南太湖沉积物磷的释放研究

南太湖沉积物磷的释放与沉积物有机质含量、上覆水的化学性质、沉积物－水系统的细菌总数及湖泊水动力对沉积物释磷影响最强烈、沉积物因有机物含量不同，导致总有机磷、总氮、有机硫、水溶性无机硫含量差异，明显影响着磷的释放。沉积物－水系统的细菌总数与沉积物的释磷量存在显著性相关，而某细菌数量与释磷量相关笥不显著。对有机质含量低的沉积物，上覆水的ＢＯＤ，ＮＨ２－Ｎ浓度越高，磷的释放量越大。     

Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of mercury in sediments of Lake Taihu, China

Spatial distribution patterns of total mercury (THg) in 36 surficial sediment samples representing five regions of Lake Taihu were assessed using the ArcGis geostatistical analyst module. The pollution levels of THg were also evaluated from the same five lake regions. Concentrations of THg were in a ranged of 23-168 ng/g (mean 55 ng/g) in surfical sediments, which was significantly higher than those established baseline levels of the lake. Results of THg indicated that the northern region exhibited notably higher values, the bay regions showed elevated values relative to open areas, and the lakeside regions were higher than those observed in the central area. Lake Taihu suffered moderate to high Hg pollution, and expressed clear Hg enrichment status according to monomial pollution index I geo and human activity factors. The concentrations of THg in the surficial sediments of Lake Taihu showed moderate-strong variation (coefficient of variation 52%). Geostatistical analysis indicated a weak spatial self-correlation, suggesting the contamination of Hg in Lake Taihu is primarily the result of anthropogenic activities.     

太湖底泥的空间分布和富营养化特征

太湖是一个大型的浅水湖泊，周围有数十条入湖河流，陆地风化物质被携带入湖即形成了底泥，由于湖底地形的差异。底泥在湖中的分布并不均匀，根据浅地层剖面仪的测量，在湖的西部存在一条南北向分布，宽度不等的古河道，底泥主要分布于古河道，在湖的沿岸和东太湖也有分布，根据估算，太湖底泥的蓄积量约为13.5亿m^3。太湖周围人口密集，工农业发达，二十多年来经济的快速发展引起了湖泊的富营养化，太湖底泥中的营养元素不断增高，并在一定的条件下向水体释放，加剧了水体的富营养化，引起连续多年春夏季节的蓝藻爆发，经过政府的源头控制和治理。目前富营养化状况初步得到遏止，并有改善的迹象。但底泥中的营养元素可以在很长时间内释放，因此富营养化的治理将是一个长期的过程。     

Three-dimensional eutrophication model and application to Taihu Lake, China

Taihu Lake, the largest freshwater shallow lake in eastern China, has suffered from severe eutrophication over the past two decades. This research developed a three-dimensional eutrophication model to investigate the eutrophication dynamics. The model fully coupled the biological processes and hydrodynamics, and also took into account the effects of sediment release and the external loads from the tributaries. After sensitivity analyses, the key parameters were defined and then calibrated by the field observation data. The calibrated model was applied to study the seasonal primary productions and its regional differences. The comparisons between model results and field data in year 2000 indicated that the model is able to simulate the eutrophication dynamics in Taihu Lake with a reasonable accuracy. From the simulation experiments, it was found that the meteorological forcing have significant influences on the temporal variations of the eutrophication dynamics. The wind-induced circulation and sediment distribution play an important role in the spatial distribution of the algae blooms.     

太湖底泥沉积物释放规律研究

为探索浅水湖泊水动力扰动作用对底泥再悬浮影响的规律,通过矩形水槽试验模拟了太湖不同流速下的沉积物释放,并结合太湖悬浮物模型进行推算,获得了底泥沉积物再悬浮通量与风速之间的定量关系。结果表明:太湖底泥在3种起动标准下对应的起动流速分别为15、30和40 cm/s;底泥沉积物再悬浮通量与风速呈现线性正相关关系,再悬浮通量随风速增大而增大,且相关性较好。该方法为太湖内源释放量估算及富营养化治理提供参考依据。     

太湖和呼伦湖沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因素

为了探索我国南北方湖泊沉积物对磷吸附特征的差异性,选取太湖和呼伦湖为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,研究我国南北方典型代表湖泊沉积物对磷的吸附特征及其影响因素.结果表明:①太湖和呼伦湖沉积物对磷的最大吸附量分别为1 428.57 mg·kg-1和56.81 mg·kg-1,前者对磷吸附容量远远高于后者,对上覆水体中磷削减发挥更重要的作用;②与呼伦湖相比,太湖沉积物颗粒直径更小,比表面积更大,其对磷吸附能力更强;③两个湖泊沉积物磷吸附平衡时对磷的吸附量与Al、Fe、Mn总含量呈正相关关系(P<0.05),与活性Al、Fe、Si、Mn呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与Si元素含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01),故Al、Fe、Mn总含量相对较高、Si含量相对较低的太湖沉积物对磷的吸附能力更强;④随着上覆水pH值的上升,两个湖泊沉积物对磷吸附能力均呈现下降的趋势,且pH上升对太湖沉积物磷吸附行为影响更大,因此,沉积物特性和上覆水pH值影响湖泊水体磷行为.     

太湖西部河网中沉积物氮的空间分布特征

选取太湖主要入湖水系(西苕溪水系和宜溧-洮滆水系)为研究对象,于2014年1月完成水体及表层沉积物各102个样品的采集,分析了沉积物中氮(N)不同形态的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,西苕溪水系表层沉积物总氮(TN)含量高于宜溧-洮滆水系,均值分别为2164.91 mg·kg~(-1)和983.52 mg·kg~(-1),两个水系间沉积物TN含量存在显著差异.西苕溪和宜溧-洮滆两个水系沉积物中无机氮(IN)以氨氮(NH+4-N)为主,平均含量分别为120.90 mg·kg~(-1)和49.85 mg·kg~(-1),而硝态氮(NO_3~--N)平均含量仅为9.60 mg·kg~(-1)和13.95 mg·kg~(-1).沉积物中有机氮(ON)含量及分布与TN相似,西苕溪和宜溧-洮滆水系ON均值分别为2034.41 mg·kg~(-1)和917.77 mg·kg~(-1),占各自TN的百分比分别为93.90%和92.99%.表层沉积物各形态N之间及与上覆水体之间均具有显著的相关性,表明沉积物与上覆水之间的浓度梯度可能会驱动IN向上覆水体进行释放.     

地统计学在太湖水质研究中的应用

在采样数据的基础上，应用地统计学的理论与方法，尝试研究太湖水质参数空间的分布特性。结果显示，太湖水质量参数的空间结构变异性是客观存在的，各水质参数都具有块金效应，对太湖参数进行克立格插值。并进行污染水平分类，可以提供更为直观的环境信息，研究结果对太湖的水环境有一定的参考价值。     

太湖沉积物及孔隙水中氮的时空分布特征

通过2009年4月和9月2次大规模采样监测,研究了太湖沉积物和孔隙水中不同形态氮的时空分布规律. 结果表明:太湖沉积物和孔隙水中不同形态的氮在垂向变化上没有明显的季节性差异. 沉积物中氮在水平分布上表现为w(TN),w(NH₄+-N)和w(NO₃－-N)在北部湖区和东部湖区较高,而在湖心区较低;在深度变化上,w(TN)从下往上逐渐增大,而w(NH₄＋-N)却呈相反的趋势,w(NO₃－-N)没有明显变化. 沉积物中w(有机氮)占w(TN)的80%,二者之间有很好的相关性(R=0.894,P<0.01),w(TN)主要受w(有机氮)影响. 孔隙水中的氮在水平分布上表现为ρ(TN),ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(NO₃--N)与沉积物中的氮分布基本一致;垂直变化上,孔隙水ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)从下向上逐渐减小,而ρ(NO₃--N)无明显变化规律;孔隙水中ρ(NH₄+-N)占ρ(TN)的50%,二者之间也有很好的相关性(R=0.886,P<0.01),ρ(TN)主要受ρ(NH₄+-N)的影响. 分析显示,2种介质中3种形态的氮有很好的相关性. 对沉积物中不同类型的有机质和各形态氮的相关分析发现,沉积物中有机质的类型和含量是影响氮素迁移转化的重要因素.      

太湖表层沉积物重金属赋存形态分析及污染特征

为了解太湖表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,对太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属（Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn）的含量及空间分布分别进行了对比研究,并采用BCR三步分级提取法分析了太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属（Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn）不同赋存形态的含量,评估了这4种重金属的生物有效性,最后采用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害进行了评价.结果表明,太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属元素均有一定程度的富集,其中Cd的富集程度最为严重;赋存形态分析表明4种金属均主要以可提取态形式存在,各元素生物有效性即可提取态含量排序为：Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu;潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明,元素Cd为太湖表层沉积物中最主要的污染元素,且具有较强的生态危害.其次是Pb,Cu和Zn则较为轻微.4种重金属潜在生态危害由大到小排序为：Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn.     

Seasonal variation of potential denitrification rates of surface sediment from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China

The regulatory effects of environmental factors on denitrification were studied in the sediments of Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, in a monthly sampling campaign over a one-year period. Denitrification rates were measured in slurries of field samples and enrichment experiments using the acetylene inhibition technique. Sediment denitrification rates in inner bay and outer bay ranged from 2.8 to 51.5 nmol N2/(g dw (dry weight)·hr) and from 1.5 to 81.1 nmol N2/(g dw·hr), respectively. Sediment denitrification rates were greatest in the spring and lowest in the summer and early autumn, due primarily to seasonal differences in nitrate concentration and water temperature. For each site, positive and linear relationships were regularly observed between denitrification rate and water columnn itrate concentration. Of various environmental factors on denitrification that we assessed, nitrate was determined to be the key factor limiting denitrification rates in the sediments of Meiliang Bay. In addition, at the two sites denitrification rates were also regulated by temperature. The addition of organic substrates had no significant effect on denitrification rate, indicating that sediment denitrification was not limited by organic carbon availability in the sediments. Nitrate in the water column was depleted during summer and early autumn, and this suppressed effective removal of nitrogen from Taihu Lake by denitrification.     

Phosphorus fractionation and bio-availability in Taihu Lake(China) sediments

Introduction Sediment phosphorus has been recognized as the mostcritical nutrient limiting lake productivity (OECD, 1982).The concentration of phosphorus in the sediment is often1000 fold higher than that in lake water and its release…     

风浪作用下的底泥悬浮沉降及内源释放量研究

分别于春夏秋冬4个季节对太湖梅梁湾水体开展了5次野外实验,利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物,采用Gansith公式法计算了沉积物的再悬浮通量,并建立了其与风速的关系;对代表不同风浪作用下的太湖悬浮物进行了7次静沉降实验,计算了悬浮物的静沉降通量,并建立了其与悬浮物浓度关系.以3.7 m/s为界对低泥悬浮沉降过程进行分解和概化,计算了2005年每日的悬浮沉降量,并利用近10年的风速资料估算了太湖年均内源释放量,结果表明,太湖每日的内源释放量受风速影响显著,和风速变化趋势较为接近,然而不同营养盐的释放状况却各不相同.太湖内源年均进人水体的净底泥量有19.03万t,冬季最大.夏季次之;就营养物质释放量而言,COD约4.96万t、总氮约7 773.0 t、总磷约275.5 t.其中秋季营养物质释放量最小,夏季最大.     

太湖表层沉积物中PPCPs的时空分布特征及潜在风险

使用HPLC-MS/MS技术,对太湖周边15个河流入库口和6个水源地沉积物中9种药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)进行检测,其几何均值范围分别为1.60~129 ng·g-1和1.36~22.0 ng·g-1,其中咖啡因的含量占15个河流入库口沉积物中9种PPCPs总含量的52%,为河流入库口沉积物中PPCPs的优势污染物,林可霉素、甲氧苄啶、阿奇霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、泰乐菌素等5种抗生素的含量占6个水源地沉积物中9种PPCPs总含量的79%,为6个水源地沉积物中PPCPs的优势污染物.从空间分布来看,太湖西偏北部分的竺山湾和宜兴东部湖区附近沉积物中的PPCPs含量较高;从PPCPs的组成来看,各采样点PPCPs有不同的来源,总的来说有市政污水排放、畜牧养殖业污水排放和水产养殖业用药直接施用于太湖水体等3个来源.15个河流入库口沉积物中人类使用药物对太湖沉积物中PPCPs含量的贡献较大,6个水源地沉积物中兽用及水产养殖业中使用的药物对太湖沉积物中PPCPs含量的贡献较大.本研究检测出太湖周边河流入库口中有较高含量的PPCPs,说明周边区域有污染源持续向太湖输入;应用风险商值(RQ)模型评价太湖表层沉积物中PPCPs残留对沉积物生态环境的影响,河流入库口与水源地对乙酰氨基酚、阿奇霉素和磺胺甲恶唑的RQ大于1,对沉积物生态环境具有高风险;卡马西平的RQ值介于0.1~1之间,对沉积物生态环境具有中风险;其他几种PPCPs化合物RQ值介于0.01~0.1之间,对底栖生态环境具有低风险.     

太湖沉积物中多溴联苯醚和类二噁英多氯联苯的水平垂直分布

分析了太湖竺山湾、梅梁湾、南太湖的3个柱状沉积物样品中8种溴代阻燃剂(PBDEs)和12种类二英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs).结果表明太湖PBDEs污染水平为竺山湾最高,其余依次为梅梁湾、南太湖;DL-PCB污染水平梅梁湾最高,其次则为竺山湾、南太湖.沉积物中PBDEs的水平垂直分布显示:近年来在太湖PBDEs污染呈现指数式增长趋势,BDE-209为最主要的PBDEs同族体;沉积物中DL-PCBs的水平垂直分布显示:DL-PCBs污染近年仍有增加,说明在太湖地区存在PCBs的释放源.太湖梅梁湾不同深度的沉积物中PBDEs同族体组成差异明显,具体原因需要进一步研究证实.PCBs在垂直分布模式显示:在0～15 cm的上层沉积物中PCB-77、-118、-105水平随深度增加而明显降低,下层则无明显变化.     

Effects of sludge dredging on the prevention and control of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake, China

Algae-caused black bloom (also known as black water agglomerate) has recently become a critical problem in some Chinese lakes.It has been suggested that the occurrence of algae-caused black bloom was caused by the cooperation of nutrient-rich sediment with dead algae,and sludge dredging was adopted to control black bloom in some lakes of China.In this article,based on the simulation of black bloom using a Y-shape apparatus for modeling natural conditions,both un-dredged and dredged sites in three areas of Taihu Lake,China were studied to estimate the effects of dredging on the prevention and control of black bloom.During the experiment,drained algae were added to all six sites as an additional organic load;subsequently,the dissolved oxygen decreased rapidly,dropping to 0 mg/L at the sediment-water interface.Black bloom did not occur in the dredged sites of Moon Bay and Nan Quan,whereas all three un-dredged sites at Fudu Port,Moon Bay and Nan Quan experienced black bloom.Black bloom also occurred at the dredged site of Fudu Port one day later than at the other sites,and the odor and color were lighter than at the other locations.The color and odor of the black water mainly result from the presence of sulfides such as metal sulfides and hydrogen sulfide,among other chemicals,under reductive conditions.The color and odor of the water,together with the high concentrations of nutrients,were mainly caused by the decomposition of the algae and the presence of nutrient-rich sediment.Overall,the removal of the nutrient-rich sediment by dredging can prevent the occurrence and control the degree of algae-caused black bloom in Taihu Lake.     

Initial identification of heavy metals contamination in Taihu Lake, a eutrophic lake in China

A detailed investigation of seven heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Zn, Ni) in the water column, interstitial water and surface sediment was conducted to quantify the extent of their contamination in Taihu Lake. Results showed the average total concentrations ranged from 0.93 μg/L for Cd to 47.03 μg/L for Zn. The dissolved concentrations in the overlying water ranged from 0.06 μg/L for Cd to 15.86 μg/L for Zn. The metals in the Taihu Lake surface water were primarily in the particulate phase, especially for Cd, whose particulate concentration represented 94.3% of the total. In the surface sediment, the mean concentrations for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were 41.50, 28.72, 27.82, 65.46, 5.94, 0.82 and 41.17 mg/kg, respectively. The metals in the water column and sediments of Taihu Lake displayed significant spatial variations, and the higher metal concentrations mainly occurred in the north and west of Taihu Lake, especially in Zhushan Bay and West Taihu Lake. A quality assessment indicated that most of the metals in the surface water of Taihu Lake had no or low adverse health effects on organisms, except for Pb and Cu, which may cause chronic toxicity. Compared with the "Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines", the polluting metals were Cr, Ni and Cd, and the polluted regions were confined to Zhushan Bay, Meiliang Bay and the west of Taihu Lake, especially for north of Zhushan Bay. The polluted areas for Cr, Ni and Cd were 14.36, 34.70 and 13.24 km², respectively. We suggest that Cr, Ni, and Cd in the polluted areas should be addressed and that tissue chemistry and sediment toxicity assessments be performed as soon as possible.     

太湖水质时空分布特征及内源释放规律研究

将太湖 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年的水质监测数据与空间数据相结合 ,采用基于因子分析的主成分分析方法将太湖的水质参数概括为 5个主成分 ,提取并反证了湖泊水质各个主成分的科学内涵 ,分别为 :水体营养指数 (F1)、富营养化指数 (F2 )、水体溶解氧指数 (F3 )、水体色度指数 (F4)和水体酸碱指数 (F5 ) ;研究了各主成分的空间分布特征和随时间的变化规律 .在室内环形水槽内模拟了水动力条件下太湖底泥的起动规律 ,得到了太湖底泥在 3种不同起动标准 (个别动、少量动、普遍动 )下的起动流速 ,并利用泥沙起动的理论模型给予了验证 ,最后得出太湖底泥在 3种不同起动标准下的起动流速分别为 :3 7.9cm·s- 1 ,46 7cm·s- 1 ,5 9 8cm·s- 1 .通过考察上覆水中TN、TP浓度的变化 ,建立了底泥中TN、TP释放率与水体流速的定量化关系 .并将太湖水量水质的同步监测资料应用在数学模型中 ,解决了以往模型中底泥释放率取为常数的不足 ,取得了较好的效果     

太湖表层沉积物中重金属形态分布及其潜在生态风险分析

利用BCR 3步提取法对太湖37个表层沉积物样品中重金属Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的形态进行调查研究,并基于重金属形态评价方法(RSP)对太湖沉积物中4种重金属的潜在生态风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,太湖表层沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb含量显著高于太湖沉积物背景值,分别超出背景值80.3%、13.5%、25.9%和69.6%,表现出明显的累积效应.残渣态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态是太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属的主要赋存形态,4种重金属的可提取态比例均大于50%,具有较高的二次释放潜力.从RSP污染指数分析,太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属的潜在生态风险大小为为Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb,表层沉积物中可提取态重金属的空间分布特征明显,表现为北部湖湾>西太湖>其他区域     

太湖不同介质电导率时空变化特征

电导率是表征水体溶解性固体物质或盐度的重要参数,也是水体常规监测参数之一.为揭示太湖不同介质电导率的时空变化特征,对太湖水体水质历史数据(1980～2009年)以及近10年来野外监测数据(2009～2018年)进行统计分析.结果表明,近40年来太湖水体电导率呈显著上升趋势,并在1996～1997年发生突变.太湖水体电导率由1980～1996年的(239. 43±70. 60)μS·cm~(-1)增长到目前的(477. 31±23. 47)μS·cm~(-1),年均增长率10. 40μS·(cm·a)-1;空间上,西北湖区水体电导率显著高于东南湖区;水体电导率变化以主要离子变化为主导,氮营养盐的贡献基本可忽略;流域人类活动是引起水体电导率变化的主要因素.此外,太湖水体电导率受季节性径流的影响更为显著.与湖水电导率变化规律相比,西北湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率均低于东南湖区,深层( 10 cm)则相反.剖面上,西北湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率和深层( 10 cm)无显著差异,但东南湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率高于深层( 10 cm).沉积物电导率与有机质呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),与p H呈负相关(P 0. 05),表明有机质对金属离子活化迁移具有明显的促进作用,而酸性环境下更有利于离子的活化.对不同介质间电导率分析发现,表层沉积物和孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率均与上覆水电导率呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),而深层( 10 cm)沉积物及孔隙水电导率与上覆水电导率没有相关性,表明表层沉积物和孔隙水(0～10 cm)对上覆水电导率有明显影响.此外,整个剖面上(0～50 cm)沉积物电导率和孔隙水电导率呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),说明沉积物和孔隙水之间进行着比较充分的离子迁移交换,两者之间的相互影响总体上高于对上覆水的影响.