建筑材料隐含环境影响评估

我国建筑业快速发展,建筑开发使用大量的建筑材料给资源和环境带来严重负荷.以上海市为案例,运用生命周期评价方法,基于北京工业大学和Ecoinvent数据库中的建筑材料生产数据,采用ReCiPe法对上海市建筑物的材料隐含环境影响进行评估,并对未来的环境影响潜值进行预测.结果表明:在上海市居住建筑和非居住建筑所产生的各类环境影响中人类毒性、金属损耗最为突出,约占总环境影响的45%和20%;环境影响主要来源于钢筋和木材的生产,对各类环境影响贡献度分别约为47%、17%;高层居住建筑和非居住建筑中的工厂建筑物化环境影响在各自类型中所占比例最高.按现有趋势发展,2020年上海市居住建筑开发规模和环境影响潜值均将达到2014年的1.52倍,非居住建筑则可达到2014年的1.14倍.针对上海市建筑材料环境影响分析结果,为有效减轻上海市建筑物的环境影响,需重点关注钢筋、铝材、木材以及混凝土的生产,识别生产过程中污染物转移环节进而改进工序;在设计阶段考虑选择环境影响负荷低的绿色建材,如混凝土砌块、高性能混凝土等,从而降低环境影响;同时,应重点关注隐含环境负荷高的高层居住和工厂建筑类建筑,通过降低建材使用量等方案降低环境影响.      

基于生命周期评价的钢结构与混凝土结构建筑环境性能比较

评价一个建筑的环境性能的好坏,必须充分考虑它的生命周期中的每一个阶段。建立了建筑物的生命周期清单分析模型,并对某钢结构建筑和某混凝土建筑的生命周期清单分析结果进行了比较,结果表明,单从结构的生命周期清单分析结果,钢结构建筑相对于混凝土结构建筑有着较大的优越性,单位面积的建材生命周期环境排放仅为混凝土结构建筑的1/2左右,但是结构在建筑的整个生命周期里面只不到10%的比例,比例最大的是建筑使用阶段,影响建筑使用阶段空调能耗的主要因素是外围护结构的材料和形式,因此优化外围护结构的热工性能是当前我国建筑节能最主要的问题。     

Wood-based building materials and atmospheric carbon emissions

This study investigates the global impact of wood as a building material by considering emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Wood is compared with other materials in terms of stored carbon and emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel energy used in manufacturing. An analysis of typical forms of building construction shows that wood buildings require much lower process energy and result in lower carbon emissions than buildings of other materials such as brick, aluminium, steel and concrete. If a shift is made towards greater use of wood in buildings, the low fossil fuel requirement for manufacturing wood compared with other materials is much more significant in the long term than the carbon stored in the wood building products.As a corollary, a shift from wood to non-wood materials would result in an increase in energy requirements and carbon emissions.The results presented in this paper show that a 17% increase in wood usage in the New Zealand building industry could result in a 20% reduction in carbon emissions from the manufacture of all building materials, being a reduction of about 1.5% of New Zealand’s total emissions. The reduction in emissions is mainly a result of using wood in place of brick and aluminium, and to a lesser extent steel and concrete, all of which require much more process energy than wood. There would be a corresponding decrease of about 1.5% in total national fossil fuel consumption. These figures have implications for the global forestry and building industries. Any increases in wood use must be accompanied by corresponding increases in areas of forest being managed for long term sustained yield production.     

几种典型高分子材料的生命周期评价

利用生命周期评价方法(Life Cycle Assessment,LCA)讨论了PE、PP、GPPS及PVC 4种高分子材料的环境影响问题．结果表明,材料生产的环境影响不仅与资源消耗有关,而且与其各自的工艺环节有着密切的关系．此外,采用不同的LCA方法得到的4种高分子材料的环境负荷的相对值虽然相差很大,但其不同环境负荷之间的排序基本一致．     

Carbon Dioxide Balance of Wood Substitution: Comparing Concrete- and Wood-Framed Buildings

In this study a method is suggested to compare the net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from the construction of concrete- and wood-framed buildings. The method is then applied to two buildings in Sweden and Finland constructed with wood frames, compared with functionally equivalent buildings constructed with concrete frames. Carbon accounting includes: emissions due to fossil fuel use in the production of building materials; the replacement of fossil fuels by biomass residues from logging, wood processing, construction and demolition; carbon stock changes in forests and buildings; and cement process reactions. The results show that wood-framed construction requires less energy, and emits less CO₂ to the atmosphere, than concrete-framed construction. The lifecycle emission difference between the wood- and concrete-framed buildings ranges from 30 to 130 kg C per m² of floor area. Hence, a net reduction of CO₂ emission can be obtained by increasing the proportion of wood-based building materials, relative to concrete materials. The benefits would be greatest if the biomass residues resulting from the production of the wood building materials were fully used in energy supply systems. The carbon mitigation efficiency, expressed in terms of biomass used per unit of reduced carbon emission, is considerably better if the wood is used to replace concrete building material than if the wood is used directly as biofuel.     

Life cycle assessment of offset printed matter with EDIP97: how important are emissions of chemicals?

Existing product life cycle assessment (LCA) studies on offset printed matter all point at paper as the overall dominating cause of environmental impacts. All studies focus on energy consumption and the dominating role of paper is primarily based on the energy-related impact categories: global warming, acidification and nutrient enrichment. Ecotoxicity and human toxicity, which are related to emissions of chemicals, etc., are only included to a limited degree or not at all. In this paper we include the impacts from chemicals emitted during the life cycle of sheet fed offset printed matter. This is done by making use of some of the newest knowledge about emissions from the production at the printing industry combined with knowledge about the composition of the printing materials used. In cases with available data also upstream emissions from the production of printing materials are included. The results show that inclusion of the chemical emission-related impacts makes the EDIP97 impact profile of sheet fed offset products much more varied, as well for the normalised profiles as for the profiles weighted by distance to political environmental targets. Especially the ecotoxicity impact potential related to the production stage may contribute significantly, and the use of paper no longer becomes the overall dominating factor driving the environmental impacts.     

Revisiting the Life Cycle Assessment of mussels from a sectorial perspective

Mussels as a commercial product involve a range of activities which can be included within four different sub-sectors: culture, dispatch centres, canning factories and, finally, cooking plants. This paper deals with the environmental evaluation of the whole mussel sector from a Life Cycle Assessment approach. The use of exhaustive inventories led to the subsequent environmental characterization of the mussel sector in terms of the contribution observed for each of the sub-sectors. In this sense, the sub-sector associated with dispatch centres presented the largest contributions to the potential environmental impacts, clearly ahead of mussel farming. Furthermore, the sub-sectors of mussel cooking plants and canning factories showed a much lower contribution to the potential environmental impacts. Several improvement potentials were identified from the characterization results, stressing the minimization of the electric energy consumption in dispatch centres. A comparative LCA was performed in order to contrast the environmental performance of the three main commercial mussel products: fresh mussels, canned mussels and frozen mussels. The analysis showed that fresh mussels have the least favourable environmental profile.     

煤炭行业环境管理类型区划分——以内蒙古为例

我国业已开展的自然区划、部门区划、经济区划和功能区划均难以作为行业环境管理政策单元,以至于重点行业环境管理政策全国“一刀切”现象普遍存在,直接影响了政策的科学性和有效性。为实现行业环境管理政策和区域资源环境承载能力相匹配,论文提出了行业环境管理类型区的概念并在内蒙古的煤炭开发领域进行了应用。在分区过程中,针对煤炭开发的生态影响、水资源影响和土地资源影响三类主导影响,构建了与行业特点相对应的生态敏感性指数、水资源敏感性指数和土地资源敏感性指数。在此基础上,以县为基本评价单元,对内蒙古进行了三类敏感性指数的分区,进而通过指数组合,将全区共划分为4 类煤炭行业环境管理类型区;对每个类型区的煤炭资源条件、开发现状及主要资源环境制约进行了分析,并提出了相应的分区环境管理要求。     

A matrix for selecting sustainable floor coverings for buildings in Sri Lanka

This paper presents a method to facilitate the decision-making process in selecting sustainable floors (elements) for buildings in Sri Lanka, taking into consideration environmental, economic and social assessments of materials used for these elements. Two types of elements are selected for this study, namely, tile and vinyl tile. Environmental burdens associated with these elements are analyzed in terms of embodied energy and environmental impacts that are relevant to Sri Lanka, such as global warming, acidification and nutrient enrichment. Economic analysis is based on market prices and affordability of materials. Factors considered for the social analysis are thermal comfort, good interior (aesthetics), ability to construct fast, strength and durability. It was found that tile elements are superior to vinyl tile elements on environmental scores if processes of complete life cycle of these elements are taken into account. On social score also, tile elements (104.8) are better than vinyl tile elements (51.15). But on economic score, vinyl tile elements are better. These scores are presented in a matrix which will help in selecting sustainable floor coverings for buildings.     

深圳市建筑水泥流量-存量分析及环境影响评估

我国城镇化进程持续深入推进,大规模城市更新建造活动消耗了大量水泥等建筑材料.以深圳市为例,采用自下而上的物质流分析方法估算了自特区建设以来(1979～2018年)城市房屋建筑中的水泥存量和流量,并分析了其产生的综合环境影响(以碳排放当量为度量指标).研究结果表明:1979～2018年间,深圳市建筑水泥历史累积消耗约为8...     

共生矿石生产电解镍/铜的生命周期评价研究

运用生命周期评价LCA（Life cycle assessment）方法，对用镍铜共生矿石生产电解镍和铜过程的环境协调性进行了研究，得到了镍、铜生产过程中各工序的环境负荷．提出了以冶金过程的反应热为依据对共生产品进行环境负荷分配的方法，并与按质量分配的方法进行比较．结果表明，镍的环境负荷明显大于铜的环境负荷，以反应热为依据分配冶金共生过程的环境负荷更具合理性．     

Involvement of final architecture diploma projects in the analysis of the UPC buildings energy performance as a way of teaching practical sustainability

Education is the foundation for achieving sustainable development. With the purpose of facing sustainable challenges in terms of climate change, water and energy consumption, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) has promoted the culture of energy efficiency in new generations of professionals that will work in the field of building construction. A group of 21 students taking the final official Diploma in Architecture were involved in a project of analysis of energy performance of UPC buildings in order to identify and implement cost-effective ways of promoting a greater environmental responsibility. The development of works focused the attention on introducing energy audits in existing university buildings, analysing the following aspects: surveying construction drawings, building characteristics, energy consumption, use of natural lighting, energy-saving lighting controls, water consumption, and high-efficiency HVAC systems. The ultimate goal was to draft a proposal for greater respect for the environment, and for corrective measures aimed at reducing the environmental impacts.     

中央环保督察“回头看”的市场反应——基于重污染行业上市公司的影响分析

运用事件研究法和非参数检验,探究了中央环保督察“回头看”的宣布实施对于沪深两市A股重污染行业上市公司收益情况的影响及其差异情况,结果显示：事件窗内中央环保督察“回头看”使得重污染行业上市公司的平均累计异常收益率降低至-2.005%,且这一负面冲击在时间上有延长趋势;不同公司性质、子行业的重污染行业上市公司所受影响存在显著差异.就企业性质差异而言,非国有公司累计收益率所受的负面冲击平均比国有公司高1.696%.在不同行业中,建材、制药、石化行业所受负面冲击最大,纺织、造纸、制革行业所受影响则较小.此外,市场对于火电、化工行业企业的反应并非多为负向,注重环境管理使得部分企业在中央环保督察“回头看”中得到了市场的正向回馈.建议持续推进中央环保督察“回头看”制度,以切实促进公司开展节能减排,同时,重污染行业公司特别是非国有公司以及上述行业公司应加强自身环境管理,积极进行环境信息披露,从而尽可能避免在类似的环境规制中受到负面冲击.     

刚玉冶炼电炉烟尘回收的环境意义

电弧炉冶炼棕刚玉过程中产生大量烟尘，排放到大气中严重污染环境。为全面评估刚玉冶炼电炉烟尘对环境的影响，本文对贵州某厂３０００ＫＶＡ及７５００ＫＶＡ两组电炉，采用电收尘及布袋收尘前后的１２个状态和２４个系列进行预测计算与分析，结果表明；采用电收尘或布袋收尘后，电炉周围的大气环境质量显著改善，由三级的恶劣状态变为一级的优良状态。     

The value of energy efficiency programs for US residential and commercial buildings in a warmer world

US residential and commercial buildings were responsible for about 41 exajoules (EJ) of primary energy use per year in 2002, accounting for approximately 9% of the world fossil-fuel related anthropogenic carbon (C) emissions of 6.7 Gt that contribute to climate change. US Government-sponsored building energy efficiency research and implementation programs are focused on reducing energy consumption in US residential and commercial buildings and reducing these carbon (C) emissions. Although not specifically intended for adaptation to a warmer climate and less effective than under today’s cooler climate, these programs also could help reduce energy demand in a future warmer world. Warming scenarios projected by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 imply net overall decreases in both site energy and primary energy consumption in US residential and commercial buildings, largely because of the reduced need for heating. However, there would be as much as a 25% increase in building space cooling demand and a significant part of the increase could be offset by energy-efficiency improvements in buildings. Overall, in the US, buildings-related energy efficiency programs would reduce site energy consumption in buildings in the US by more than 2 EJ in 2020 and primary energy by more than 3.5 EJ, more than enough to offset the projected growth in cooling energy consumption due to climate change and growth in the US building stock. The savings would have an estimated annual net value at 2005 energy prices of between $45.0 and $47.3 billion to consumers.

基于建筑材料物化环境影响的建筑结构形式选择

不同结构形式的建筑在环境影响方面存在差异。对砖混结构和框架结构的两种不同形式的建筑物,因使用建筑材料而造成的环境影响差异,依据建筑材料生命周期环境影响评价模型进行了定量分析。结果表明:从建筑物使用的建筑材料造成的环境影响角度分析,多层砖混结构单位建筑面积的资源耗竭系数为0.045、环境影响负荷为5.87;多层框架结构则分别为0.071、10.49。     

深海采矿对海洋生态系统影响的评价Ⅱ. 底层生态系统

根据现有深海采矿环境影响实验的主要成果,分析了深海采矿对底层海洋生态系统的潜在影响。结果表明：深海采矿对底层水环境不会产生明显的影响;矿区生物种类多样性明显降低,尤其是以结核作为硬基质固着的底栖生物,但由于大部分大型和巨型底栖生物在海洋中分布较广泛,因此局部海底的采矿不太可能导致某一物种从海洋里完全灭绝;除细菌外,巨型、大型和小型底栖动物的密度都明显下降,但3a后运动能力较强的软相底质动物的密度基本上恢复至振动前的水平。尽管大量关于深海采矿环境影响的工作已做或仍在进行,但目前人们对深海生态学的了解还十分有限,不能对深海大尺度商业采矿的环境风险作出结论性的评价。     

不同布局高层建筑群的风环境状况评价

采用数值模拟方法对由6幢方形截面高层建筑组成的建筑群的周围风环境进行了计算和分析。6幢建筑起初呈两行三列布置,通过改变各列建筑的横向间距,得到了6种不同布局型式的建筑群。对各建筑群周围人行高度处的风速比和风速矢量场进行了计算和分析、比较,据此对不同布局形式的建筑群的风环境状况作了评价,提出了通过调整平面布局改善高层建筑群风环境的措施和建议。     

建筑装修材料对室内空气环境污染的有效预防研究

随着人们对居住环境要求的不断提高、对生活品质的不断追求,室内建筑装修成为了普遍现象,且装修技术愈发高超。与此同时不合格的建筑装修材料也对室内空气环境造成了严重污染,对居住人群的身体健康造成了严重侵害。建筑装修材料中常见的成分如甲醛、苯系物、放射性物质等,都是污染物。对室内空气环境中的主要污染物来源、危害以及人们对装修材料错误使用进行分析;针对造成室内空气环境污染的各种建筑装修材料,给出了相应的控制、治理和预防对策。     

中国严寒地区细颗粒物细菌群落特征研究

通过对中国严寒地区典型城市大庆市供暖季3类建筑（办公室、教室、住宅）室内外共计110个测点长期监测,分析大庆市供暖季室内外细颗粒物关联性,并基于16S rDNA基因测序技术和BLAST源解析技术研究大庆市供暖季3类建筑室内外细颗粒物上细菌的组分及来源.研究结果表明：大庆市供暖季室内外PM_2.5平均质量浓度分别为（32±22）和（45±34）μg/m³.其中办公室的平均渗透系数处于较低的状态（0.2886）,教室的渗透系数处于较高的状态（0.5702）,农村住宅（0.6513）比城市住宅的渗透系数略大（0.6057）.不同类型建筑室内细颗粒物中的细菌组分存在一定差异,室外细颗粒物中的细菌组分根据采样地点也存在不同,但整体上厚壁菌门（Firmicuts）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和生氧光细菌（Oxyphotobacteria）是大庆市供暖季细颗粒物中的优势菌群.3类建筑室内外细颗粒物细菌来源主要为土壤、水体、人体、腐败有机物和粪便,但不同建筑类型及采样区域的细菌来源比例具有一定差异性.室内较室外人体来源所占比重大,而室外较室内土壤来源比重大.