增长;脱钩弹性曲线大体上呈现周期性“较理想状态—畸形状态—较理想状态”的“W”型变化,其中一、三阶段整体发展良好,强弱脱钩状态占比达82.5％;各阶段有不同的脱钩指标值,出现各类状态的原因各不相同.依据结论,提出了相关低碳减排建议.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.