风淬钢渣对高炉渣基微晶玻璃性能的影响

以风淬钢渣和高炉渣为主要原料,采用一次烧结法制备微晶玻璃。结果表明,该方法制备的微晶玻璃主晶相为钙铝黄长石(Ca2Al2SiO7),还有少量的镁黄长石(Ca2MgSi2O7),钢渣最大用量达到50%;随着风淬钢渣含量的增加,样品的最佳烧结温度逐渐增加;烧结温度对样品析晶性能的影响明显大于风淬钢渣含量的影响;样品的抗折强度随风淬钢渣的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;样品的密度随风淬钢渣的增加而逐渐减小;直接用风淬钢渣和高炉渣制备出的微晶玻璃具有良好的抗折强度和耐酸碱性,抗折强度最大可达90 MPa,该方法为综合治理冶金渣污染及其综合利用开辟了新的途径。     

我国室内空气污染现状、成因与对策

室内空气污染严重影响公众健康 ,已经受到广泛关注。本文分析了我国室内空气污染的现状和成因 ,并从法规建设、监督管理、科学研究和宣传教育等方面介绍了我国控制室内空气污染的对策措施     

A Cost-Benefit Approach to Air Pollution Control

Air pollution has plagued the urban areas of our Nation for many years, both as a serious health hazard and as a costly economic burden. Users of the air as a waste disposal medium have treated it as a free resource with no regard for the damages incurred by receptors of the dirty air. Unfortunately, no self-regulating market forces exist that will bring this diseconomy into an acceptable equilibrium. An outside regulating force, which can affect abatement of air pollution, is needed to achieve control of air pollution to a level acceptable to a community. A prerequisite of any proposed regulatory action to be applied by an outside force, however, is the need to define an acceptable level of pollution. One means of accomplishing the task is to apply an economic evaluation, in the form of a cost-benefit analysis, to the problem. Previous analyses of the economic aspects of air pollution have stressed only one side of the problem. That is, they have dealt only with the cost of control or the damages caused by air pollution. No analysis has combined both aspects into a meaningful analysis of the overall economic impact. The objective of this paper is to present a technique that can be used to find the level of pollution abatement in an area that balances the cost of controlling pollution with the benefits received from its control. To present a clearer picture of this technique and its results, it has been applied to the Washington, D. C. area to find the optimum level of particulate abatement. This method is generally applicable to any area, in which an air pollution problem exists.     

Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during vitrification of incinerator ash in a coke bed furnace

Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the vitrification of fly ash and bottom ash from the municipal waste incinerator in a coke bed furnace was investigated. In this system, both coke and lime were added to enhance the melting reaction. The major PAH sources in this system were ash and coke, which respectively contributed 97% and 3% of PAHs in the input-mass. During vitrification process, low molecular PAHs (LM-PAH, 2-3-ring), median molecular PAHs (MM-PAH, 4-ring) and high molecular PAHs (HM-PAH, 5-7-ring) mass respectively accounted for >99%, >99% and 84% of the output-mass emitted as the stack flue gas; while those discharged from the slag were <1%, <1% and 16%, respectively. The O/I (output-mass/input-mass) ratio of LM-, MM- and HM-PAHs were 0.063, 0.002 and <0.001, respectively. The high distribution in flue gas and O/I ratio of LM-PAHs is reasonable since they are more easily evaporated, hence difficult to be removed by air pollution control devices. On the contrary, the HM-PAHs, having lower vapor pressure, primarily stays mainly in slag. Based on the 21 total PAH content in feeding ash and slag, the reduction efficiency of the coke bed furnace was >99.9%. To minimize the risk of secondary pollution, the efficiency of coke bed furnace should be improved to reduce the PAH emission into ambient air.     

Investigating Inhalation Hazard Using Synthetic Radioactive Fallout

Air pollution control efforts by federal, State, regional, and municipal agencies and by industry have expanded tremendously within the past few years. That this increased effort is a reflection of elevated public understanding of the problem and rising public insistence upon action is inescapable. Through all media of mass communication, through the efforts of public service organizations, and through the actions and pronouncements of public officials at all levels of government, the popular desire for better control of air pollution is being expressed with mounting frequency and increasing impact. This fact, in addition to generating an unprecedented expansion in control activity, requires that communication between the individuals and agencies responsible for air pollution control and the citizen, to whom this responsibility is owed, be open, comprehensive, and forthright. Any other response to the need for public information and education concerning the problem of air pollution must in the long run seriously jeopardize the air pollution control effort.     

Are We Ready for Ambient Air Quality Standards

The legal basis for the control of air pollution has progressed from nuisance law to the statutory regulation of specific substances as the sophistication of the sciences involved has progressed. But, the control of air pollution by pursuing air pollutants one by one as evidence accumulates against them seems clearly inadequate to a technology producing new pollutants at an almost geometric rate and inappropriate to the gathering body of evidence relating air pollution to health effects. To understand the need for changed control concepts it is necessary to understand the biological problem and the evidence that has been accumulated.     

Epa Looks At “Fugitive Emissions”

The various aspects of two similar but indeed different air pollution problems are discussed. Both fugitive emissions (industrial) and fugitive dust emissions represent problems affecting attainment of national standards. Both are difficult to quantify so as to determine the relative magnitude of the problem. Both have been generally overlooked in the past in relation to developing an effective and widespread air pollution control program. Both problems will generally require the use of non-conventional air pollution control measures. Both are also becoming the subject of more intensive investigation as more knowledge is being gathered to implicate such emissions as significant air pollution problems.     

Policies to cope with air pollution in Europe: the Auto-oil Programme in the case of Athens

Air pollution is one of the most crucial current environmental problems, especially in urban areas. To confront air pollution, the European Union has implemented several policies and programmes. Among these, the Auto-oil Programme is a cost-effective framework which involves all relevant actors (car-makers, oil industries, governments, local authorities, etc.) in concerted action. Athens faces a severe air pollution problem. In this respect, Auto-oil seems to offer a promising chance for Athens to improve its atmosphere. The present paper examines the effectiveness of the Auto-oil Programme to relieve air pollution in Athens. Several additional measures are proposed whenever it seems to be necessary.     

European Air Pollution, 1964

A study was made of the status of air pollution technology and research in Western Europe during the spring and summer of 1964. This report is based primarily upon information obtained by interview, visitation and observation at various industrial operations, governmental research laboratories, and communities. Various approaches to odor abatement are described. Vegetation damage from air pollution, and the community air pollution problem are discussed. Trends in research, standard sampling and analysis methods, and performance standards are reported.     

Air pollution and its economic impacts at household level: willingness to pay for environmental services in Pakistan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Air pollution has become a major global problem. Thus, the goal of this study was to find out the economic impacts (treatment cost) of air pollution...     

Have driving restrictions reduced air pollution: evidence from prefecture-level cities of China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - With rapid economic development, air pollution became a serious problem in China. Vehicle’s exhaust emissions are among the main sources of air...     

A Practical Relationship Between Government and Industry

The science of air pollution control is making significant advances and a practical working arrangement between all levels of government and industry must be achieved. Lawmakers, scientists, and industry must work side by side in combatting air pollution; there is no other approach that will give the problem the attention it deserves. How this might be accomplished is the subject of this article.     

An Analysis of State Air Pollution Conrol Expenditures

Air pollution control, a significant problem facing state governments, receives a varying amount of fiscal resources in each state. The purpose of this paper is to examine social, economic, and political factors that may be related to state air pollution control expenditures. The indicators of the social-economic factors are urbanization, industrial pollution potential, income, and industrialization. The indicators of the political system are interparty competition, malapportionment, voter participation, local control effort, and general state expenditure efforts. The findings show that the few states expending for air pollution control in 1963 were, for the most part, characterized by a high level of economic development. In 1967, states at all levels of economic development allocated revenues for air pollution, although the more developed continued to hold an edge. In neither year did the political variables differentiate between levels of expenditure. The reasons advanced for the expenditure behavior in 1963 are the historical predominance of local control and the structural limitations of state governments. The wider, and increased, expenditures in 1967 are assessed to be the result of federal grants, the vigorous effort put forth by state control officials, and the increased public concern for the problem.     

The Crisis in Air Pollution Manpower Development

There is a crisis in air pollution manpower development within the United States today. This is the conclusion drawn from a series of three studies recently conducted by the National Air Pollution Manpower Development Advisory Committee. These studies, designed to define the essential components of a total manpower development program and to evaluate current efforts on specific segments of such a program, showed that the existing Federal manpower program fails to address many of the problem areas needing attention, that greater effort needs to be directed to meeting the air pollution educational requirements of State highway departments and planning agencies, and that the quality of most graduate level university programs in air pollution control is on the decline because of the withdrawal of Federal financial support.     

Air pollution in cities

Air quality in cities is the result of a complex interaction between natural and anthropogenic environmental conditions. Air pollution in cities is a serious environmental problem – especially in the developing countries. The air pollution path of the urban atmosphere consists of emission and transmission of air pollutants resulting in the ambient air pollution. Each part of the path is influenced by different factors. Emissions from motor traffic are a very important source group throughout the world. During transmission, air pollutants are dispersed, diluted and subjected to photochemical reactions. Ambient air pollution shows temporal and spatial variability. As an example of the temporal variability of urban air pollutants caused by motor traffic, typical average annual, weekly and diurnal cycles of NO, NO₂, O₃ and O_x are presented for an official urban air-quality station in Stuttgart, southern Germany. They are supplemented by weekly and diurnal cycles of selected percentile values of NO, NO₂, and O₃. Time series of these air pollutants give information on their trends. Results are discussed with regard to air pollution conditions in other cities. Possibilities for the assessment of air pollution in cities are shown. In addition, a qualitative overview of the air quality of the world's megacities is given.     

A model for interprovincial air pollution control based on futures prices

Based on the current status of research on tradable emission rights futures, this paper introduces basic market-related assumptions for China’s interprovincial air pollution control problem. The authors construct an interprovincial air pollution control model based on futures prices: the model calculated the spot price of emission rights using a classic futures pricing formula, and determined the identities of buyers and sellers for various provinces according to a partitioning criterion, thereby revealing five trading markets. To ensure interprovincial cooperation, a rational allocation result for the benefits from this model was achieved using the Shapley value method to construct an optimal reduction program and to determine the optimal annual decisions for each province. Finally, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region was used as a case study, as this region has recently experienced serious pollution. It was found that the model reduced the overall cost of reducing SO₂ pollution. Moreover, each province can lower its cost for air pollution reduction, resulting in a win–win solution. Adopting the model would therefore enhance regional cooperation and promote the control of China’s air pollution.

Implications: The authors construct an interprovincial air pollution control model based on futures prices. The Shapley value method is used to rationally allocate the cooperation benefit. Interprovincial pollution control reduces the overall reduction cost of SO₂. Each province can lower its cost for air pollution reduction by cooperation.     

Public Opinion and Community Involvement

A poll conducted by Opinion Research Corp. in 1965 has indicated to the chemical industry that there is substantial public concern with air pollution only in areas where the problem is critical, that industries are considered among the prime villains, and that there is only limited public awareness of industrial efforts to deal with pollution problems and of the economic factors in community pollution control programs. Other surveys have also pointed to rising public concern with industrial pollution, coupled with a lack of wider standing of the problem. The chemical industry believes that pollution control programs will be greatly handicapped without widespread public understanding and support.     

上海市霾污染判别指标体系初步研究

随着全球变暖及工业污染排放的蔓延式发展,由空气污染带来的区域能见度恶化越来越成为中国东部经济发达地区所面临的严重区域性问题,常出现大范围的雾霾天气,造成区域空气质量的恶化及能见度水平的下降.基于对能见度及相对湿度、颗粒物浓度和组分的观测分析及影响能见度的相对湿度和空气污染因子的理论分析,提出了环保范畴内的霾污染概念,并制定了包括能见度、颗粒物浓度及其组分的上海市霾污染判别指标体系,基于颗粒物组分观测数据,对相对湿度因子进行了参数化.根据所提出的指标体系,通过上海市某点位一年观测数据的跟踪分析发现,根据霾污染判别指标体系计算得到的霾污染天数与气象学意义上的霾天数具有很好的对应关系,且新的判别指标体系能很好地区分霾污染和浮尘过程.     

Public Awareness and Concern with Air Pollution in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area

The public attitudes survey involving St. Louis City, St. Louis County, and Madison and St. Clair Counties, Illinois, was completed and published in the fall of 1964. A total of 1002 respondents gave needed information for the development of an acceptable abatement program. Substantial proportions from the study area expressed the view that they have had some negative reaction to the quality of the air. These respondents indicated that air pollution meant, primarily, odor and smoke with residents of some localities indicating other significant elements. The interviewed persons felt that factories and businesses were the prime causal agents in the existence of air pollution. Over 90 percent of all respondents felt that some governmental agency should do something about air pollution in the St. Louis area, with some bi-state metropolitan agency being the principal choice. The residents also expressed a willingness to pay minimal tax support for such a program. Indications as to the significance of air pollution in a general problems context, difference in attitudes between sub-sections of the study area, and more detailed analysis of the problem, its causes, and possible cures are contained in the study r     

Control of Contaminant Emissions From Fossil Fuel-Fired Boilers

The importance of fuels combustion was brought into sharp focus recently in a report on air pollution to the United States Senate in which it was stated, “These processes replace usable air with potentially harmful pollutants, and the capability of the atmosphere to disperse and dilute these pollutants—especially in urban areas where people, vehicles, and industries congregate in even greater numbers—is strictly limited.”¹ The overwhelming burden of emissions of sulfur compounds, as well as nitrogen compounds and particulate matter in the U. S. today, originates from the burning of coal and fuel oil in stationary combustion sources. Thus, combustion has a large influence on the quality of the atmosphere in most urban areas. The air pollution effects of these contaminants are many and varied and all are objectionable and undesirable. Without a doubt, the most serious air pollution problem in the nation today is that created by the combustion of fossil fuels.