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1.
Climate change adaptation in the ski industry 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Daniel Scott Geoff McBoyle 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(8):1411-1431
Regardless of the success of climate change mitigation efforts, the international community has concluded that societies around
the world will need to adapt to some magnitude of climate change in the 21st century. While some economic sectors (e.g., agriculture,
water resources and construction) have been actively engaged in climate change adaptation research for years, adaptation has
received scant consideration within the tourism-recreation industry. This is particularly the case for adaptation by tourism
operators (supply-side). One exception where progress on supply-side climate adaptation has been made is the ski industry.
This paper provides a brief overview of the literature on the implications of climate change for the international ski industry
and how adaptation by ski area operators has been treated within these studies. This is followed by an inventory of climate
adaptation practices currently used by ski industry stakeholders, including the historical development of certain key adaptations
and constraints to wider use. The characteristics of ski areas with higher adaptive capacity are identified. Considering the
highly competitive nature of the ski industry and the generally low climate change risk appraisal within the industry, climate
change adaptation is anticipated to remain individualistic and reactive for some time. With only a few exceptions, the existing
climate change literature on winter tourism has not considered the wide range of adaptation options identified in this paper
and has likely overestimated potential damages. An important task for future studies is to develop methodologies to incorporate
adaptation so that a more accurate understanding of the vulnerability of the international ski industry can be ascertained. 相似文献
2.
The value of indigenous knowledge in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in the African Sahel 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
A. Nyong F. Adesina B. Osman Elasha 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):787-797
Past global efforts at dealing with the problem of global warming concentrated on mitigation, with the aim of reducing and
possibly stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. With the slow progress in achieving this, adaptation
was viewed as a viable option to reduce the vulnerability to the anticipated negative impacts of global warming. It is increasingly
realized that mitigation and adaptation should not be pursued independent of each other but as complements. This has resulted
in the recent calls for the integration of adaptation into mitigation strategies. However, integrating mitigation and adaptation
into climate change concerns is not a completely new idea in the African Sahel. The region is characterized by severe and
frequent droughts with records dating back into centuries. The local populations in this region, through their indigenous
knowledge systems, have developed and implemented extensive mitigation and adaptation strategies that have enabled them reduce
their vulnerability to past climate variability and change, which exceed those predicted by models of future climate change.
However, this knowledge is rarely taken into consideration in the design and implementation of modern mitigation and adaptation
strategies. This paper highlights some indigenous mitigation and adaptation strategies that have been practiced in the Sahel,
and the benefits of integrating indigenous knowledge into formal climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Incorporating
indigenous knowledge can add value to the development of sustainable climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies that
are rich in local content, and planned in conjunction with local people. 相似文献
3.
The rains are disappointing us: dynamic vulnerability and adaptation to multiple stressors in the Afram Plains, Ghana 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Lisa Westerhoff Barry Smit 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(4):317-337
This paper builds on work on the dynamics of vulnerability and multiple stressors through a case study in the Afram Plains
of the Eastern region in Ghana. A vulnerability framework is applied in the community of Mimkyemfre to identify and explain
the multiple underlying political, socioeconomic and environmental forces that influence the ways in which people are exposed
and sensitive to climate, and their capacities to adapt to changing conditions. The results of the study indicate that the
community experiences a range of biophysical and socioeconomic conditions that contribute to its vulnerability. Vulnerability
was found to change over time and in some cases was cyclical, in that certain actions taken for the purposes of adaptation
were found to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities. Processes of vulnerability were also found to occur at several scales and
were experienced unevenly at the community level. The findings of this assessment have important implications for the design
and implementation of successful adaptation initiatives, both in Africa and elsewhere. In particular, they demonstrate the
need to understand the social, economic and institutional challenges to development as a basis for any contemplation of adaptation
to climate change. 相似文献
4.
全球变化及其相关的适应性研究是当前地学领域研究的焦点问题之一。在综述国内外相关研究成果的基础上,辨析全球变化、适应性等相关概念,梳理适应性研究的发展进程和侧重点,将其归纳为依附脆弱性研究和独立研究两大类。其中,依附脆弱性研究将脆弱性看作是适应能力的函数,研究主要集中在脆弱性评价下的适应指数研究、影响子因素分层研究与策略研究等几大部分;而独立适应性研究,通过构建完整的体系,研究集中在以指标评价法为代表的适应能力研究和以情景模拟法为代表的适应策略预测分析上。地学研究强调适应性的尺度问题,未来需加强对不同尺度规模适应性研究的定量分析,建立跨尺度适应性研究框架;深入研究城市适应全球变化的能力与策略;同时加强适应性研究相关技术和工具的开发,以提高适应能力评估的准确性及适应策略的科学性。 相似文献
5.
Mitigation and adaptation synergy in forest sector 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):843-853
Mitigation and adaptation are the two main strategies to address climate change. Mitigation and adaptation have been considered
separately in the global negotiations as well as literature. There is a realization on the need to explore and promote synergy
between mitigation and adaptation while addressing climate change. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the synergy
between mitigation and adaptation by considering forest sector, which on the one hand is projected to be adversely impacted
under the projected climate change scenarios and on the other provide opportunities to mitigate climate change. Thus, the
potential and need for incorporating adaptation strategies and practices in mitigation projects is presented with a few examples.
Firstly, there is a need to ensure that mitigation programs or projects do not increase the vulnerability of forest ecosystems
and plantations. Secondly, several adaptation practices could be incorporated into mitigation projects to reduce vulnerability.
Further, many of the mitigation projects indeed reduce vulnerability and promote adaptation, for example; forest and biodiversity
conservation, protected area management and sustainable forestry. Also, many adaptation options such as urban forestry, soil
and water conservation and drought resistant varieties also contribute to mitigation of climate change. Thus, there is need
for research and field demonstration of synergy between mitigation and adaptation, so that the cost of addressing climate
change impacts can be reduced and co-benefits increased. 相似文献
6.
Article 4.1(F) of the Framework Convention on Climate Change commits all parties to take climate change considerations into account, to the extent feasible, in relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions and to employ methods such as impact assessments to minimize adverse effects of climate change. This could be achieved by,inter alia, incorporating climate change risk assessment into development planning processes i.e. relating climatic change to issues of habitability and sustainability. Adaptation is an ubiquitous and beneficial natural and human strategy. Future adaptation (or, better, adjustment) to climate is inevitable at the least to decrease the vulnerability to current climatic impacts. The urgent issue is the mismatch between the predictions ofglobal climatic change and the need for information onlocal to regional change in order to develop adaptation strategies. Mitigation efforts are essential since the more successful mitigation activities are, the less need there will be for adaptation responses. Moreover, mitigation responses can be global (e.g. a uniform percentage reduction in greenhouse gas emissions) while adaptation responses will be local to regional in character and therefore depend upon confident predictions of regional climatic change. The dilemma facing policymakers is that scientists have considerable confidence in likely global climatic changes but virtually zero confidence in regional changes. Mitigation and adaptation strategies relevant to climatic change can most usefully be developed in the context of sound understanding of climate, especially the near-surface continental climate, permitting discussion of societally relevant issues. Unfortunately, climate models cannot yet deliver this type of regionally and locationally specific prediction and some aspects of current research even seem to indicate increased uncertainty. These topics are explored in this paper using the specific example of the prediction of land-surface climate changes. 相似文献
7.
André Felipe Simões Debora Cynamon Kligerman Emilio Lèbre La Rovere Maria Regina Maroun Martha Barata Martin Obermaier 《Environmental Science & Policy》2010,13(8):801-808
Climate change is one of the main challenges faced by mankind in this century. Although developing countries have little historical responsibility for climate change, they are likely to be most affected by it since they lack resources to cope with or to adapt to its effects. Studies show that the semi-arid northeast region of Brazil – where the country's poorest populations are concentrated – is one of the most vulnerable to climate change and thus likely to suffer its impacts more severely. The present paper addresses these problems by presenting a concrete initiative for strengthening adaptive capacity in the rural community of Pintadas as a first step in the development of a comprehensive methodology to help smallholder farmers in the region adapt to climate change. Based on the project results this paper highlights the integration of development, adaptive capacity and adaptation strategies. Furthermore, the necessity of vulnerability studies and concrete local experiences is highlighted in order to develop adaptation strategies that can alleviate poverty and minimize climate change impacts for the poor. 相似文献
8.
Leichenko Robin M. O'Brien Karen L. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2002,7(1):1-18
Research on the agricultural impacts of global change frequently emphasizesthe physical and socioeconomic impacts of climate change, yet globalchanges associated with the internationalization of economic activity mayalso have significant impacts on food systems. Together, climate change andglobalization are exposing farmers to new and unfamiliar conditions.Although some farmers may be in a position to take advantage of thesechanges, many more are facing increased vulnerability, particularly in thedeveloping world. This paper considers the dynamics of agriculturalvulnerability to global change through the example of southern Africa. Wedemonstrate that the combination of global and national economic changesis altering the context under which southern African farmers cope withclimate variability and adapt to long-term change. We find that farmers whoformerly had difficulty adapting to climatic variability may become lessvulnerable to drought-related food shortages as the result of tradeliberalization. At the same time, however, removal of national credit andsubsidies may constrain or limit adaptation strategies of other farmers,leaving them more vulnerable to climate variability and change. 相似文献
9.
Manuel R. Guariguata Jonathan P. Cornelius Bruno Locatelli Claudio Forner G. Arturo Sánchez-Azofeifa 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(8):793-808
The relationship between tropical forests and global climate change has so far focused on mitigation, while much less emphasis
has been placed on how management activities may help forest ecosystems adapt to this change. This paper discusses how tropical
forestry practices can contribute to maintaining or enhancing the adaptive capacity of natural and planted forests to global
climate change and considers challenges and opportunities for the integration of tropical forest management in broader climate
change adaptation. In addition to the use of reduced impact logging to maintain ecosystem integrity, other approaches may
be needed, such as fire prevention and management, as well as specific silvicultural options aimed at facilitating genetic
adaptation. In the case of planted forests, the normally higher intensity of management (with respect to natural forest) offers
additional opportunities for implementing adaptation measures, at both industrial and smallholder levels. Although the integration
in forest management of measures aimed at enhancing adaptation to climate change may not involve substantial additional effort
with respect to current practice, little action appears to have been taken to date. Tropical foresters and forest-dependent
communities appear not to appreciate the risks posed by climate change and, for those who are aware of them, practical guidance
on how to respond is largely non-existent. The extent to which forestry research and national policies will promote and adopt
management practices in order to assist production forests adapt to climate change is currently uncertain. Mainstreaming adaptation
into national development and planning programs may represent an initial step towards the incorporation of climate change
considerations into tropical forestry. 相似文献
10.
Adger W. Neil Kelly P. Mick 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1999,4(3-4):253-266
The objective of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of vulnerability to climate change as the first step in appraising and understanding the social and economic processes which facilitate and constrain adaptation. Vulnerability as defined here pertains to individuals and social groups. It is the state of individuals, of groups, of communities defined in terms of their ability to cope with and adapt to any external stress placed on their livelihoods and well-being. This proposed approach puts the social and economic well-being of society at the centre of the analysis, thereby reversing the central focus of approaches to climate impact assessment based on impacts on and the adaptability of natural resources or ecosystems and which only subsequently address consequences for human well-being. The vulnerability or security of any group is determined by the availability of resources and, crucially, by the entitlement of individuals and groups to call on these resources. This perspective extends the concept of entitlements developed within neo-classical and institutional economics. Within this conceptual framework, vulnerability can be seen as a socially-constructed phenomenon influenced by institutional and economic dynamics. The study develops proxy indicators of vulnerability related to the structure of economic relations and the entitlements which govern them, and shows how these can be applied to a District in coastal lowland Vietnam. This paper outlines the lessons of such an approach to social vulnerability for the assessment of climate change at the global scale. We argue that the socio-economic and biophysical processes that determine vulnerability are manifest at the local, national, regional and global level but that the state of vulnerability itself is associated with a specific population. Aggregation from one level to another is therefore not appropriate and global-scale analysis is meaningful only in so far as it deals with the vulnerability of the global community itself. 相似文献
11.
12.
Herry Purnomo Hety Herawati Heru Santoso 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(7):733-747
Climate change is already affecting ecosystems in protected forest areas. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
has predicted its impacts will accelerate rapidly over the coming decades. The components of vulnerability have been defined
as exposure, sensitivity and the capacity to adapt to climate change. Vulnerability, however, is not an easy concept for policy
makers, local communities and other affected stakeholders to understand. This paper illustrates the use of participatory processes
in understanding climate change adaptation and defines indicators for assessing the vulnerability of the Javan rhino's national
park habitat in Indonesia. The processes generated local vulnerability indicators, organised hierarchically as principles,
criteria and indicators (PCIs). While vulnerability principles and criteria were pre-determined and globally defined, the
indicators were designed to address the local context. We found the PCIs to be practical tools for communicating vulnerability
and for multi-stakeholder dialogues on vulnerability to climate change. 相似文献
13.
Adaptation investments: a resource allocation framework 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rhona Barr Samuel Fankhauser Kirk Hamilton 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(8):843-858
Additional finance for adaptation is an important element of the emerging international climate change framework. This paper
discusses how adaptation funding may be allocated among developing countries in a transparent, efficient and equitable way.
We propose an approach based on three criteria: the climate change impacts experienced in a country, a country’s adaptive
capacity and its implementation capacity. Physical impact and adaptive capacity together determine a country’s vulnerability
to climate change. It seems both efficient and fair that countries which are more vulnerable should have a stronger claim
on adaptation resources. The third dimension, implementation capacity, introduces a measure of adaptation effectiveness. Rough
indicators are proposed for each of the three dimensions. The results are indicative only, but they suggest a strong focus
of initial adaptation funding on Africa. African countries are highly vulnerability in part because of the severity of expected
impacts, but also because of their very low adaptive capacity. However, their implementation capacity is also limited, suggesting
a need for technical assistance in project implementation. 相似文献
14.
Aggrey Ochieng Adimo John Bosco Njoroge Leaven Claessens Leonard S. Wamocho 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(2):153-171
Climate variability and change mitigation and adaptation policies need to prioritize land users needs at local level because
it is at this level that impact is felt most. In order to address the challenge of socio-economic and unique regional geographical
setting, a customized methodological framework was developed for application in assessment of climate change vulnerability
perception and adaptation options around the East African region. Indicators of climate change and variability most appropriate
for the region were derived from focused discussions involving key informants in various sectors of the economy drawn from
three East African countries. Using these indicators, a structured questionnaire was developed from which surveys and interviews
were done on selected sample of target population of farming communities in the Mt. Kenya region. The key highlights of the
questionnaire were vulnerability and adaptation. Data obtained from respondents was standardized and subjected to multivariate
and ANOVA analysis. Based on principle component analysis (PCA), two main vulnerability categories were identified namely
the social and the bio-physical vulnerability indicators. Analysis of variance using Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant
statistical variation (P ≤ 0.05) in the perceived vulnerability across the spatial distribution of the 198 respondents. Three insights were distinguished
and were discernible by agro-ecological zones. Different vulnerability profiles and adaptive capacity profiles were generated
demonstrating the need for prioritizing adaptation and mitigation efforts at local level. There was a high correlation between
the bio-physical and social factor/livelihood variables that were assessed. 相似文献
15.
Chen Chen Jessica Hellmann Lea Berrang-Ford Ian Noble Patrick Regan 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2018,23(1):101-122
Equity and efficiency should be considered when allocating resources for climate change adaptation. More than a decade after the Least Developed Countries Fund approved adaptation funds for 18 countries in 2003, it is possible to take the stock of investment data and to test empirically whether equity and efficiency have been factored into adaptation investment decision-making. To evaluate equity, one must determine if resources were distributed to areas of greatest need. Vulnerability assessments provide information on the global distribution of the need for adaptation. To evaluate efficiency, one must compare cost and benefit of an investment. Although it is difficult to assess ex-ante the cost and benefit of investment strategies, it is possible to measure efficient use of expenditures with readiness assessment, as a metric of capacity to deploy adaptation resources. We used vulnerability and readiness measures of the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) Country Index as proxies of equity and efficiency. This article quantitatively interrogates—through the lens of public fund allocation—the roles of vulnerability and readiness in shaping adaptation investment decisions. Our findings suggest that countries facing increasing impacts from climate change have received more adaptation investments from international sources than countries with less vulnerability. Further, international investments also preferentially flow to countries that are more ready to deploy adaptation resources. Since the most vulnerable countries are likely to be less ready for investment, our findings support the efforts to improve the investment potential of the most vulnerable countries by investing first to enhance their readiness, in order to unlock adaptation solutions. 相似文献
16.
Götz Schroth Peter Läderach Armando Isaac Martinez-Valle Christian Bunn 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(6):903-927
The production of tropical agricultural commodities, such as cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea spp.), the countries and communities engaged in it, and the industries dependent on these commodities, are vulnerable to climate change. This is especially so where a large percentage of the global supply is grown in a single geographical region. Fortunately, there is often considerable spatial heterogeneity in the vulnerability to climate change within affected regions, implying that local production losses could be compensated through intensification and expansion of production elsewhere. However, this requires that site-level actions are integrated into a regional approach to climate change adaptation. We discuss here such a regional approach for cocoa in West Africa, where 70 % of global cocoa supply originates. On the basis of a statistical model of relative climatic suitability calibrated on West African cocoa farming areas and average climate projections for the 2030s and 2050s of, respectively, 15 and 19 Global Circulation Models, we divide the region into three adaptation zones: (i) a little affected zone permitting intensification and/or expansion of cocoa farming; (ii) a moderately affected zone requiring diversification and agronomic adjustments of farming practices; and (iii) a severely affected zone with need for progressive crop change. We argue that for tropical agricultural commodities, larger-scale adaptation planning that attempts to balance production trends across countries and regions could help reduce negative impacts of climate change on regional economies and global commodity supplies, despite the institutional challenges that this integration may pose. 相似文献
17.
Yingjiu Bai Ikuyo Kaneko Hikaru Kobayashi Kazuo Kurihara Izuru Takayabu Hidetaka Sasaki Akihiko Murata 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(5):589-614
Recently, local governments have an increasing need to take extensive and effective local measures to adapt to regional climate change, but have difficulty knowing how and when to adapt to such change. This study aims: 1) to characterize an efficient and cost-effective database management tool (DMT) for developing a Geographic Information System (GIS) based approach to using observed and projected data, for decision-making by non-expert government authorities, and 2) to document how DMT can be used to provide specialized yet understandable climate change information to assist local decision-makers in clarifying regional priorities within a wide array of adaptation options. The DMT combines climate change mapping, statistical GIS, and a vulnerability assessment. Okutama-machi, a 225.63 km2 sparsely populated mountainous region (2012 population 5,856) northwest of Tokyo, Japan, was chosen for this pilot study. In this paper, the most recent regional climate projections (5 km resolution) are transcribed into an understandable form for use by non-expert citizens who use the GIS-based DMT. Results illustrate qualitative agreement in projection of summer daily mean temperatures; the mean temperature increase at Okutama-machi is the greatest of any area in Tokyo. In comparing near future and future conditions, August monthly mean temperature will increase more than 0.7–0.9 °C and 2.8–2.9 °C, and monthly precipitation by 50 % and 25–41 %, respectively. However, the root mean square (RMS) errors and bias of percentage change for monthly precipitation in summertime are 26.8 % and 4.3 %, respectively. These data provide an early warning and have implications for local climate policy response. 相似文献
18.
Emma Yuen Samantha Stone Jovicich Benjamin L. Preston 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2013,18(5):567-590
Technical assessments of vulnerability and/or risk are increasingly being undertaken to assess the impacts of climate change. Underlying this is the belief that they will bring clarity to questions regarding the scale of institutional investments required, plausible adaptation policies and measures, and the timing of their implementation. Despite the perceived importance of technical assessments in 'evidence-based' decision environments, assessments cannot be undertaken independent of values and politics, nor are they capable of eliminating the uncertainty that clouds decision-making on climate adaptation As such, assessments can trigger as many questions as they answer, leaving practitioners and stakeholders to question their value. This paper explores the value of vulnerability/risk assessments in climate change adaptation planning processes as a catalyst for learning in four case studies in Southeastern Australia. Data were collected using qualitative interviews with stakeholders involved in the assessments and analysed using a social learning framework. This analysis revealed that detailed and tangible strategies or actions often do not emerge directly from technical assessments. However, it also revealed that the assessments became important platforms for social learning. In providing these platforms, assessments present opportunities to question initial assumptions, explore multiple framings of an issue, generate new information, and galvanise support for collective actions. This study highlights the need for more explicit recognition and understanding of the important role social learning plays in climate change vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning more broadly. 相似文献
19.
Mohamed Esham Chris Garforth 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2013,18(5):535-549
The vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability is increasingly rising. As agriculture is the only source of income for most of them, agricultural adaptation with respect to climate change is vital for their sustenance and to ensure food security. In order to develop appropriate strategies and institutional responses, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the farmers’ perception of climate change, actual adaptations at farm-level and what factors drive and constrain their decision to adapt. Thus, this study investigates the farm-level adaptation to climate change based on the case of a farming community in Sri Lanka. The findings revealed that farmers’ perceived the ongoing climate change based on their experiences. Majority of them adopted measures to address climate change and variability. These adaptation measures can be categorised into five groups, such as crop management, land management, irrigation management, income diversification, and rituals. The results showed that management of non-climatic factors was an important strategy to enhance farmers’ adaptation, particularly in a resource-constrained smallholder farming context. The results of regression analysis indicated that human cognition was an important determinant of climate change adaptation. Social networks were also found to significantly influence adaptation. The study also revealed that social barriers, such as cognitive and normative factors, are equally important as other economic barriers to adaptation. While formulating and implementing the adaptation strategies, this study underscored the importance of understanding socio-economic, cognitive and normative aspects of the local communities. 相似文献
20.
Kelli Marie Archie 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(5):569-587
Geographic factors make mountain communities around the world vulnerable to the direct effects of climate change, and reliance on recreation and tourism can increase vulnerability to the secondary economic impacts.The goal of this research was to investigate the current state of community adaptation planning in the Southern Rocky Mountain region of North America. Using original survey data this paper discusses the challenges that community and county officials currently face, the perceived effects of future climate change in this region, and the perceived barriers to adaptation planning and hurdles to adaptation implementation. Results show lack of resources, information and political will are the most commonly reported barriers to adaptation. This paper also examines the connectivity between mountain communities and the surrounding federal public lands. Fifty one percent of respondents report that decisions made on nearby public lands frequently or always affect planning and decision making in their community. Collaborative efforts between these entities are proposed as a way to reduce the resource burden of adaptation planning for both entities. Finally, this paper discusses how attitudes and beliefs about climate change affect responses to questions about adaptation planning. On average, respondents who report higher levels of concern about and belief in climate change and those who are better informed about climate change report higher levels of adaptation planning. Elected officials in this sample have, on average, lower concern about and belief in climate change than bureaucratic respondents. Thus changes in elected official composition or improved leadership on climate change planning by incumbent officials could facilitate progress on adaptation 相似文献