The Effective Collection of Fly Ash At Pulverized Coal-Fired Plants

The relationship between sulfur in coal, boiler exit gas temperature, and the carbon portion of fly ash have a major effect on the electrical properties of fly ash. Whether effective collection of fly ash is obtained by the electrostatic precipitator installation alone or the precipitator—mechanical combination depends primarily on a knowledge of this relationship. Fly ash electrical properties can range from a highly "resistive" to a highly "conductive" state which can appreciably alter the precipitator collection performance. A correlation of coal sulfur and boiler exit flue gas temperature is given to indicate the probability of expecting an optimum voltage—current relationship with different combinations of these factors. Carbon affects the electrical conditioning of fly ash by providing parallel paths of current leakage through the deposited dust layer. Therefore, removal of the carbon particles in a mechanical collector placed before the precipitator can alter the precipitator electrical characteristics.     

Collection of Fly Ash with High Electrical Resistivity in a Pilot Plant Electrostatic Precipitator Preceded by the EPA/SoRI Precharger

It is well known that dust with high electrical resistivity is difficult to collect in electrostatic precipitators (ESP). The difficulty is primarily due to poor particle charging. This poor particle charging is not because particles having high electrical resistivity are intrinsically difficult to charge, but because back corona (which results from deposition of material on the collection electrode) produces a bipolar ion field. When ions of both positive and negative polarity are present in the charging region, the competing effects of the two, plus low values of electric field, produce low electrical charge on particles.     

Note On The Use of Law Students as an Air Management Resource

Abstract

In this research, pilot-scale trickle bed biofilter systems have been analyzed to determine their effectiveness in controlling toluene in waste gas streams. These studies evaluated two synthetic microbial attachment media—a monolithic channelized medium and a pelletized ceramic medium. Operational parameters considered included toluene loading, empty bed residence time (EBRT), temperature, and long-term operation. The channelized medium provided 99% removal efficiency for a toluene loading of 0.725 kg COD/m³-day during the initial stages. However, continuous operation resulted in reduced and erratic efficiencies, due to air channeling caused by random plugging. After biomass accumulated within the channels and was subsequently removed by hosing, performance of the channelized medium never regained the previous levels. Similarly, the pelletized medium exhibited consistently good performance until the accumulation of excess biomass in the medium interstices also caused overall performance to deteriorate.

Implementation of a suitable backwashing strategy for biomass control was achieved for the pelletized medium by using full medium fluidization. This strategy permitted long-term operation of the biofilter at a toluene loading of 2.27 kg COD/m³-day and 1 minute EBRT, with efficiencies consistently over 99% and no appreciable back-pressure development between successive periods of backwashing.     

Note On a Slurry Method of Particle Induction

A slurry method of induction of test particles into a high-temperature, high-pressure gaseous flow stream is presented. The method can provide accurate control and sensitive adjustment of the particle feed and can have an ameliorative effect on particle statistics.     

Wet air oxidation of nitrobenzene enhanced by phenol

Simultaneous nitrobenzene and phenol wet air oxidation was investigated in a stainless autoclave at temperature range of 180-220 degrees C and 1.0 MPa oxygen partial pressure. Compared with the single oxidation of nitrobenzene under the same conditions, the presence of phenol in the reaction media greatly improved the removal efficiency of nitrobenzene. The effect of temperature on the reaction was studied. Phenol was considered as a type of initiator in the nitrobenzene oxidation.     

棕刚玉渣的硬脂酸湿法改性

以棕刚玉渣、硬脂酸为原料,在乙醇体系中进行机械力化学改性研究。分别研究了球磨过程中球料比、球磨时间、转速、硬脂酸用量、浆料浓度等参数对实验样品亲油化度、活化指数的影响。在最佳工艺基础上进行了正交实验,实验结果表明,适宜条件为硬脂酸用量3.5%,球料比4∶1,球磨时间30 min,球磨转速450 r/min,浆料浓度25%时,实验样品的亲油化度和活化指数分别达到46.8%和100%,且完全疏水。     

粉煤灰负载壳聚糖对磷吸附的热力学研究

以粉煤灰负载壳聚糖作为吸附剂,在静态吸附条件下,研究了其对磷的吸附行为,并对吸附过程的热力学进行了分析。结果表明,吸附平衡数据都能够较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,但Langmuir方程能够更好地描述吸附等温线。在20～35℃范围内,磷在粉煤灰负载壳聚糖上的吸附是一个吸热过程,反应的吉布斯自由能变小,同时伴随着熵值的增加,吸附焓变为44.36 kJ/mol。     

Note On A Preliminary Study of the Effects of Roof Tar Evaporate on Oxidant Levels Measured by Iodide Colorimetry

Some evidence exists to relate elevated oxidant levels, as measured by iodine colorimetry or coulometry, to the presence of roof tar evaporates or the oxidation products produced from such evaporates in the presence of sunlight.     

The Feasibility of Wet Scrubbing for Treating Waste-to-Energy Flue Gas

The selection of Hue gas treatment processes in the waste-to-energy industry has generally followed the trend of the coal-fired power industry. The highly favored process for both industries is the dry scrubber (spray absorber) followed by a fabric filter. As more attention is focused upon increasingly greater efficiencies, lower outlet concentrations, heavy metals emissions, and toxic organic pollutant emissions, the advantages of wet scrubbing become more pronounced. This paper provides an objective technical and economic evaluation of selected wet scrubbing and dry scrubbing systems for a generic waste-to-energy facility. The advantages and disadvantages of wet scrubbing are discussed and translated into cost benefits or penalties.     

Collection of Aerosol Particles by Electrostatic Droplet Spray Scrubbers

Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements show that the collection of small aerosol particles (0.05 to 5 micron diameter range) by water droplets in spray scrubbers can be substantially increased by electrostatically charging the droplets and particles to opposite polarity. Measurements with a 140 acfm two chamber spray scrubber (7 seconds gas residence time) showed an increase in the overall particle collection efficiency from 68.8% tit uncharged conditions to 93.6% at charged conditions, with a dioctyl phthalate aerosol (1.05 μm particle mass mean diameter and 2.59 geometric standard deviation). The collection efficiency for 0.3 μm particles increased from 35 to 87% when charged. During 1973–1974 a 1000 acfm pilot plant electrostatic scrubber was constructed inside a 40 ft trailer for evaluation on controlling particu-late emissions from pulp mill operations (funded by Northwest Pulp and Paper Association). Field tests performed on the particle emissions exhausting from SO₂ absorption towers treating the gases from a magnesium based sulfite recovery boiler have shown particle collection efficiencies ranging from about 60 to 99% by weight, depending on the electrostatic scrubber operating conditions. Energy requirements for the University of Washington electrostatic scrubber are about 0.5 hp/1000 acfm (350 Watts/1000 acfm) including gas pressure drop, water pressure drop, and electrostatic charging of the water spray droplets and the particles.     

The early detection of sulphur emissions reductions using Wet Deposition Measurements

This paper is the outgrowth of a workshop on the Detection of Trends in Wet Deposition Data, attended by atmospheric modellers, atmospheric chemists and statisticians in Toronto, November 1983. Methods for detecting changes or trends in network data which are described and evaluated include statistical and meteorological analyses of ‘before’ and ‘after’ time series at single stations, the analysis of changes in frequency distributions, and the analysis of entire network data sets. Relative advantages of using precipitation concentration vs deposition data sets are examined, and the added information on trends available from air concentration measurements (SO₂ and particle-SO₄²⁻) is shown. The paper concludes with recommendations for data requirements and preferred approaches to trend or change detection using available statistical and modelling techniques.     

粉煤灰混凝剂用于造纸黑液处理研究

在常温下，用硫酸、盐酸或其混合酸搅拌浸取粉煤灰2h，制得粉煤灰混凝剂。经混合酸处理的3^#粉煤灰混凝剂对造纸黑液混凝效果好，COD去除率为80％，浊度去除率为88％，色度达到2^4。添加了部分硫铁矿渣的6^#混凝剂，COD去除率为86％，浊度去除率可达94％。3^#混凝剂与PY型混凝剂、A12(S04)3、浓H2S04相比，具有去除效率高、运行费用低和以废治废的特点。     

利用复合添加剂研制免烧免蒸粉煤灰砖

论述了利用复合添加剂生产免烧免蒸粉煤灰砖的制造技术，并采用模糊数学和正交试验法求出最佳工艺参数。试验表明该项新技术生产的粉煤灰砖具有强度大、抗冻性与耐水性好及成本低等优点。