中瑞排污许可证制度比较研究

基于良好的实施效果,瑞典的排污许可证制度得到了很多国家的认可.中国于20世纪80年代即意识到排污许可证制度的重要性,但目前为止这一制度的实施遇到了很多阻碍,制度的应用范围和实施效果都还不尽如人意.在对瑞典的排污许可证制度的成功实施经验进行分析的基础上,对比研究了中国在排污许可证制度实施中存在的问题,并给出了完善这一制度的建议.     

中国工业点源水排污许可证制度框架设计

水排污许可证制度是点源排放的基本和综合的管理制度,是污染源的守法文件,也是政府对污染源的监管文书。按照政策设计的一般方法,借鉴发达国家和地区的经验,以保障点源的"连续达标排放"为目标设计中国工业点源水排污许可证制度框架。提出将点源按排放规模进行分类和分级,建立相应的管理机制,包括信息机制、资金机制、监督核查机制和问责处罚机制;建立注册环境管理工程师制度以满足实施排污许可证对专业人才的需求;以排污许可证制度为基础整合点源排放相关政策,提高相关政策间的协调,减少冲突,提高政策效率。     

论排污许可证制度对点源排放控制政策的整合

中国水污染防治政策很多,包括环境影响评价、"三同时"、排污收费等,但各项政策基本是分散和独立执行的,没有核心和基础的政策,不成体系,缺乏效率。基于排污许可证作为政府的执法文件的角度,论证了将分散的点源排放控制政策围绕排污许可证整合为系统的排放控制政策体系。中国已具备实施排污许可证制度的基础条件,以排污许可证制度为基础的政策整合对现有点源排放控制政策进行了修改、补充和改进,将其整合为一个系统的点源排放控制政策体系,使各级管理部门可以各司其职,协调合作;协调整合不同类型的政策手段,使命令控制、经济激励和劝说鼓励3类手段相互补充,进一步提高政策执行效率,降低政策执行成本,提高排放控制政策效果、效率,降低执法和守法成本。     

基于水排污许可证制度的违法经济处罚机制设计

经济处罚机制是环境保护各项政策顺利实施的重要保障,是排污许可证制度的基本内容.现有水污染处罚机制缺少详细的处罚原则和裁量依据,处罚标准的计算方法不明确,缺乏可执行性;经济处罚力度较小,违法成本偏低;没以罚没排污单位违法收益为基本原则;绝对静态的处罚模式没有考虑违法行为的持续性,对排污单位威慑性不强.建议以有效威慑违法行为、抑制违法动机为根本目标,以罚没违法收益为基本原则,考虑违法持续时间和执法成本,设计“倍率加动态非绝对上限”的经济处罚标准,实施递进的处罚机制,并建立处罚机制的评估和调整机制.     

中国各省级行政区排污许可证制度现状分析及完善

中国于20世纪80年代意识到排污许可证制度的重要性,但目前为止这一制度的实施遇到了很多阻碍,制度的应用范围和实施效果都还不尽人意。通过比较分析中国31个省级行政地区排污许可证制度实施现状,探明中国在排污许可证制度实施中存在的问题及原因,并提出了突破制度推行瓶颈的建议。     

中瑞排污许可证制度的对比研究

对中国水排污许可和瑞典综合排污许可的审批程序和要求、审批内容等进行了对比分析。重点分析了环境法庭在瑞典综合排污许可申报过程中的作用和功能,以及瑞典排污许可证文件的起草和颁发过程。在此基础上,从政府、企业和公众3个层面提出了瑞典综合排污许可证制度对中国排污许可证制度建设和完善的重要借鉴意义。     

基于“一证式”管理的排污许可证制度创新

从污染源全要素、全过程、全方位管理的角度出发,创新提出了"一证式"管理的排污许可证制度,探讨了其内涵和功能定位,并从许可内容、制度整合、流程再造、监督管理等方面提出了"一证式"管理的排污许可证制度构建重点。     

中国空气固定源排污许可证内容设计

空气固定源排污许可证是政府依法给固定源所有者颁发,对其空气污染物排放提出全面管控要求的行政许可文件,该文件包括对排污单位所有固定源排放口及其面源等空气污染物排放控制的全部管理要求。通过排污许可证,政府部门可以规范行政执法,固定源排污企业可以清晰知道自己需要执行的具体规定。在现有排污许可证制度实施的基础之上,结合美国等发达国家经验,对固定源排污许可证文本中所需载明的基本信息、排放限值、监测、记录及报告要求进行设计。     

可交易水污染许可证发展现状与应用前景

可交易排污许可证在传统的排污许可证基础上，引入市场机制。不但对企业选择污染控制手段赋予更大的灵活性，而且可以大大节约水污染控制费用、剌激企业开发并建设更加经济有效的污染控制技术。国外十多年的研究和实践证明可交易排污许可证是一种经济而有效的环境管理手段。水污染排放许可证制度在我国的应用已有一定基础。在条件具备的地区可以引进可交易水污染物排放许可证制度，本文回顾了“可交易水污染许可证制度”的理论分析和国外实践，进而探讨在中国的应用前景     

现行排污收费制度存在的问题及其改进

随着经济体制改革的不断深入，我国的价格体系也发生了深刻的变化，原有排污收费制度中存在的问题和缺陷越来越突出，越来越不适合经济形势和环保形势的发展，针对实际操作过程中存在的一些问题从理论和实践上进行论述，并提出了相庆的对策并加以完善。     

排污单位排污许可证申请说明示例研究

改革后排污许可制实施以来,积累了宝贵的经验和做法,也暴露出了技术层面操作的问题。文中从技术角度探讨分析排污单位的申请材料填报情况,结合有关要求创新性示范制定了“排污单位排污许可证申请说明”,以期做到排污单位“说得清”、核发单位“审得明”,提高排污许可证申请与核发效率。     

Obtaining a Part B Permit for Hazardous Waste Incineration

The objectives of this study were to compare changes in atmospheric deposition rates for water soluble Zn, Cu and Mn associated with a doubling of the generating capacity of a fossilfuel power plant located in southern Maryland with concentrations of extractable metals in soils and In corn and soybean foliage.

Three atmospheric deposition samples were collected monthly during each summer from 12 research and monitoring sites located 1.6, 4.8 and 9.6 km distances from the Chalk Point Generating Station for two years before and after the June 1975 expansion of generation capacity from 660 to 1320 MW. Crop leaf samples were collected at flowering, and 0-15 cm depth soil samples were collected from research plots each May.

Averaged over monitoring sites and plant operational periods, respectively, significant decreases were found in atmospheric deposition rates for Zn and Mn from pre- to post-plant expansion and with increased distances. The Cu deposition rates remained unchanged from pre- to post-expansion; however, a trend for decreased rates with distance was observed.

Significant differences were found in the levels of soil extractable Zn, Cu and Mn among the 12 sites and with distance from the power plant. Also, combined over sites, significantly higher levels of extractable Zn and Mn were found during post-expansion which were attributed to general increases in soil acidity found in all soil research sites.

Significant increases in foliar Cu and significant decreases in foliar Mn concentrations were found in both crops from pre- to post-expansion. Leaf Zn concentrations declined in soybeans but remained unchanged in corn after plant expansion. Leaf Mn levels were highest in both crops at 1.6 km compared to more distance sites; however, foliar Zn and Cu concentrations In both crops were similar across distances from the power plant.

The increase in soil extractable Zn and Mn associated with the decreases in soil pH were typically 100X larger than the recorded decreases in water soluble Zn and Mn deposition associated with power plant expansion. The observed changes in rates of metal deposition would be expected to have only minimal effects on the metal nutrition of the crops; however, the quantities of Zn and Cu being deposited would likely prevent deficiencies from occurring on the Atlantic Coastal Plain soils.     

Potential Problems with the Current RCRA Incineration Permit Process

The current hazardous waste incinerator permitting process is highly uncertain, complex, and unnecessarily restrictive, which makes a permitted facility very difficult to operate on a continuous basis without permit violations. This paper discusses the problems in the current regulation and enforcement practices. Some solutions are suggested. It is suggested that the current highly conservative permitting approach of disallowing any operating conditions or banning any waste feeds which the permit writer may have the slightest doubt of failing to meet the four-9s destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) requirement for even a few seconds, should be reevaluated. It is suggested that a more reasonable approach, using practical engineering judgment to allow those operating conditions and waste feeds which should be able to meet the DRE requirement, should be considered by the regulatory agencies.     

县级市实施排污申报登记制度存在的问题及建议

分析了排污申报登记制度在县级市实施中存在的问题,并提出了相关建议.     

Waste Analysis Plan Review Advisor: An Intelligent Database to Assist RCRA Permit Reviewers

The Waste Analysis Plan Review Advisor (WAPRA) system assists in the review of the Waste Analysis Plan Section of RCRA Part B facility permit applications. Specifically, this program automates two functions of the waste analysis plan review. First, the system checks all wastes which will be processed in the same treatment or disposal unit to identify possible chemical interactions which might pose a health threat to unit operators or degrade the performance of the waste processing unit. Second, sampling methods are analyzed and judged for appropriateness based on guidelines in EPA Reference SW-846. WAPRA is best classified as an intelligent database. It contains the expertise of a chemist in a menu-driven user-friendly interface.     

Discharge Electrodes and Electrostatic Precipitators

Controlled fumigation experiments were conducted to determine the dose-response relationships for four species of urban trees exposed to sulfur dioxide. The species chosen were ginkgo, Norway maple, pin oak, and Chinese elm.

Results indicated that resistance to SO₂ increased among the species in the following order: Chinese elm, Norway maple, ginkgo, pin oak. Elm showed almost 100% leaf necrosis at exposures over 2 ppm for 6 hr, and severe chlorosis and necrosis at 0.25 ppm for 30 days. Fifty per cent leaf necrosis occurred on Norway maple at 3 ppm for 6 hr, and on ginkgo at 4 ppm for 6 hr, and both species developed moderate marginal chlorosis at 0.50 ppm for 30 days. Injury on pin oak was minor, even at 8 ppm for 8 hr, but at 0.50 ppm for 30 days, a slight overall chlorosis developed on the leaves.

The relative susceptibilities of the four species were the same in the long-term as in the short-term exposures. The shapes of the dose-response surfaces indicated that duration of exposure and concentration of the pollutant were of equal importance in producing injury on Chinese elm and probably on pin oak, but on Norway maple and ginkgo, concentration of SO₂ was of greater importance than the duration of exposure.     

江苏省排污申报信息管理系统（2001年版）的设计和应用

概述了基于江苏省新版排污申报报表制度的《江苏省排污申报信息管理系统（2001年版）》软件设计和应用情况，重点介绍了该环境信息应用软件的系统设计原则，技术路线，数据录入上报流程。     

排污收费存在的问题及其对策

排污收费是国家环境管理的重要经济手段，具有强制性。作者着重论述了现行排污收费中存在的问题，分析了主要原因，并结合环境监察工作实际，提出了相关的对策和建议。     

非平衡放电等离子体治理有害气体

重点分析了常温常压下非平衡放电等离子体产生的条件及其物理和化学性能，综合评述了放电技术的理烟气中有害气体ＳＯ２，ＮＯｘ，ＣＯ２的机理和研究现状。