发制品废水处理工程设计及运行

采用气浮+接触氧化池工艺处理某发制品废水,介绍了各处理构筑物、运行参数及经济技术指标。运行结果表明:该工艺处理发制品废水,最终出水指标为:ρ(COD)=90 mg/L、ρ(BOD5)=25 mg/L、ρ(SS)=75 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=20 mg/L、色度=69倍,其出水水质达GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

催化氧化-A/O工艺-生物滤池处理高浓度有机胺废水中试

试验采用催化氧化-A/O工艺-生物滤池组合工艺,以高浓度有机胺废水为研究对象,重点考察了该工艺对进水COD、氨氮和总氮的去除效果。结果表明:采用催化氧化预处理工艺,能有效降低废水中的抑制性物质,提高废水的B/C;A/O工艺能去除大量的有机物和总氮,但出水氨氮有所升高;末端采用生物滤池处理该废水,能有效降低废水中的氨氮和COD。当进水ρ(COD)为3 000～4 000 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)为15～60 mg/L、ρ(TN)为350～450 mg/L时,出水水质可达当地环保要求的排放标准:ρ(COD)≤300 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)≤35mg/L,表明该工艺可应用于高浓度有机胺废水的处理。     

UBAF-CMF用于生活污水的处理和回用

采用上流式曝气生物滤池(UBAF)和连续微滤分离膜(CMF)组合工艺,对生活污水进行处理后回用.UBAF-CMF工艺对CODcr,BOD5的去除率超过95%,对SS和NH3-N去除接近100%.出水中BOD5 与CODcr分别低于10mg/L和40mg/L,SS低于3mg/L,浊度小于0.5NTU,色度小于5度,TP低于0. 5mg/L,NH3-N低于2mg/L.系统运行结果表明生活污水经该组合工艺处理后,出水水质优良,符合生活杂用和市政杂用的要求.     

IC＋A/O＋BIOFOR处理高浓度有机废水工程实例

江西某生物化工有限公司在生产乳酸的过程中产生大量高浓度有机废水,采用IC＋A/O＋BIOFOR联合工艺进行处理。当进水ρ（COD）平均为5 483 mg/L,ρ（NH3-N）平均为97.83 mg/L时,出水ρ（COD）平均为84 mg/L,去除率达98%;出水ρ（NH3-N）平均为12.07 mg/L,去除率为88%...     

奶牛养殖废水处理工程分析

采用UASB-接触氧化为主体的工艺处理某奶牛养殖场废水,当原水CODCr质量浓度为3 000～4 000mg/L,NH3-N质量浓度为30～50 mg/L时,该工艺对CODCr的去除率为97%～98%,NH3-N去除率约为80%,配以化学深度处理,出水达到GB 8978-1996<污水综合排放标准>中的一级排放标准.     

A/O/BAF/亚滤技术深度处理针织印染废水研究

印染废水由于色度高、水质变化大、生化性差等特点,是当前工业废水处理的难点和焦点之一.针对印染废水的危害及我国水资源短缺的现状,采用中试规模(300t/d)的水解酸化-接触氧化-曝气生物滤池-亚滤技术(A/O/BAF/亚滤技术)对针织印染废水进行深度处理研究.结果表明进水在一定范围波动时.出水水质稳定.出水CODCr＜50mg/L,色度＜2倍,浊度＜1度,水质指标优于建设部生活杂用水水质标准(CJ25.1-89),其中CODCr、色度、浊度的平均去除率分别为91%、95%、96%以上.通过3个多月的生产实验证明针织印染废水经A/O/BAF/亚滤技术深度处理后,能满足染整工艺对水质的要求;且该工艺具有剩余污泥少,耐冲击负荷能力强,色度、浊度、难降解有机物去除效率高等优点.中试研究表明该技术操作简单、易于管理,可为工业化规模应用提供技术参考.     

焦化废水生化出水深度处理试验研究

采用臭氧-活性炭工艺对焦化废水生化出水进行深度处理试验。结果表明:臭氧-活性炭工艺对焦化废水生化出水具有良好的深度处理效果。在空气流量为75 L/h,臭氧浓度为100 mg/L,pH=10.5,反应时间为30 min的最佳试验条件下,当深度处理进水水质ρ(COD)=156.5 mg/L、色度=110倍时,其去除率分别为69.65%和92.27%,出水COD和色度的平均值分别为47.50 mg/L和8.50倍,均达焦化废水排放新标准。     

SAF-化学絮凝-微滤膜组合工艺处理高浓度生活污水的试验研究

采用SAF-化学絮凝-微滤分离膜组合工艺对高浓度生活污水进行处理.SAF处理系统对污染物的去除效果良好,CODCr,BOD5,SS和NH4 -N的去除率分别为92%,93%,90%和98%.SAF生物处理系统的出水再经化学絮凝和微滤分离膜深度处理后,CODCr,BOD5,NH4 -N,PO43--P的浓度分别低于40 mg/L,10mg/L,4mg/L,0.3mg/L;浊度小于0.5NTU,色度小于10度.试验结果表明该组合工艺处理后的污水水质优良,可满足生活杂用和市政杂用.     

水解酸化+两级SBR工艺处理天然气净化废水与回用

天然气净化废水水质水量波动大,且含有大量难降解物质,一直难以稳定达标。本工程采用水解酸化+两级SBR法工艺处理天然气净化废水,在进水均值ρ(COD)=943 mg/L、(ρBOD)=268 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=30.5 mg/L时,出水均值ρ(COD)=37.4 mg/L、ρ(BOD)=4.7 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=1.9 mg/L,完全达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准,工程运行稳定。出水回用于循环冷却、绿化、冲厕、道路冲洗等,回用率达到100%,实现了废水零排放。     

两级曝气生物滤池用于生活污水的处理与研究

采用两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺,对生活污水进行处理。试验研究了两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺系统生物膜的培养过程和对CODC4,BOD5、SS、NH3-N等去除效果。试验结果表明生活污水经两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺系统处理后,出水BOD,与CODC4分别低于10mg/L和40mg／L,SS小于10mg／L,浊度小于8NTU,色度小于15度,总磷小于3mg／L,NH3-N小于2mg／L,NO3-N小于5mg／L,细菌小于3个／mL,大肠杆菌未检出;CODCr,BOD5的去除率分别超过90％、95％,SS和NH3-N去除率接近100％,出水稳定,水质较好,符合国家污水综合排放的水质标准,有利于污水的再生利用。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.