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1.
Knowledge of kin interactions can be informative in explaining the processes underlying dispersal. By dispersing, relatives
can avoid kin competition for resources or mates and prevent inbreeding. We investigated sibling movements in relation to
each other and parents before and after dispersal in radio-collared juvenile flying squirrels (Pteromys volans L.). Before dispersal, most siblings moved in different areas and were not in contact while exploring the surroundings of
natal area. After dispersal, all siblings settled far away from each other, as they dispersed different distances and to random
directions compared to each other. No clear effect of litter size or presence of same-sex siblings was observed on dispersal.
Time spent in the same nest with the mother did not differ between dispersing sons and daughters. Mother did not force dispersers
to leave the natal nest; instead, the mother often moved away from the nest before offspring. Father and offspring were not
observed to be in contact before dispersal. Dispersal direction was unaffected by the location of fathers’ home range. We
conclude that after dispersal interaction between relatives is limited in flying squirrels, but we did not find any indication
that interaction between relatives before dispersal is determining dispersal decision. Siblings’ settlement far away from
each other was already indicated by the movement within the natal home range, but, interestingly, the latter could not be
used to predict dispersal patterns of sexes. 相似文献
2.
Dispersal in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) is not sex-biased and strict philopatry is rare. The immigration pattern suggests that nearly all animals have to disperse away from the natal site and that dispersal in this species is the outcome of local (intrasexual) competition. If this interpretation is correct, we predict that dispersers and residents, of both sexes, should have equal survival rates and lifetime reproductive success. Body mass, longevity, reproductive success and dominance rank of 34 resident offspring (settling within 400 m of the natal range) and 70 immigrants (dispersers) were compared. Immigrants did not weigh less than residents as adults, nor did they have a higher mortality during the pre-setding period. Survival rate, lifetime reproductive success (females) and the proportion of males obtaining a high dominance rank were similar for residents and dispersers, and no sex effect was found on either of the parameters studied. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that local competition determines whether an individual disperses further away or settles close to its birthplace. 相似文献
3.
Javier Balbontín Anders P. Møller Ignacio G. Hermosell Alfonso Marzal Maribel Reviriego Florentino de Lope 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(8):1197-1205
Dispersal is an important factor that determines the degree of gene flow and, hence, the degree of differentiation among populations.
Using two long-term datasets on natal philopatry and short-distance dispersal in barn swallows Hirundo rustica from Denmark and Spain, we evaluated the fitness costs and benefits and test a number of predictions about the functional
significance of dispersal. The proportion of philopatric individuals was more than six times larger in Spain than in Denmark,
with a higher rate of philopatry in males than in females. Dispersal propensity decreased in both populations during the course
of the study. Males from the more philopatric Spanish population lived longer when philopatric rather than dispersing while
that was not the case for either sex of the less philopatric Danish population. There were large differences in dispersal
propensity among cohorts and breeding sites, suggesting that sites differed in their suitability as sites for immigrants.
We found no evidence consistent with the mate competition hypothesis suggesting that males in better condition or with larger
condition-dependent secondary sexual characters were more likely to be philopatric. These findings suggest that there is a
high degree of intraspecific variation in dispersal propensity between populations, probably relating to local differences
in costs and benefits of philopatry and dispersal. 相似文献
4.
Michael Griesser Peter Halvarsson Tobias Sahlman Jan Ekman 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(3):485-497
Molecular methods of assessing dispersal have become increasingly powerful and have superseded direct methods of studying dispersal. Although now less popular, direct methods of studying dispersal remain important tools for understanding the evolution of dispersal. Here, we use data from Siberian jays Perisoreus infaustus, a group-living bird species, to compare natal dispersal distances and rates using visual mark–recapture, radio-tracking and microsatellite data. Siberian jays have bimodal natal dispersal timing; socially dominant offspring remain with their parents for up to 5 years (delayed dispersers), while they force their subordinate brood mates to leave the parental territory at independence (early dispersers). Early dispersers moved about 9,000 m (visual mark–recapture, radio-tracking) before settling in a group as a non-breeder. In contrast, delayed dispersers moved about 1,250 m (visual mark–recapture only) and mainly moved to a breeding opening. Dispersal distances were greater in managed habitat compared to natural habitat for both early and delayed dispersers. Molecular estimates based on 23 microsatellite loci and geographical locations supported distance estimates from the direct methods. Our study shows that molecular methods are at least 22 times cheaper than direct methods and match estimates of dispersal distance from direct methods. However, molecular estimates do not give insight into the behavioural mechanisms behind dispersal decisions. Thus, to understand the evolution of dispersal, it is important to combine direct and indirect methods, which will give insights into the behavioural processes affecting dispersal decisions, allowing proximate dispersal decisions to be linked to the ultimate consequences thereof. 相似文献
5.
Kay E. Holekamp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1984,16(1):21-30
Summary Dispersal from the natal site was documented in two populations of Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) living at different altitudes in the Sierra Nevada of North America. Distance dispersed and age at dispersal were monitored by a combination of observation, trapping, radio telemetry, and examination of road kills. Dispersal was sexually dimorphic in both populations (Tables 1 and 2). All surviving males emigrated before they were 55 weeks of age, with most dispersing midway through the juvenile summer (Fig. 1). By contrast, most females remained within the boundaries of their mothers' home range (Fig. 2 and 3). Those very few females that did emigrate moved distances from their natal burrows similar to those travelled by dispersing males (200–450 m; Table 2), but females tended to disperse at a slightly older age. Significant differences between the study populations were found in distances moved by juveniles of both sexes (Fig. 2). Body weights of juvenile male dispersers were significantly greater than were those of juvenile males of equivilent ages that had not yet dispersed (Fig. 4). The results were considered in light of Shields' (1982) discussion of dispersal and inbreeding. I concluded that if dispersal is related to reproductive success, then dispersal distances selected for use in tests of evolutionary hypotheses should be measured just prior to the subject animals' first reproduction. Finally, although not tested in the present study, the evolutionary hypothesis most consistent with my data suggests that dispersal in S. beldingi may function to minimize nuclear family incest. 相似文献
6.
Peter H. W. Biedermann Kier D. Klepzig Michael Taborsky 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(9):1753-1761
Body reserves may determine the reproductive output of animals, depending on their resource allocation strategy. In insects,
an accumulation of reserves for reproduction is often obtained before dispersal by pre-emergence (or maturation) feeding.
This has been assumed to be an important cause of delayed dispersal from the natal nest in scolytine beetles. In the cooperatively
breeding ambrosia beetles, this is of special interest because in this group delayed dispersal could serve two alternative
purposes: “selfish” maturation feeding or “altruistic” alloparental care. To distinguish between these two possibilities,
we have experimentally studied the effect of delayed dispersal on future reproductive output in the xyleborine ambrosia beetle
Xyleborus affinis. Females experimentally induced to disperse and delayed dispersing females did not differ in their body condition at dispersal
and in their founding success afterwards, which indicates that females disperse independently of condition, and staying adult
females are fully mature and would be able to breed. However, induced dispersers produced more offspring than delayed dispersers
within a test period of 40 days. This suggests that delayed dispersal comes at a cost to females, which may result primarily
from alloparental care and leads to a reduced reproductive output. Alternatively, females might have reproduced prior to dispersal.
This is unlikely, however, for the majority of dispersing females because of the small numbers of offspring present in the
gallery when females dispersed, suggesting that mainly the foundress had reproduced. In addition, “gallery of origin” was
a strong predictor of the reproductive success of females, which may reflect variation in the microbial complex transmitted
vertically from the natal nest to the daughter colony, or variation of genetic quality. These results have important implications
for the understanding of proximate mechanisms selecting for philopatry and alloparental care in highly social ambrosia beetles
and other cooperatively breeding arthropods. 相似文献
7.
Ontogeny of dispersal distances in young Spanish imperial eagles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. Ferrer 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1993,32(4):259-263
Summary I studied factors influencing dispersal distances in 30 young Spanish imperial eagles (Aquila adalberti) radio-tagged in southwestern Spain in 1986–1990. The mean dispersal distance between the natal nest and the settling area was 138 km. Every young bird reached its maximum dispersal distance within 4 months of its departure from the natal population. No significant differences between the sexes were detected in maximum dispersal distance, but females spent more time in the more distant settling areas. Dispersal distance was not related to the date of departure from the natal population. Dispersal distance was significantly longer for birds that hatched earlier and that had lower blood urea levels, indicating that better-nourished young had longer displacements. These results are not in accordance with the competitive displacement hypothesis. 相似文献
8.
In most birds, natal dispersal is female-biased, but the selective pressures leading to this pattern have rarely been explored
with comprehensive data on lifetime reproductive success. In territorial birds, the benefit of philopatry should be higher
for males than for females when males establish territories for which knowledge about the local environment is important.
As females may use male characteristics for mate choice, and hence indirectly for territory choice, the benefit from the direct
knowledge of the local environment may be lower for females than males. We tested this hypothesis using data from a long-term
study of group living corvids, the Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus). In this species, the socially dominant offspring delay dispersal while the sub-dominant offspring leave the family group
directly after reaching independence. Our results show that natal dispersal distance (a proxy for local knowledge) was related
to sex and dispersal timing (a proxy for “quality”): Females and early dispersers traveled further on average than males and
delayed dispersers. Furthermore, dispersal distance and timing were negatively related to the number of recruits produced
over an individual’s lifetime in males, but not in females. Hence, the results support the hypothesis that the female-biased
natal dispersal found in this and other bird species may come about through higher lifetime reproductive success of philopatric
males than females. 相似文献
9.
Christine R. Maher 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(6):857-868
Solitary species show several patterns of space use and relatedness. Individuals may associate randomly or may live near female
or male kin, often as a result of natal philopatry or dispersal patterns. Although usually described as solitary or asocial,
woodchucks (Marmota monax) are behaviorally flexible marmots that exhibit greater sociality in some populations than others. I examined relationships
between kinship, geographic distance, and home range overlap, as well as dispersal and philopatry, to determine the extent
to which kin associated spatially. I used a combination of microsatellite DNA analysis, long-term behavioral observations,
and radiotelemetry to test predictions that females, but not males, would associate with kin. Indeed, woodchucks lived closer
and shared a greater proportion of their home range with more closely related animals. Overlap of females' and males' home
ranges was positively correlated with kinship, and male–female dyads shared more area with closer kin. Most juveniles delayed
dispersal beyond their first summer. Females often remained philopatric and settled near their natal range. Although males
often dispersed as yearlings, some males also established territories within or immediately adjacent to their natal home ranges.
A combination of factors can explain these spatial patterns, including high population density associated with the study site's
location within a suburban environment, high dispersal costs, and abundant food. Thus, despite their asocial and solitary
reputation, woodchucks displayed spatial patterns seen in other, more social species of ground-dwelling sciurids. 相似文献
10.
Douglas Yanega 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1990,27(1):37-42
Summary Observations of inter- and intraseasonal dispersal patterns in the primitively social sweat bee Halictus rubicundus in New York reveal considerable philopatry in both sexes. Females overwinter away from the nest aggregation, in diapause for 8–11 months, and return to dig new nests close to the site of their natal nests (typically within 50 cm). Nests are all founded by siggle females (haplometrosis). Clumping of nests may reflect patterns of soil vegetation. Workers rarely enter or take up residence in non-natal nests. Males commonly return to both natal and non-natal nests, and actively patrol vegetation near the natal aggregation for females. These philopatric tendencies, in combination with the haplometrotic mode of nest founding, should have important effects on population structure, particularly in terms of population subdivision, mate choice, and intracolony interactions. The resulting population structure may be conducive to the evolution and maintenance of social behavior. 相似文献
11.
In many social vertebrates, remaining in the natal group leads to at least short-term reductions in the direct fitness of philopatric animals. Among communally breeding rodents, the direct fitness costs of philopatry appear to increase as the frequency of successful natal dispersal decreases, suggesting a functional link between constraints on natal dispersal and the reproductive consequences of sociality. To explore this relationship empirically, I documented patterns of direct fitness among female colonial tuco-tucos (Ctenomys sociabilis), which are group-living subterranean rodents from southwestern Argentina. Demographic data suggest that successful natal dispersal is rare in this species, leading to the prediction that natal philopatry in C. sociabilis is associated with significant reductions in individual direct fitness. Using data obtained during 1996–2001, I compared the direct fitness of females that dispersed from their natal group and bred alone as yearlings to that of females that lived and bred in their natal group as yearlings. Philopatric yearlings reared significantly fewer young to weaning than did disperser (lone) yearlings. Although neither survival to a second breeding season nor the estimated lifetime number of pups reared to weaning differed between dispersal strategies, the annual direct fitness of group-living females was 23–40% less than expected, suggesting that philopatric animals experienced a substantial direct fitness cost by remaining in their natal group. These data yield important insights into the adaptive bases for group living in C. sociabilis and suggest that constraints on natal dispersal are an important factor favoring group living in this species.Communicated by J. Wilkinson 相似文献
12.
Andrew J. Edelman 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(7):1123-1131
Natal dispersal is an important event in the life history of many species. Timing of natal dispersal can influence survivorship and subsequent reproductive success. A variety of individual proximal factors determine if and when offspring disperse from the natal territory by influencing the costs of dispersing and the benefits of delaying dispersal. I examined the influence of multiple factors on dispersal age in the banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), a solitary species lacking extreme sex-biased dispersal. I used an information theoretic approach to compare Cox proportional hazards regression models of dispersal age for 121 offspring over a 3-year period consisting of low and high population densities. The top-ranked models indicated that dispersal age was influenced by a combination of socioecological factors related to resource competition, environmental conditions, kin competition, and a lesser extent sex. Circumstances that likely reduced the probability of successful dispersal such as intense resource competition at high population density and being born earlier in the breeding season when environmental conditions were poor lead to longer delays in natal dispersal. Offspring in larger litters also dispersed earlier possibly to avoid competition with kin. Sex was weakly supported in top models but may only influence dispersal age at high population densities. These results suggest that the proximal factors that trigger dispersal are influenced by a combination of multiple effects related to the costs of dispersing and the benefits of remaining at home, even in species that do not form long-term social groups or have extreme sex-biased dispersal. 相似文献
13.
Natal philopatry in bannertailed kangaroo rats 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W. Thomas Jones 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1984,15(2):151-155
Summary I describe prolonged retention of offspring in natal home ranges, or natal philopatry, in the bannertailed kangaroo rat Dipodomys spectabilis. Though weaning occurs at about one month of age, offspring shared natal burrows with their mothers for three to seven months, and 39% of surviving offspring remained within natal home ranges through reproductive maturity. Males as well as females were philopatric. Data on the availability of burrows and on patterns of resettlement suggest that natal philopatry in this species may be a means of providing juveniles with access to essential resources, in this case food caches and large complex burrow systems, that are not readily available outside natal home ranges. 相似文献
14.
The ultimate and proximate causes of natal dispersal have been extensively investigated, but the behaviour of dispersers in
relation to social interactions has been largely neglected. Here, we investigated the social organisation of floating individuals
during their dispersal by analysing the behaviour of 40 radio-tagged eagle owls Bubo bubo during the wandering and stop phases of dispersal. Unexpectedly, eagle owl floaters mixed with conspecifics independently
of their sex, age, phase of dispersal, birthplace, health status and habitat features, showing an ‘underworld’ of interactions
characterised by the absence of obvious social organisation or short-term strategies. Non-breeding owls were not transient
floaters that occurred at numerous sites for short periods of time but rather had fairly stable home ranges: they attempted
to settle as soon as possible within well-defined home ranges. The spatial distribution pattern of floaters and high rates
of home range overlap support the prediction that floating individuals are not spatially segregated, challenging the expectation
that dominance by size, age and/or health status may determine the exclusive use of some portions of the dispersal area. Finally,
(1) the short distances among conspecifics and the extensive home range overlaps allowed us to discard the possibility that
neighbouring floaters represent a real cost during dispersal and (2) floater interactions showed a lack of clear mechanisms
for avoidance of kin competition among offspring or inbreeding. 相似文献
15.
Summary Breeding units (occupants of a nest including at least one reproductive female) within two free-living populations of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, were monitored by live-trapping at nest during two 28-h periods each week from October 1980 to March 1984. Data are presented for 281 breeding units from all seasons, at high and low population densities and during breeding and nonbreeding periods. Fifty percent of the breeding units were monogamous (single resident reproductive male and female), 27% consisted of a single reproductive female with no resident adult male and 23% included more than one resident adult male and/or female (complex units). Monogamous units were present in the same proportions during breeding and nonbreeding periods. The number of monogamous units was significantly greater at low population densities than at high densities. During winter there were relatively more complex units and fewer single female units than during the rest of the year. Monogamous pairs remained together for an average of 42 days. Seventy-eight percent of these pairs were disbanded by the death of one or both members. There were few overlaps of the home ranges of adjacent breeding units. Significantly more nests were visited by nonresident males than by females, and the intervals between visits by males were significantly shorter than those for visits by females. Males visited single female units significantly more often than units with one or more resident males. Survival of juveniles was generally very low; 38% and 34% of young males and females, respectively, that were trapped survived until 30 days of age. Of young females remaining at the natal nest at low population densities, only 17.6% were reproductively activated; 77.1% of such females became reproductively activated at high densities. All young females that dispersed from the natal nest became reproductive. 相似文献
16.
K. W. Kim 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(3):182-187
This study investigates proximate factors influencing dispersal behaviour in the subsocial spider Amaurobius ferox. Dispersal of spiderlings from the natal web occurred as a progressive sigmoidal function (mean duration of dispersal period=31
days), with considerable individual variability in developmental instar and body mass within the clutch at the time of dispersal.
The spiderlings showed a significant decrease in group cohesion on the 6th day after their second moult, which corresponded
to the beginning of the dispersal period. Mutual aggressiveness appeared when the spiderlings began to show predatory behaviour
(4th day post-second moult) and increased over the course of the dispersal period. While lack of prey in the maternal nest
accelerated dispersal behaviour, the addition of prey items lengthened the dispersal period in previously non-fed clutches.
Individuals that dispersed were smaller than the remaining individuals when measured on the day 50% of the clutch had dispersed.
Timing of the appearance of the developmental characters (second moult, predation activity, agonistic behaviour against siblings,
reduction of group cohesion, dispersal) suggests that the dispersal trait might have evolved in consequence of these different
functional behaviours.
Received: 10 August 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 March 2000 / Accepted: 1 April 2000 相似文献
17.
A. D. Tucker H. I. McCallum C. J. Limpus K. R. McDonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,44(2):85-90
We compared natal dispersals of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) against the prediction of male dispersal bias for a polygynous mating system. The crocodiles inhabited a linear series of
pools and we calculated the net distances from natal pools to recapture locations some 12–18 years later, at maturity. Philopatry
was assessed in terms of adult social distances. A female social distance was 0.46 pools and a male social distance was 1.0
pool. By these criteria, both sexes showed low levels of philopatry (7–12%). However, individuals of both sexes dispersed
from the natal site long before they were sexually mature. Divergence in dispersal patterns by sex occurred after the maturity
threshold, as males dispersed two to three times farther than females. Intrasexual competition by males is resolved by a size-based
hierarchy. The displacement of small males from local mating access is a probable cause of the longer dispersals undertaken
by males. Competition, rather than inbreeding avoidance, is driving dispersal in this population of freshwater crocodiles.
Received: 8 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 26 June 1998 相似文献
18.
Carl D. Soulsbury Philip J. Baker Graziella Iossa Stephen Harris 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1289-1298
The costs of dispersal are an important factor promoting natal philopatry, thereby encouraging the formation of social groups.
The red fox, Vulpes vulpes, exhibits a highly flexible social system and one that is thought to represent a possible stage in the evolution of more
complex patterns of group-living. Although the potential benefits accruing to philopatric offspring have previously been studied
in this species, the potential costs of dispersal have received less attention. We contrasted survival rates, nutritional
status, injuries and reproductive output of dispersing and non-dispersing male and female foxes in an urban population to
assess the relative costs of dispersal versus natal philopatry. Mortality rates were not significantly higher for dispersing
foxes, either in the short- or long-term. There was no evidence of increased nutritional stress in dispersing individuals.
Dispersing individuals did, however, exhibit greater levels of wounding, although this did not appear to affect survival.
Dispersing females were more likely to miss a breeding opportunity early in their reproductive lifespan. In contrast, both
dispersing and non-dispersing males were unlikely to breed in their first year. We conclude that the major fitness component
in females affected by dispersing is age at first reproduction. 相似文献
19.
Monique Liesenjohann Thilo Liesenjohann Lenka Trebaticka Marko Haapakoski Janne Sundell Hannu Ylönen Jana A. Eccard 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(11):2079-2089
Indirect exploitative competition, direct interference and predation are important interactions affecting species coexistence.
These interaction types may overlap and vary with the season and life-history state of individuals. We studied effects of
competition and potential nest predation by common shrews (Sorex araneus) on lactating bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in two seasons. The species coexist and may interact aggressively. Additionally, shrews can prey on nestling voles. We studied
bank vole mothers’ spatial and temporal adaptations to shrew presence during summer and autumn. Further, we focused on fitness
costs, e.g. decreased offspring survival, which bank voles may experience in the presence of shrews. In summer, interference
with shrews decreased the voles’ home ranges and they spent more time outside the nest, but there were no effects on offspring
survival. In autumn, we found decreased offspring survival in enclosures with shrews, potentially due to nest predation by
shrews or by increased competition between species. Our results indicate a shift between interaction types depending on seasonal
constraints. In summer, voles and shrews seem to interact mainly by interference, whereas resource competition and/or nest
predation by shrews gain importance in autumn. Different food availability, changing environmental conditions and the energetic
constraints in voles and shrews later in the year may be the reasons for the varying combinations of interaction types and
their increasing effects on the inclusive fitness of bank voles. Our study provides evidence for the need of studies combining
life history with behavioural measurements and seasonal constraints. 相似文献
20.
Elizabeth A. Tibbetts 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(12):1877-1883
Social insects are popular models for studying the evolution of cooperation. Casteless taxa where individuals have the flexibility
to either nest alone or cooperate are particularly valuable for understanding the causes and consequences of cooperative behavior.
For example, some ‘workers’ from Polistes paper wasp nests disappear from their natal colony soon after pupal emergence and nest independently. However, little is
known about dispersal behavior. In this paper, I compare predispersal behavior of wasps who leave their natal colony soon
after emergence with behavior of individuals who remain on the natal colony as true workers. I found that P. dominulus females with short nest tenure behave much like gynes (reproductive-destined offspring produced at the end of the season),
as wasps with short nest tenure are behaviorally selfish while on the natal colony. They spend a smaller proportion of their
time foraging and a larger proportion of their time resting than workers with long nest tenure. In addition, I assessed the
factors that may favor early dispersal. Nest environment strongly influenced dispersal; large colonies had a smaller proportion
of females with short nest tenure. Queen turnover also increased dispersal behavior perhaps because queen turnover reduces
relatedness between a colony’s current and future offspring, thereby reducing the kin-selected benefits of cooperation. Therefore,
casteless social insects exhibit a surprising degree of reproductive flexibility. Individuals may use information about their
internal state and nest environment to optimize their behavioral strategies. 相似文献