重庆市地形起伏度及其与人口、经济的相关性研究

以GIS为主要技术平台,基于1∶5万的重庆市数字高程模型(DEM),采用窗口分析法(选择最佳窗口尺寸大小为5×5)提取了重庆市地形起伏度,并分析了重庆山地地形起伏度的分布规律及其与人口、经济的相关性。结果表明:①重庆市地形起伏度介于0.08—3.51之间,整体趋势为东部高于西部,南部高于北部。②重庆市地形起伏度随着海拔高度升高呈逐渐增加的趋势。③地形起伏度与人口密度的乘幂拟合曲线拟合度为0.7999,且呈显著负相关;地形起伏度与人均GDP对数拟合曲线的拟合度为0.6326,并呈显著负相关。     

正弦振动试验问题解答

1.什么叫固定点、检测点、控制点,如何规定和选择.在正弦振动试验中,被试样品能否真正受到规定严酷等级的试验,以及不同的人,或不同的地点、或不同的时间所做的试验能否有高的再现性,在很大程度上取决于试验样品所用的固定点、检测点、控制点的规定和选择.对这个问题,以往的振动标准均没有明确规定,     

污染河流悬沙与镉、铅污染相关性研究

通过对矿区选矿废水污染的河流水样和悬沙样品进行采样分析,探讨了污染河流悬沙与镉污染、铅污染之间的相关关系.研究结果表明:水中镉含量与悬沙量相关关系,以及铅含量与悬沙量相关关系都是极显著的.经过曲线回归方程拟合,有三个方程较优,即直线方程、二次多项式方程、三次多项式方程,表明了在矿区污染河流中悬沙量与镉含量、悬沙量与铅含量都具有十分密切的正相关关系,通过测定河流悬沙量可以粗略地估算水中镉、铅含量.本研究方法对其他河流类似情况也有较好的借鉴意义.     

基于敏感参数的锂离子电池加速寿命试验评价方法

本文以18650锂离子电池为研究对象,提出了一种基于敏感参数Var(ΔQ_(100-10))的锂离子电池加速寿命试验评价方法,给出了锂离子电池循环寿命退化V-Q曲线敏感参数Matlab数据分析和神经网络拟合算法,设计开发了高稳定高精度高频采样的加速寿命试验系统,实现对锂离子电池10_～20年长寿命指标的快速评价。     

烟尘动压平衡等速采样法中压力参数测定的方法改进

烟尘的测定,通常是用采样管从烟道中抽取一定体积的烟气,通过捕集装置捕集尘粒,然后根据捕集的尘粒量和抽取的烟气量,求出烟尘浓度.根据烟尘浓度和烟气的流量计算其排放量.为了从烟道中取得有代表性的烟尘样品,需等速采样,即气体进入采样嘴的速度应与采样点的烟气速度相等.这样,样品浓度才与实际浓度相等.采样速度若大于或小于采样点的烟气速度都将使采样结果产生偏差.烟气压力参数的测定直接影响烟尘测定结果的准确性.根据《空气和废气监测分析方法》,烟尘采样有预测流速法、平行采样法和压力平衡法,三种方法中,常用压力平衡法,此法又分动压平衡法和静压平衡法,动压平衡法是利用装置在采样管上的孔板差压与皮托管指示的测点烟气动压相平衡来实现等速采样.动压平衡法的优点是不需要预先测出烟气流速和烟气状态参数和计算等速采样流量,而是通过调节动压达到平衡即可进行等速采样,不但操作简单,并且能跟踪烟气速度变化而随时保持等速条件,提高等速精度.但是,笔者运用此法测定烟尘多年,发现还有不足和局限性.     

草木灰对亚甲基蓝的吸附研究

本实验目的是研究草木灰对吸附亚甲基蓝的去除效果,探讨了亚甲基蓝初始量、吸附时间、pH值等对吸附效果的影响,并运用伪一级、伪二级反应动力学模型和Laugmuir、Freundlich等温线模型进行拟合。结果表明,草木灰对亚甲基蓝溶液的吸附在5 min~30 min速率比较快,约在65 min内达到吸附平衡,pH越大越有利于吸附,浓度在5mg/L时草木灰对亚甲基蓝的吸附最佳。与伪二级动力学曲线模型拟合效果较好,由Laugmuir等温线模型计算得出理论最大吸附容量Qm为2.275 mg/g,吸附性能优异。     

新疆准东煤田大气降尘中Hg含量分析与污染风险评价

选择新疆准东煤田五彩湾露天煤矿为研究区,通过测定研究区内8个采样点(点1为背景点)大气降尘中Hg元素的含量,利用地质累积指数法及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对研究区内的大气降尘进行重金属汞污染等级和潜在生态风险等级评价,结果表明:1与背景点相比,位于煤矿区上风向的采样点基本不受煤矿区开采过程中Hg的影响,下风向的采样点均受到煤矿区开采过程中Hg的影响,总体来看,研究区内大气降尘已受到Hg的污染;2研究区所有大气采样点均存在不同程度的Hg的潜在生态风险,其中,大气降尘中Hg含量相对较高的点8和点9的潜在生态风险等级为强,风险所占比率为25%。说明受矿区煤矿开采影响,Hg的潜在生态风险在下风向显著增强。     

基于土壤重金属污染评价的数学模型

本文采用离散插值、多元非线性回归分析、有限差分法等方法,建立了一种针对土壤中重金属污染程度评价的数学模型,模型包含重金属污染的主要原因、重金属污染源的查证。采用指数函数和多项式拟合建立其数学空间理论模型,结合实际物理扩散方式,得到污染物的传播特征模型;再通过离散插值得到污染物浓度峰值的仿真点位置坐标,进而利用多元非线性回归的方法,对仿真点附近区域内的采集数据实现拟合,定位各个污染源。     

机场周边大气中非甲烷总烃时空分布特征

为了研究机场周边大气中非甲烷烃的污染情况,于2011年4月21日起连续5天对某机场起降点附近2个采样点以及对照点农田区的大气中NMHCs进行测定.结果表明,NMHCs的含量为飞机开始滑行点（3.22mg/m3）＞降落点（2.92mg/m3）＞农田区（2.91 mg/m3）,均超出以色列的标准（2.0mg/m3）.非甲烷总烃在一天中下午16点达到最小值.飞机的起降对周边大气NMHCs排放有一定的影响.而对照点农田排放可能是当地NMHCs排放的重要来源. 3个采样点中,排放的碳氢化合物以非甲烷烃为主,占总烃的63.4％.NMHCs和总烃的线性关系良好,用统计回归的方法得到了研究区总烃和非甲烷烃的换算公式.     

珠三角城市群经济增长与环境污染关系研究

基于1996—2016年经济增长和环境污染相关数据,采用聚类法对珠三角城市群进行分类,同时利用回归模型拟合各个城市的EKC曲线。研究结果表明:从整体来看,珠三角城市群的人均GDP与环境污染之间具有显著关系;各个城市的EKC曲线所呈现出的特征不尽相同,既有"倒U"型、"N"型和"S"型,也有"倒N"型;从EKC曲线的拐点来看,多数城市的环境污染已经超过EKC曲线的拐点,并且正处于下降的阶段。     

广东省能源消费与经济增长动态关系研究——基于环境库兹涅茨曲线假说

基于库兹涅茨曲线模型,对广东1980-2010年经济增长与能源消费的动态关系进行了实证研究.结果表明,在整个研究期间,广东省人均能源消费与人均经济增长协整关系呈单调正相关,1999年的结构断点使两者的协整关系发生变化,断点分隔的两个时间段内均符合倒“U”型模型,但曲线拐点后移.广东省现处于倒“U”型曲线的左端,EKC理论拐点为23253元（1978年不变价）.广东省应采取积极有效的节能减排政策,引导促进倒“U”型曲线弧度降低,让拐点提前到来.     

基于Matlab曲线拟合的山东省各地市人口密度预测及Cartogram地图表现

通过Matlab软件的曲线拟合功能,以1993-2012年《山东省统计年鉴》中的人口统计数据为基础数据,对山东省17地市分别选择最佳拟合模型进行人口规模预测,依据行政区划面积计算人口密度,对结果以Cartogram的技术方法进行地图表现,得出直观的结果.该研究采用了新颖的专题地图表示方法,丰富了人口预测方法,对了解未来社会的供求关系和人口发展趋势、拟定正确合理的人口规划方案具有重大的理论和实践意义.     

非等距饱和指数曲线参数的灰色辨识及其应用

根据非等距ＧＭ（１,１）的建模原理,建立了非等距和指数曲线参数灰色辨识的二次一元线性回归解法。初步应用表明,本法计算简便,信息利用率高,拟合精度好,不仅为饱和指娄曲线参数辨识提供了新途径,也进一步拓广了它的应用范围。     

Nonparametric Monte Carlo Simulation for Flood Frequency Curve Derivation: An Application to a Korean Watershed1

Abstract: A mix of causative mechanisms may be responsible for flood at a site. Floods may be caused because of extreme rainfall or rain on other rainfall events. The statistical attributes of these events differ according to the watershed characteristics and the causes. Traditional methods of flood frequency analysis are only adequate for specific situations. Also, to address the uncertainty of flood frequency estimates for hydraulic structures, a series of probabilistic analyses of rainfall‐runoff and flow routing models, and their associated inputs, are used. This is a complex problem in that the probability distributions of multiple independent and derived random variables need to be estimated to evaluate the probability of floods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop a flood frequency curve derivation method driven by multiple random variables and to develop a tool that can consider the uncertainties of design floods. This study focuses on developing a flood frequency curve based on nonparametric statistical methods for the estimation of probabilities of rare floods that are more appropriate in Korea. To derive the frequency curve, rainfall generation using the nonparametric kernel density estimation approach is proposed. Many flood events are simulated by nonparametric Monte Carlo simulations coupled with the center Latin hypercube sampling method to estimate the associated uncertainty. This study applies the methods described to a Korean watershed. The results provide higher physical appropriateness and reasonable estimates of design flood.     

A Comparison of Sampling Designs for Monitoring Recreational Trail Impacts in Rocky Mountain National Park

The dual goals of the Organic Act of 1916 and Wilderness Act of 1964 are to protect natural resources and provide quality visitor experiences. Park managers need metrics of trail conditions to protect park resources and quality of visitor experiences. A few methods of sampling design for trails have been developed. Here, we describe a relatively new method, spatially balanced sampling, and compare it to systematic sampling. We evaluated the efficiency of sampling designs to measure recreation-related impacts in Rocky Mountain National Park. This study addressed two objectives: first, it compared estimates of trail conditions from data collected from systematic versus spatially balanced sampling data; second, it examined the relationship between sampling precision and sampling efficiency. No statistically significant differences in trail condition were found between the 100-m interval and the spatially balanced datasets. The spatially balanced probability-based dataset was found to be a good estimate of trail conditions when analyses were conducted with fewer sample points. Moreover, spatially balanced probability-based sampling is flexible and allows additional sample points to be added to a sample.     

SAMPLING FRAME FOR IMPROVING PEBBLE COUNT ACCURACY IN COARSE GRAVEL‐BED STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Improved sampling techniques are needed to increase the accuracy of pebble‐count particle‐size distributions used for stream studies in gravel‐bed streams. However, pebble counts are prone to operator errors introduced through subjective particle selection, serial correlation, and inaccurate particle‐size measurements. Errors in particle‐size measurements can be minimized by using a gravel template. Operator influence on particle selection can be minimized by using a sampling frame, 60 by 60 cm, in which sampling points are identified by the cross points of thin elastic bands. Serial correlation can be minimized by adjusting the spacing between the cross points and setting it equal to the dominant large particle size (=D₉₅). In a field test in a cobble‐bed stream, the sampling frame developed in this study produced slightly coarser size distributions, particularly in the cobble range, than the traditional heel‐to‐toe walk that selects particles with a blind touch at the tip of the boot. The sampling frame produced more similar sampling results between two operators than heel‐to‐toe walks. The difference between the two sampling methods is attributed to an unbiased selection of fine and coarse particles when using the sampling frame.     

四川省自贡市声环境质量监督性监测结果分析与建议

开展了四川省自贡市城市声环境质量监督性抽测工作,进行了历史监测数据核查、仪器设备检查、日常质控情况检查、现场比对监测与监测点位核查,抽测结果显示自贡市声环境质量监测工作在监测数据管理、仪器设备管理、监测点位有效性及监测人员业务素质等方面存在一些问题,提出了加强声环境监测技术贮备和人员培养,及时调整监测点位,加强质量管理等建议。     

连续采样和间断采样监测大气中SO2平均浓度的研究

本文通过对连续采样和间断采样监测大气ＳＯ２浓度的对比实验数据进行分析，认为２４ｈ逐时间断采样的ＳＯ２浓度平均值和连续采样的ＳＯ２日平均浓度之间没有偏差，而几个时刻间断采样的平均值与连续值采样的日平均浓度存在显著性差异。     

Fitting a Gamma Distribution Over a Synthetic Unit Hydrograph1

ABSTRACT: Several methods for synthetic unit hydrographs are available in the literature. Most of these methods involve the hand fitting of a curve over a set of a few hydrograph points, which can sometimes be a subjective task. Besides, the user often finds it difficult or simply neglects to adjust the generated unit graph to a runoff volume of one unit (inch, cm, or mm). It is the purpose of this paper to present to the design hydrologist a simple method to fit a smooth gamma distribution over a single point specified by the unit hydrograph peak and the time to peak with a guaranteed unit depth of runoff.     

Evaluating Alternative Temporal Survey Designs for Monitoring Wetland Area and Detecting Changes Over Time in California

Evaluation of wetland extent and changes in extent is a foundation of many wetland monitoring and assessment programs. Probabilistic sampling and mapping provides a cost‐effective alternative to comprehensive mapping for large geographic areas. One unresolved challenge for probabilistic or design‐based approaches is how best to monitor both status (e.g., extent at a single point in time) and trends (e.g., changes in extent over time) within a single monitoring program. Existing wetland status and trends (S&T) monitoring programs employ fixed sampling locations; however, theoretical evaluation and limited implementation in other landscape monitoring areas suggest that alternative designs could increase statistical efficiency and overall accuracy. In particular, designs that employ both fixed and nonfixed sampling locations (alternately termed permanent and temporary samples), termed sampling with partial replacement (SPR), are considered to efficiently and effectively balance monitoring current status with detection of trends. This study utilized simulated sampling to assess the performance of fixed sampling locations, SPR, and strictly nonfixed designs for monitoring wetland S&T over time. Modeled changes in wetland density over time were used as inputs for sampling simulations. In contrast to previous evaluations of SPR, the results of this study support the use of a fixed sampling design and show that SPR may underestimate both S&T.