树舌灵芝菌丝体不皂化物GC-MS分析

在树舌灵芝菌丝体化学成分研究中,采用乙醚抽提法获取树舌灵芝菌丝体脂溶性物质,经皂化后使用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)进行分析,共鉴定出19种物质,所得到的丁羟甲苯、乙酰菲、5,6-二氢麦角甾醇对树舌灵芝菌丝体化学成分研究具有较高价值.     

食用菌生产新技术——液体深层发酵

食用菌的人工培养自古以来都是采用固体栽培获得子实体。50年代Szuecs J用大型发酵罐进行液体深层发酵,培养羊肚菌的菌丝体获得成功。自此以后液体发酵的食用菌产品不断问世。60年代末,我国应用于临床的灵芝糖浆,就是采用液体深层发酵方法的首例。至今,我国已报导液体深层发     

蒲公英茶

本品是以茶叶为主料,配入灵芝、花粉、蒲公英、枸杞子等对人体健康有益的中草药制成。本品营养丰富,含有多种人体必须的氨基酸、维生素和微量元素,以及增强人体免疫力的物质,常饮本品可以提神醒脑,安神定志,滋补脾胃,养肝明目,滋润肌肤蒲公英茶     

GC-MS分析短梗五加化学成分

为了开发利用短梗五加这一潜在的民间药用植物资源,采用GC-MS方法对短梗五加乙醚部分化学成分进行了分析。结果表明,经毛细管色谱柱分析分离出31个成分,应用色谱峰面积归一法分析各成分的相对含量,含量较高的物质3,7,11-三甲基-2,6,10-十二碳三烯-1-醇为50.21%,化合物类型主要为萜类及其衍生物。本方法简便、可靠、快速、重现性好,为短梗五加的化学成分研究提供了参考依据。     

灵芝的高产栽培技术

灵芝（Ganodermalucidum）,又名神芝、芝草,是我国传统药用真菌。现代医学研究证明,灵芝有降低血压和血脂、抗血栓形成、防止动脉硬化、调节神经机能、提高免疫力、延缓衰老等作用。除药用外,灵芝还以其优美多姿的形态和鲜艳夺目的色彩而具有较高的观赏价值。本研究从配料方法着手,通过生长势和栽培试验,探讨了灵芝的高产栽培技术。供试菌种引自日本群马县桐生市森产业株市会社。l试验方法l·l生长势试验试验分6组,以阔叶树木屑为基础培养物,在木屑中分别加入30％、20％、10％的麦茨、米糠、玉米粉、油粕、混合饲料。加入麦款的为A组,根据…     

除湿机的冷凝水化学成分与空气环境质量的关系

本文采用家用除湿机作为空气水溶性物质采样器方法，并验证了该方法作为空气水溶性物质采样嚣的可行性。本文通过空气冷凝水化学成分与空气总悬浮微粒(TSP)可溶性化学成分的对比，得到水汽中大部分阴阳离子的含量只比TSP低1个数量级，而水汽中的微量元素含量与各种碳的浓度不都比TSP低，TSP中一般检测不出亚硝酸根，而水汽中则检出大量亚硝酸根。     

药用真菌潜力大

药用菌在我国栽培历史悠久、资源丰富 ,目前已开发利用的约有十几种 ,其中主要有灵芝、猴头、银耳、茯苓、猪苓、麦角菌、亮菌、蜜环菌、竹红菌、雷丸、马勃、冬虫夏草等。据测定 ,药用菌可产生多糖、多肽、生物碱、萜类化合物、酶、核酸、氨基酸、维生素以及植物激素等多种生理活性物质 ,这些物质对人的心血管、肝脏、神经、消化系统的多种疾病有较好的预防和治疗作用。随着药用菌的药理、药用成分逐步被揭示 ,使得药用菌更加广泛地应用于医药、食品行业。药用真菌潜力大@龚发     

黄山贡菊有效成分的定性分析

黄山贡菊主产于安徽省歙县,具有显著的医疗保健作用.采用水提取法、醇提取法和酸性醇液提取法对黄山贡菊的化学成分进行了提取,并做了全面的定性鉴定试验.实验结果表明,黄山贡菊中含有较丰富的蛋白质、氨基酸、糖类、生物碱等物质和少量的挥发油、酚类物质,而蒽醌类、香豆素类、甾体三萜类、皂甙类含量极少,实验鉴定呈阴性.     

GC-MS分析鸡树条荚蒾叶化学成分

为了开发利用鸡树条荚蒾这一潜在的民间药用植物资源,采用GC-MS方法对鸡树条荚蒾叶石油醚部分的化学成分进行了分析。经毛细管色谱柱分析分离出56个峰,共确认出其中48种成分;应用色谱峰面积归一法分析各成分的相对含量,含量较高的物质有3-甲基丁酸(40.50%)、2-甲基丁酸(14.49%)、邻苯二甲酸丁基异丁基酯(10.28%)、棕榈酸(6.02%)、α-亚麻酸(4.58%)、β-谷甾醇(3.02%)等,化合物类型主要为脂肪酸、烷烃、脂肪醇、酯类、甾醇类化合物。该方法简便可靠、快速、重现性好,并为鸡树条荚艹迷叶的化学成分研究提供了参考依据。     

富锌金针菇菌株的诱变选育及酶谱分析

以金针菇F19为出发株,通过制备菌丝断片悬液和紫外线照射(3—14min)来筛选突变株。结果发现,12min处理使菌丝体生物量减少了5.14%(p>0.05),但富锌量提高了18.78%(p<0.01);在连续3代的遗传稳定性实验中,菌丝体生物量为1.342—1.419g/100ml,富锌量为49.78—50.45mg/g,与原代差异均不显著(p>0.05)。PAGE技术测定发现,EST是金针菇遗传分析最适标记之一;高锌通过提高EST、POD的合成和活性来促进有机锌的转化和菌丝体的生长。     

湿法预处理对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的形态及风险影响研究

以某典型城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为研究对象,采用X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和电感耦合等离子体光谱仪（ICP）测定了焚烧飞灰的主要成分、矿物学组成和重金属含量,探讨了湿法预处理工艺对飞灰的化学组成、矿物学形态、化学形态及风险水平的影响.结果表明,飞灰的主要化学组成为O、Ca、Cl、Na、K等,占飞灰总质量的93.54％,其次含有0.04％ ～0.68％的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr等微量重金属元素;经过湿法预处理,飞灰中可溶性氯盐具有较好的去除效果,且几乎所有重金属元素的不稳定形态（弱酸提取态和可还原态）比例都有一定程度的减少,有效降低了重金属的毒性、生物有效性及环境风险水平.本研究有助于降低焚烧飞灰的环境风险和探寻其资源化的有效途径.     

Quantifying ground water inputs along the Lower Jordan River

The flow rate of the Lower Jordan River has changed dramatically during the second half of the 20th century. The diversion of its major natural sources reduced its flow rate and led to drying events during the drought years of 2000 and 2001. Under these conditions of low flow rates, the potential influence of external sources on the river discharge and chemical composition became significant. Our measurements show that the concentrations of chloride, calcium, and sodium in the river water decrease along the first 20-km section, while sulfate and magnesium concentrations increase. These variations were addressed by a recent geochemical study, suggesting that ground water inflow plays a major role. To further examine the role of ground water, we applied mass-balance calculations, using detailed flow rate measurements, water samplings, and chemical analyses along the northern (upstream) part of the river. Our flow-rate measurements showed that the river base-flow during 2000 and 2001 was 500 to 1100 L s(-1), which is about 40 times lower than the historical flow rates. Our measurements and calculations indicate that ground water input was 20 to 80% of the river water flow, and 20 to 50% of its solute mass flow. This study independently identifies the composition of possible end-members. These end-members contain high sulfate concentration and have similar chemical characteristics as were found in agricultural drains and in the "saline" Yarmouk River. Future regional development plans that include the river flow rate and chemistry should consider the interactions between the river and its shallow ground water system.     

落新妇地下部分挥发油化学成分GC—MS分析

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取落新妇地下部分的挥发油,测得含量为0．10％;采用气相色谱－质谱联用技术（GC—MS）对落新妇的挥发性成分进行了分离鉴定,分离出57种成分,鉴定了其中50种;运用峰面积归一法确定了各成分的相对含量,检出率为87．71％。落新妇地下部分挥发油的主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、十六甲基八环硅氧烷。     

Sewage sludge effects on mesofauna and cork oak (Quercus suber L.) leaves decomposition in a Mediterranean forest firebreak

Effects of sewage sludge on litter mesofauna communities (Collembola and Acari) and cork oak (Quercus suber L.) leaf litter decomposition have been studied during 18 mo using litterbags in an in situ experimental forest firebreak in southeastern France. The sludge (2.74 t DM ha(-1) yr(-1)) was applied to fertilize and maintain a pasture created on the firebreak. Litterbag colonization had similar dynamics on both the control and fertilized plots and followed a typical Mediterranean pattern showing a greater abundance in spring and autumn and a lower abundance in summer. After 9 mo of litter colonization, Collembola and Acari, but mainly Oribatida, were more abundant on the sludge-fertilized plot. Leaf litter decomposition showed a similar pattern on both plots, but it was faster on the control plot. Furthermore, leaves from the fertilized plot were characterized by greater nitrogen content. Both chemical composition of leaves and sludges and the decomposition state of leaves have significantly affected the mesofauna community composition from each plot.     

Variation in and constraints upon the decomposition of woolscour sludge

The woolscouring (wool washing) industry has traditionally been viewed as highly polluting and, consequently, effluent treatment systems have been sought. The first stage in the current treatment system for woolscour wastewater, a chemical flocculation process (Sirolan CF), creates a sludge composed of soil and wool grease. We investigated the chemical and biological characteristics of this sludge. The sludge was found to be highly variable on a day to day basis in terms of its chemical composition and biodegradability; 0.8 to 27.8% of sludge total nitrogen was mineralized over 30 d at 37 degrees C. The grease component of sludge (14-40% on a dry weight basis) may retard the decomposition of the sludge but the polyacrylamide flocculant used in its production and its pesticide content had no effect on the rate of decomposition. Our results suggest that variability in substrate quality may translate into variability in treatment performance and have important implications for the biological treatment of industrial wastes, including composting.     

Development of environmental thresholds for nitrogen and phosphorus in streams

Inputs of nutrients (P and N) to freshwaters can cause excessive aquatic plant growth, depletion of oxygen, and deleterious changes in diversity of aquatic fauna. As part of a "National Agri-Environmental Standards Initiative," the Government of Canada committed to developing environmental thresholds for nutrients to protect ecological condition of agricultural streams. Analysis of data from >200 long-term monitoring stations across Canada and detailed ecological study at ~70 sites showed that agricultural land cover was associated with increased nutrient concentrations in streams and this, in turn, was associated with increased sestonic and benthic algal abundance, loss of sensitive benthic macroinvertebrate taxa, and an increase in benthic diatom taxa indicative of eutrophication. Chemical thresholds for N and P were defined by applying five approaches, employing either a predetermined percentile to a water chemistry data set or a relationship between water chemistry and land cover, to identify boundaries between minimally disturbed and impaired conditions. Comparison of these chemical thresholds with biological thresholds (derived from stressor-response relationships) produced an approach for rationalizing these two types of thresholds and deriving nutrient criteria. The resulting criteria were 0.01 to 0.03 mg L(-1) total P and 0.87-1.2 mg L(-1) total N for the Atlantic Maritime, 0.02 mg L(-1) total P and 0.21 mg L(-1) total N for the Montane Cordillera, ~0.03 mg L(-1) total P and ~1.1 mg L(-1) total N for the Mixedwood Plains, and ~0.10 mg L(-1) total P and 0.39-0.98 mg L(-1) total N for the interior prairies of Canada. Adoption of these criteria should result in greater likelihood of good ecological condition with respect to benthic algal abundance, diatom composition, and macroinvertebrate composition.     

Drying of granulated wood ash by flue gas from saw dust and natural gas combustion

At the district heating plant of Kalmar, Sweden an on-line unit for production of granulated wood ash for nutrient recycling on forest soils is being applied. Currently, the granules are dried by hot air from an oil-fired burner. The objective of this work was to investigate how drying by flue gas affects the hardening of granules, or impacts their chemical composition and properties. Ninety-six granule samples were treated by flue gas from natural gas combustion in a laboratory pilot scale flue gas generator. CO₂, CO, O₂, C₃H₈ and NO concentrations were varied during the experiment. Additionally, some samples were treated by flue gas from combustion of sawdust at the heating plant in Kalmar. Drying by flue gases did not affect the chemical composition of granules, but minor effects were seen in their mineralogy. The carbonate content was slightly higher in granules treated with flue gas from natural gas combustion compared to the granules dried by hot air only, when measured by wet chemical methods. Results from XRD analysis imply that the calcite content is higher and the portlandite and arcanite content slightly less in granules treated with flue gas from sawdust combustion compared to the granules dried by hot air only. The results from this investigation showed no negative effects on ash granule composition or physical structure by the use of a flue as a drying medium.     

Effect of water table on willows grown in amended mine tailing

Survival and growth characteristics of two montane riparian willow species, Geyer willow (Salix geyeriana Andersson) and mountain willow (Salix monticola Bebb), grown in amended fluvial mine tailing were investigated in a greenhouse study. Willow stem cuttings were planted in lysimeters that simulated a 60-cm amended tailing profile with three static water depths (20, 40, and 60 cm) and a fluctuating water table for a total of four water table treatments. Species and water table treatments affected plant biomass and chemical composition of the soil and plant tissue. Mountain willow leaf, stem, and root biomass were 62, 95, and 164% greater, respectively, than for Geyer willow. Averaging across species, the fluctuating water table negatively affected leaf and stem biomass compared with the 20- and 60-cm water table treatments. Manganese was the only metal in plant tissue to strongly respond to water table treatments. Manganese concentrations in mountain willow leaf tissue were approximately twofold higher in the two most saturated water table treatments (20 cm and fluctuating) than in the least saturated water table treatment (60 cm). This trend was consistent with chemical analyses of the growth media, which reflected higher bioavailable Mn in the saturated tailing profile compared with the unsaturated profile. Results from this study indicate that mountain willow is a more vigorous and possibly more metal-tolerant species than Geyer willow when grown in amended mine tailing and that a fluctuating water table negatively affects willow growth.     

Soil chemical changes under irrigated mango production in the Central São Francisco River Valley,Brazil

Irrigated areas in Brazil's Central S?o Francisco River Valley have experienced declines in productivity, which may be a reflection of changes in soil chemical properties due to management. This study was conducted to compare the chemical composition of soil solutions and cation exchange complexes in a five-year-old grove of irrigated mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Tommy Atkins) with that of an adjacent clearing in the native caatinga vegetation. A detailed physiographic characterization of the area revealed a subsurface rock layer, which was more undulating than the current land surface, and identified the presence of a very saline and sodic (1045 microS cm(-1), sodium adsorption ratio [SAR] = 5.19) ground water table. While changes in concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K could be attributed to direct management inputs (fertilization and liming with dolomite), increases in Na suggested average annual capillary rise from the ground water table of 28 L m(-2). Accordingly, soil salinity levels appeared to be more dependent on surface elevation than the elevation of the rock layer or sediment thickness. The apparent influence of land surface curvature on water redistribution and the solution chemistry was more pronounced under irrigated mango production. In general, salinity levels had doubled in the mango grove and nearly tripled under the canopies, after only five years of irrigation. Though critical saline or sodic conditions were not encountered, the changes observed indicate a need for more adequate monitoring and management of water and salt inputs despite the excellent water quality of the S?o Francisco River.