Economics and Alternatives for Sulfur Removal from Coke Oven Gas

Two processes are currently being employed in North America for the desulfurization of coke oven gas, the Vacuum Carbonate System, and the Stretford System. A third, the Sulfi-ban Process, which was recently announced, now has several plants scheduled for construction. Overall operating requirements for each of these processes are considered in detail. Emphasis is placed on an identification of power and steam requirements, the types and amounts of solid and/or liquid waste streams produced together with methods for their treatment, and the net desulfurization efficiencies achieved by each process. Detailed estimates of capital and operating costs for desulfurization are considered, and equipment needs for environmental control requirements are discussed.     

Desulfurization of Caribbean Fuel

An American Petroleum Institute study of desulfurization of Caribbean fuel oil was completed in February 1967. The report is unique in that proprietary information was made available to the contractor, the Bechtel Corp., by task force members and licensors of desulfurization processes. Thus confidential information never before available to a single organization was used to develop feasibility and incremental costs of various processes for desulfurization. The report provides needed guideposts for decision-making by governmental units as well as by industry. Incremental costs are presented for intermediate levels of desulfurization from the normal level for Caribbean heavy fuel oil of 2.6% down to 0.5%, as well as the sensitivity of costs to sulfur credits and to rate of recovery of invested capital. Degree of justifiable confidence in the various data is discussed. Effects of desulfurization on other characterisics of the fuel oil are also discussed.     

新型转式垃圾焚烧过程中脱氯脱硫机理的研究

为了探讨有机垃圾焚烧过程钙基添加剂对HCl,SO_x生成特性的影响,分别在自行设计的中空水冷转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中进行了一系列的实验,研究结果表明新型转式焚烧炉具有强化传热传质特性,能提高HCl、SO_x的脱除率,可抑制有害气体的生成;同时也研究了 HCl,SO₂气体同时存在时,钙基添加剂对脱氯脱硫效率的影响规律。     

灰水喷雾增湿简易脱硫工艺的工业试验研究

本文介绍了以灰水作为增湿剂的喷雾增湿简易脱硫工艺的原理、流程、工程概况和工业试验 ,分析并研究了运行效果 ,探讨了存在的主要问题 ,进行了技术和经济评价     

Application of the Lime/Limestone Flue Gas Desulfurization Process to Smelter Gases

In this presentation, adaptation of the lime/limestone process for flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is discussed and how this process can be adapted to applications in the nonferrous smelting industry such as fugitive gases, copper reverberatory furnace gases, lead sintering gases, molybdenum roasting plant tail gases, and other weak SO₂ smelter gases. Different methods for particulate removal are also discussed with emphasis on how the particulate removal process can be integrated with the desulfurization process.     

石灰和石灰石湿法脱硫系统运行控制指标探讨

钙基脱硫剂湿式脱硫系统是目前市场上广泛采用的烟气脱硫系统。文章分析了石灰和石灰石自身不同的物理化学特性对湿法脱硫系统运行控制指标的影响,得出了对于采用石灰和石灰石作为脱硫剂的湿式脱硫系统的最佳pH为8．0和5．8～6．2,脱硫浆液流量与烟气流量之比为10．0和5．6,钙硫比(化学过量比)为1．05～1．15和1．25～1．60。     

ORP as slurry oxidation index and model modification in wet desulfurization system

ABSTRACT

Due to wet desulfurization system lacks effective control indicators for the oxidation process, so the sulfite oxidation in the slurry and the quality of gypsum become unstable. In this paper actual desulfurization system operation data are used to improve the ORP semi-empirical formula obtained in the laboratory. It was concluded that the ORP was mainly affected by the concentration of sulfite and pH during the operation of the actual desulfurization system, the dissolved oxygen was less affected by the small concentration change during operation. It is verified that the model can correct the ORP measurement value by using other conventional measurement data from the power plant. The results can provide theoretical support for adding ORP as a control index to optimize the oxidation process.     

利用纯碱厂碱性废液进行烟气脱硫(FGD)工艺试验研究

纯碱厂在生产纯碱过程中要排放出大量碱性废液 ,如果利用其作为净化锅炉烟气的脱硫剂 ,不仅减低了脱硫剂费用 ,而且消除了SO2 污染。本文在简单分析旋流板塔式除尘脱硫装置的结构和工作原理的基础上 ,探讨了利用碱性废液进行烟气除尘脱硫的主要影响因素 ,并找出了最佳操作条件。试验结果表明 :利用纯碱厂排放的碱性废液———一次盐泥进行锅炉烟气脱硫可以取得较高的净化效率 ,同时解决了因为碱性废液排放而给周围水域带来的污染。旋流板塔式除尘脱硫装置结构简单 ,脱硫效率高 ,并且运行安全稳定 ,是一项值得推广的技术     

石灰与石灰石作湿法脱硫剂的比较

石灰、石灰石是最常用的湿法脱硫剂。从反应机理、运行控制指标、液气比和钙硫比（化学过量比）、浆液循环池等方面对其性能作了比较。两者的脱硫机理、运行控制指标不同,受温度的影响程度也不同。两系统的最小液气比分别为10．0和5．6,化学过量比分别为1．05～1．15和1．25～1．60。前者的脱硫效力优于后者。     

软锰矿浆烟气脱硫动力学研究

研究了软锰矿浆烟气脱硫工艺SO2与软锰矿反应的动力学特征,考察了搅拌强度、温度和SO2浓度等因素对反应速率的影响,计算出反应活化能和反应级数,建立了揭示SO2与软锰矿反应动力学特征的锰浸出速率方程.     

软锰矿浆烟气脱硫动力学研究

研究了软锰矿浆烟气脱硫工艺SO2与软锰矿反应的动力学特征,考察了搅拌强度、温度和SO2浓度等因素对反应速率的影响,计算出反应活化能和反应级数,建立了揭示SO2与软锰矿反应动力学特征的锰浸出速率方程.     

Laboratory Wind Tunnel and Model Studies to Improve Gas Velocity Distribution in Cottrell Precipitators

Corrosion of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbing equipment is one of several critical problems facing both the power industry operating these units and the engineering firms that have to select materials of construction for the specific processes. The various processes and the status of flue-gas desulfurization technology were discussed at the 68th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association.¹     

炭法烟气脱硫技术现状与趋势

介绍了炭法烟气脱硫在脱硫剂、脱硫工艺和设备等方面的应用现状和研究进展 ,分析了制约炭法烟气脱硫技术发展的原因 ,并提出 :开发新材料、新工艺 ,变传统的炭吸附法脱硫技术为炭催化法脱硫技术是炭法脱硫技术的发展方向     

Status of the DOE/GEESI In-Duct Scrubbing Pilot Study

The recent promulgation of stack height regulations and possible changes in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for sulfur dioxide and the associated dispersion model methodologies, could require older power plants to develop new compliance strategies and upgrade emission control systems. In such situations, an inexpensive, moderate removal efficiency flue gas desulfurization technology could maintain the cost effectiveness of these plants. Such a technology was selected by the Department of Energy for demonstration in its Acid Rain Precursor Control Technology Initiative. The process applies the rotary atomizer techniques developed for lime slurry dry flue gas desulfurization spray absorbers, and utilizes existing ductwork and particulate collectors. This induct scrubbing technology is anticipated to result in a dry desulfurization process of moderate removal efficiency. The critical elements for successful application are (i) adequate mixing for efficient reactant contact, (ii) sufficient residence time to produce a non-wetting product, and (iii) appropriate ductwork cross sectional areas to prevent deposition of reaction products before drying. The ductwork in many older power plants, previously modified to meet 1970 Clean Air Act requirements for particulate control, usually meets these criteria. A pilot study of the process is now in design-construct phase. Testing will start in 1987 and determine conditions under which the technology would be a cost effective approach to meeting emission reduction design criteria     

高效喷淋泡沫脱硫技术及装置的应用

SO2是产生酸雨的主要气体,其主要来源于工业燃煤锅炉.以沈阳一家电厂为例,该厂选用新型高效的喷淋泡沫脱硫除尘器对锅炉排放的SO2进行治理.进入喷淋泡沫塔前的SO2平均浓度为2780 mg/m3,经脱硫后出塔平均浓度为289.3 mg/m3,去除率为89.6%.结果表明,这种有别于传统湿法的新型高效的喷淋泡沫脱硫技术及装置具有脱硫效率高、装置占地少、运行稳定、沉淀物易于回收利用等特点,对锅炉排放的SO2进行治理是非常有效的.     

脱硫反应器及其应用

脱硫反应器是脱硫工艺的核心装置 ,其技术和脱硫指标将制约和决定脱硫工艺的效率。在分析中 ,比较全面地介绍和比较了近年来主要的烟气脱硫反应器设备和研究成果及应用情况 ,指出了脱硫反应器的发展方向     

石灰石湿法脱硫过程中SO2吸收数学模型

为揭示石灰石湿法脱硫体系中喷淋塔内SO2的浓度和脱硫效率的变化情况,针对喷淋塔内石灰石在气膜控制、气液膜控制和固体溶解控制的3个不同阶段,以双膜理论为基础,以单个石灰石颗粒为研究对象,通过石灰石在不同阶段的转化率和粒径变化,得到SO2在不同阶段脱硫效率随时间的变化规律,建立SO2吸收的数学模型.模型计算结果表明,在烟气行程上,脱硫效率受SO2气膜传质阻力和石灰石溶解速率限制.在吸收塔底部和上端SO2吸收速率较低,在SO2和石灰石摩尔比在适宜条件下,有效吸收段高度为2 m左右.理论模型揭示的规律对喷淋塔的设计和运行参数选取有一定借鉴意义.     

生物滴滤池脱除烟气中SO2的实验研究

将分离筛选得到的氧化亚铁硫杆菌固定在生物滴滤池的填料上,组成生物滴滤池反应系统,并研究了进气SO2浓度、气体流量、液气比、循环液中铁离子浓度对脱硫效率的影响,此外还分析了该反应系统的脱硫机理.     

石灰石高温煤气脱硫的试验研究

采用天然石灰石做脱硫剂,在固定床上进行硫化氢高温脱除的试验研究,考察了脱硫剂粒径、反应温度、气速及高温煤气中H2对石灰石脱硫性能的影响,同时还用热重分析(TG)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)等测试手段对脱硫剂的物相组成和结构等进行了表征。结果表明,脱硫剂的粒径对脱硫效果的影响很大,0.38～0.83 mm的石灰石脱硫效果最佳;温度对脱硫效果的影响比较复杂,最佳的操作温度为850℃;气速对脱硫效果的影响较明显,脱硫剂的穿透时间随气速的减小而加长;H₂对脱硫过程起阻碍作用,气速越小,这种阻碍作用越明显。     

湿法烟气脱硫反应过程的实验研究

在石灰石/石膏湿法烟气脱硫中试台上,系统开展了浆液pH值、飞灰浓度、液气比、入口SO2浓度、烟气速度和氧化方式等对脱硫反应过程影响的实验研究。实验表明,脱硫效率随着石膏浆液pH值、液气比的升高而增加,且入口SO2浓度越高,液气比越低,影响效应越明显;脱硫效率随着烟气速度、烟气温度和入口SO2浓度的增加而下降;石膏浆液中飞灰含量对系统脱硫效率具有一定的促进作用:pH值>5.6,飞灰浸出液中Fe3+含量相对较低,Fe3+对脱硫反应过渡态催化氧化影响程度较轻,不同工况脱硫效率差别不大。pH值<5.6,飞灰浸出液中Fe3+含量随pH值降低而增大,增效效果逐渐显著;氧化方式对脱硫反应过程有明显的影响,强制氧化工艺的脱硫效率比自然氧化的高5%左右。