Reducing Emissions from Refuse Disposal

Estimates indicate that approximately 2.6% of the total atmospheric pollution in this country may originate as a result of refuse disposal. Although this may appear to be a comparatively low figure, it is important to note that refuse disposal is a universal problem: wherever we go, be the area urban, or rural, waste must be disposed of and in most cases the methods of disposal produce air pollution. Tabulated data indicates that the per capita rate of production has been increasing annually. In the city of Hartford, the quantity of refuse that is being burned in the municipal incinerator has been increasing at a rate of 5%/year. A comparison of the air pollutants emitted from open burning at a refuse disposal area, backyard burning and incineration of refuse in a municipal multiple chamber incinerator indicates that the quantity of pollutants emitted from the latter source is much less than those emitted from the other sources. The effect of having legislation with, enforcement authority and a program for regular inspections, has resulted in marked improvements of refuse disposal operations in Connecticut since June, 1966. Most of the burning still being done at refuse disposal areas is limited to only brush and demolition material. A multi-purpose incinerator is presently under construction in the city of Stamford, Conn. It is planned to demonstrate that not only bulky wastes and auto bodies, but also liquid wastes can be burned in the same unit without creating any adverse effect on the environment. This incinerator will be provided with an electrostatic precipitator for removing particulate emissions.

New methods of refuse disposal which are being tried are briefly described in this paper. All these methods tend to reduce or eliminate air pollution along with eliminating the health hazards normally related with open face dump type of operations.

The continual technological progress and improvements in methods of manufacture, packaging, and marketing of consumer products along with the economic, population, and industrial growth of the nation has resulted in an ever-mounting increase and change in the characteristics of the mass of material being discarded by the purchaser. In May 1967, a Three-State Conference on Air Resource Management was held at the City College of the City University of New York. This conference consisted of a number of panels or committees which discussed specialized areas of the problem of air pollution and its control. A portion of the introductory remarks from the panel report of the Solid Waste Committee1 is as follows:     

香港城市固体废物系统管理

本文以大量翔实的数据介绍了香港对城市固体废物的系统管理,即分类、收集、监测分析、处理和预测评价。香港环保署自８０ 年代开始对城市固体废物进行监测并系统管理。在全港设置了３ 个大型策略性填埋场、５ 个垃圾转运站、１ 个垃圾焚烧厂（１９９７ 年５ 月关闭） 和１个化学废物处理中心。目前,香港政府正筹建一个新的、技术先进的焚烧厂。从１９８６ ～１９９７年,这些废物处理设施处理全港废物量为８９６０ ～２４３００ｔ／ｄ,其中城市固体废物比例每年不等,最低为３０ ．７ ％ ,最高为６５ ．５ ％ 。１９９７ 年,这些废物中可循环再利用物接近５０ ％ ,出口部分达１２０ 多万吨,回收资金２０ 多亿港元。根据历年来城市固体废物量与本地生产总值（ＧＤＰ）和人口数量的密切相关性,预测出２０１１ 年城市固体废物人均产率为２ ．５６ｋｇ／ 人·ｄ, 城市固体废物量为１２８１０ ｔ／ｄ。城市固体废物系统管理紧迫而重要,香港的经验是值得我们借鉴的。     

我国垃圾焚烧处理现状及其发展

本文对我国垃圾焚烧处理的现状和发展趋势进行了综述。垃圾焚烧处理符合资源化、减量化和无害化的原则,由于经济技术水平的限制,我国城市垃圾的处理主要是以填埋和堆肥为主,焚烧法处理占的比例较少,随着经济技术水平的提高,焚烧处理垃圾将得到迅速的发展。我国垃圾焚烧处理的发展应积极的引进、吸收、消化国外的先进技术,开发生产适合我国国情的垃圾焚烧设备;加强法规建设,实现垃圾焚烧处理的规范化管理;开发废气净化设备及其二次污染控制设备;确保焚烧废气达标排放;有效的对垃圾焚烧排放污染物的监控,保证垃圾焚烧处理设施安全、高效的运行。     

Dioxins not detected in effluents from coal/refuse combustion

No 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin was detected in effluents from a power plant burning coal supplemented with processed municipal wastes. These negative findings, in contrast with the many reports of the presence of dioxins from waste incineration, are proposed to be due to the high temperature of 1200°C for the combustion of small pieces of refuse with adequate oxygen for times sufficient to insure complete oxidation.     

An Evaluation of Commercial Hazardous Waste Thermal Destruction Capacity

Thermal destruction capacity for commercial hazardous waste in the United States is examined to determine current and future capacity requirements. This study focuses on commercial incinerators and cement kilns burning conventional hazardous wastes. Aggregate maximum and available capacity estimates are derived using the most recent information. On a national basis, available capacity far exceeds present demand. On a regional basis, capacity appears sufficient with the exception of the California area. However, this shortfall appears insignificant given the overall capacity situation. While incineration demand may increase for solids and sludges as a consequence of Land Ban disposal restrictions and other reasons, capacity for these wastes again appears sufficient to meet current and projected demands. Thus, arguments that additional commercial incineration capacity will be needed to accommodate an expected increase in incinerable hazardous waste cannot be supported by the available information. The analysis raises concerns about the determination of realistic capacity estimates, and the lack of interaction between the capacity assurance process that documents the need for capacity and state siting processes for new waste management facilities. The excess incineration capacity shown in this paper will contribute to the successful implementation of EPA’s goal to reduce national capacity.     

城市生活垃圾中转站举升装置设计与应用

对地平式城市垃圾中转站的 3种举升装置进行了详细分析 ,指出了其存在的问题 ,提出了一种新型的链条式城市垃圾中转站举升装置 ,它结构紧凑 ,运行平稳可靠 ,成本低 ,噪音小 ,节能省电 ,是垃圾中转站新型优选产品 ,现已成功应用于环卫工程中     

基于集装化外运与综合型处理的上海城市生活垃圾管理对策

分析了上海市区生活垃圾收运处理现状与问题,借鉴国外特大城市生活垃圾收运处理管理经验和教训,提出了将现有垃圾水运系统升级改造为集装化水陆联运系统、将现有老港废弃物处置场扩建为生活垃圾分类、生化处理、焚烧发电、填埋等多种技术有机组合的综合型处理基地的方案,为改善上海市生活垃圾收运与处理处置系统提出可行的对策建议.     

垃圾分选设备及垃圾处理技术展望

我国是人口大国 ,随着人民生活水平的不断提高 ,现有的垃圾处理技术已逐渐不能适应产量日益增长与成分不断复杂化的垃圾处理的需要 ,垃圾处理急需一场革命性的变化 ,必须摆脱现有城市垃圾处理三大方法面临的技术上难以避免的弊端和“阴影”。也就是说 ,垃圾处理应该从垃圾分选设备技术整体创新入手 ,引入一整套的垃圾机械处理联合装置及各种新型的联合处理方法 ,使垃圾处理成本大大降低 ,从而产生一次历史转折性的突破 ,带动和实现垃圾处理的产业化。为了达到这一目标 ,对垃圾处理需要重点解决的技术难关进行了探讨与展望     

Atmospheric Emissions from Open Burning

Emission data have been derived from the simulated open burning of municipal refuse, landscape refuse, and automobile components. The data confirm that disposal of refuse by open, uncontrolled burning invariably leads to higher emissions than incineration and creates an unnecessary air pollution problem.     

湿解焚烧综合处理垃圾技术的原理及应用

详细介绍了湿解焚烧处理生活垃圾技术的原理和其在武汉经济技术开发区的具体应用，并简述了其在一段时间的调试和运行后表现出的优点。为国内未来垃圾气化熔融焚烧技术的推广提供了参考。     

湿解焚烧综合处理垃圾技术的原理及应用

详细介绍了湿解焚烧处理生活垃圾技术的原理和其在武汉经济技术开发区的具体应用,并简述了其在一段时间的调试和运行后表现出的优点.为国内未来垃圾气化熔融焚烧技术的推广提供了参考.     

Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Management in China

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the current status and identify the problems of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in China in order to determine appropriate remedial strategies. This is the first of two papers, discussing primarily the general characteristics of MSW and its management in China. The second paper focuses on specific remedial strategies. MSW generation in China has increased rapidly in the past 20 years from 31.3 million tons in 1980 to 113.0 million tons in 1998. The annual rate of increase is 3–10%. The average generation per capita is 1.0 kg/day (0.38 t/year). Nearly one-half of the waste generated is dumped in the suburbs, where the accumulated quantity has reached 6 billion tons, which has caused heavy environmental pollution. This paper provides information on MSW management in China, such as MSW generation and its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Low calorific value and high moisture content characterize China's municipal waste. Other issues related to MSW management in China are also discussed, including the factors that influence MSW generation quantity and quality, MSW collection, transfer and transport, treatment and disposal, material recovery, legislation, enforcement, and administration.     

医疗垃圾的现状及处理对策

在评述各类医疗垃圾危害性及现有处理方法基础上提出，应重视医疗垃圾和生活垃圾的区分，医疗垃圾的最佳处置方法是焚烧，医疗废水的处理方法应建立在科学论证的基础上，并建议尽快出台相应的法规及政策。     

Polymers as Solid Waste in Municipal Landfills

Abstract

Synthetic polymers reach municipal landfills as components of products such as waste household paints, packaging films, storage containers, carpet fibers, and absorbent sanitary products. Some polymers in consumer products that reach landfills are designed to photodegrade or biodegrade. This article examines the significance of degradable polymers in management of solid waste in municipal landfills. Most landfills are not designed to photodegrade or biodegrade solid waste. Landfill disposal of stable polymers such as polyacrylics and polyethylenes is not associated with significant polymer degradation or mobility. Stability to photodegradation and biodegradation is an advantage when municipal landfills are used for disposal of polymer products as solid waste. Use of landfill disposal can be a responsible means to manage polymer waste and can be part of an overall waste management plan which includes source reduction, recycling, reuse, composting, and waste-to-energy incineration.     

Codisposal of municipal refuse, sewage sludge and marine dredgings for methane production

As marine disposal of sewage sludge and dredged sediments may impose serious adverse effects to marine ecosystems, landfilling seems to be the most feasible method for the final disposal of these wastes. A batch experiment was conducted to study waste degradation and gas production after sewage sludge and marine dredgings were mixed with municipal refuse at 13 different ratios for 36 days. The addition of sludge and dredgings to municipal refuse enhanced gas production, compared with the degradation of refuse or sludge alone. A proper mixing ratio of wastes can also shorten the time to reach the final phase of anaerobiosis. The highest gas production was obtained from the ratio of 75-20-5 (refuse-sludge-dredgings) (wet weight basis). Its average daily gas production rate was 1.42 l kg(-1) waste mixture; methane content was 68.3%. The results indicated that codisposal of the three wastes would be beneficial for energy recovery from landfill gas.     

城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场恶臭的防治技术进展

恶臭污染已成为垃圾处理和处置过程中的严重公害。在分析中,介绍了填埋场各区域恶臭的控制措施,综述了卫生填埋场恶臭的常规防治技术,重点讨论了生物技术在填埋场脱臭中的应用,这些防治技术对各类环境卫生设施,如垃圾收集站、中转站、焚烧场、堆肥厂及粪便处理厂的臭气治理均有借鉴意义。     

苏州市生活垃圾两种处置方法的生命周期影响评价

采用生命周期评价的方法,比较了苏州市垃圾填埋和垃圾焚烧2种处置方法对环境的影响。研究的系统范围主要包括垃圾收集、垃圾运输、垃圾填埋或焚烧以及发电等几个部分。采用收集的垃圾组分数据,利用IPCC推荐的模型等,计算了垃圾填埋和垃圾焚烧时CO₂等气体污染物的排放量。根据对垃圾渗滤液的实测数据,计算了水污染物的排放量。环境影响评价采用日本开发的AIST-LCA Ver4计算机软件进行。计算结果表明：垃圾填埋的生态币值要大得多,可见垃圾焚烧对环境的影响比垃圾填埋的影响要小。所获得的结论较为客观地反映了对环境的影响,可以作为中国城市垃圾处置决策的参考依据。     

Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in China

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the current status and identify the problems of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in China in order to determine appropriate remedial strategies. This is the first of two papers, discussing primarily the general characteristics of MSW and its management in China. The second paper focuses on specific remedial strategies. MSW generation in China has increased rapidly in the past 20 years from 31.3 million tons in 1980 to 113.0 million tons in 1998. The annual rate of increase is 3-10%. The average generation per capita is 1.0 kg/day (0.38 t/year). Nearly one-half of the waste generated is dumped in the suburbs, where the accumulated quantity has reached 6 billion tons, which has caused heavy environmental pollution. This paper provides information on MSW management in China, such as MSW generation and its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Low calorific value and high moisture content characterize China's municipal waste. Other issues related to MSW management in China are also discussed, including the factors that influence MSW generation quantity and     

Chemical Manufacturers Association 1984 Hazardous Waste Survey

This paper discusses the Chemical Manufacturers Association's 1984 survey of the chemical industry's hazardous waste management practices. The survey data include a breakdown of how the industry's hazardous wastes are managed, detailing generation, treatment and disposal, and cover 725 plants in 81 companies. The 1984 survey is the third CM A hazardous waste survey, and the paper discusses resultant waste treatment trends from 1981- 1984, the period covered by previous surveys. A total of 278.5 million tons of hazardous waste was treated and disposed by survey respondents. Of this, 276.8 million tons was hazardous wastewater and 1.7 million tons was solid hazardous waste. The survey solid hazardous waste total was projected to the entire industry (Standard Industrial Code 2800) and is estimated at 6.9 million tons. The survey showed continued decreasing trends in hazardous waste generation in the chemical industry. It demonstrated changes in hazardous waste management practices, with decreased use of landfills and increased incineration of the solid wastes that are generated.     

Incineration at Bayou Bonfouca Remediation Project

The Bayou Bonfouca hazardous waste site is located in Slidell, Louisiana, approximately 96 kilometers (60 miles) northeast of New Orleans. This site is ranked number 1,006 on the National Priorities List of Superfund sites. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a remedial investigation in 1986 and determined the primary potential exposure sources to be groundwater, surface waste piles, and contaminated sediment in Bayou Bonfouca. Based on the results of investigations, EPA and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality chose a remedy that involves dredging contaminated sediment from the bayou, excavating contaminated waste piles and soil, and incinerating the solid wastes in a transportable incinerator. The site remedy, which included incineration, was specified in the Record of Decision signed in March 1987.

Of the total 142,000 megagrams (Mg) (157,000 tons) of waste to be incinerated, approximately 119,000 Mg (132,000 tons) consist of hazardous sediment from the bayou; 22,600 Mg (25,000 tons) consist of lightly contaminated soils and waste piles, cellulosic materials, and other miscellaneous wastes on the ground. The solid wastes are primarily low heat content sediment and soils and cellulosic materials with polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations from milligrams per kilogram (parts per million) levels up to two percent. The dredged bayou sediment will be dewatered in six, 115-cubiometer (150-cubic-yard) plate and frame filter presses before processing in the incinerator. A rotary-kiln-based single train incinerator is deployed at Bayou Bonfouca to process the solid waste feed.

On-site pilot studies indicated that the PAHs in groundwater could be removed by on-site pumping, treatment, and discharge of treated effluent to the bayou. The groundwater treatment plant went on-stream in June 1991. Treatment involves oil/water separation, filtration, carbon bed adsorption, and aeration.

IT Corporation-OH Materials, a joint venture, was awarded a contract in May 1991 and a notice to proceed in February 1992 to remediate and restore the Bayou Bonfouca site. The remediation project includes air quality monitoring and controls, site preparation, dredging and excavation, bayou bank stabilization and monitoring, equipment mobilization and erection, the trial burn, incineration, demobilization, and site closure. The project completed a successful trial burn in November 1993, and the commercial operation began in December 1993. The expected duration of the project is 40 months from mobilization to site closure.