GC-profiles of chlorinated terpenes (Toxaphenes) in some Finnish environmental samples

The profiles of chlorinated terpenes in Finnish environmental samples were compared by GLC-SIM technique with those of toxaphene and Eastern European “dark”. The profiles in the seal blubber in the Northern and in the Eastern Baltic Sea proved to be similar. Chlorinated terpenes were found to be present in Finnish human milk.The spent bleach liquor of pine kraft pulp mill contained components having similar retention times and responses to those from toxaphene components.     

Evaluation of caged freshwater mussels as an alternative method for environmental effects monitoring (EEM) studies

On three occasions between 1998 and 2000, freshwater mussels were collected by divers in Lake Memphremagog during the spring and transplanted to various locations in the St-Fran?ois River (Quebec, Canada). Mussel growth was monitored by comparing total weight and length at the beginning and end of the exposure period. In 1998, mussels were caged for 60 days at 10 stations, including locations receiving treated effluents from three pulp and paper mills. Overall, there was an apparent trend of increased mussel growth from upstream to downstream along the river. However, mussels caged downstream from the effluent discharge of a bleached kraft pulp and paper mill grew more slowly than those caged immediately upstream in the river. In 1999 and 2000, we further investigated the situation in the vicinity of this bleached kraft mill. The measurements again indicated that growth of mussels in the effluent plume from this mill was reduced in comparison to sites upstream. Overall, in terms of growth, the caged mussels responded both positively and negatively to different environmental conditions. Compared with other monitoring approaches used at these sites during the same period, the caged mussel experiment results were consistent with the trends observed with the benthic invertebrate survey but not with the trends observed for fish.     

Analysis of aquatic humic material and high molecular weight components of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) by gradient gel electrophoresis

Three preparations of humic material (a commercial humic acid and material isolated from soil and from water) were analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gel slabs. All gave similar patterns showing four bands of material of molecular weights apparently ranging from a few hundred to about 20,000 as estimated by comparing their mobilities with those of protein markers. The high molecular weight material from bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) showed similar patterns with the addition of completely unresolved material of molecular weight up to about 100,000.

Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide slabs may prove valuable for the study of humic substances and other ill-defined polymeric materials.     

A Bibliography of Air Pollution Films

The purpose of this bibliography is to list and describe the motion pictures and film strips that are recent enough to be of use not only to those interested in air pollution control but also to those deeply involved in air pollution control effort.     

USEPA/paper industry cooperative dioxin study: The 104 mill study

This paper summarizes the distribution of concentrations of 2378 substituted dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in bleached kraft and sulfite mill pulps, wastewater sludges, and treated effluents in the U.S. in mid-1988.     

Formation of organochlorine compounds in kraft pulp bleaching processes

The most abundant volatile organochlorine compounds (VOCCs), trichloroacetic and dichloroacetic acids and AOX, were determined in bleaching effluent and waste water from three kraft pulp mills during ClO₂ bleaching. 0.6–7.7 g of VOCCs per ton bleached pulp were formed, the most abundant being chloroform and dichloroacetic acid methyl ester. Most of the VOCCs were removed during treatment, and it was estimated that 2–30 t of VOCCs would be removed annually from activated sludge treatment plants in Finnish kraft pulp mills using elemental chlorine free bleaching, most likely by volatilization. Dichloroacetic acid was formed in considerably higher amounts than trichloroacetic acid, and both compounds were removed effectively during treatment. The formation of all organochlorine compounds decreased considerably when non-chlorinated bleaching was employed.     

Effects of solar radiation on the fluorescence properties and molecular weight of fulvic acids from pulp mill effluents

The pulp and paper industry generates large volume of wastewater that adversely affects water resources. Lignin derived macromolecular compounds, similar to natural humic substances, are the main waste products in the pulp mill effluents. The UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies were used to assess the effect of solar exposition on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent. Solar irradiation of the solutions of these fulvic acids caused solution acidification and decay both in the UV-Vis absorbance and in the fluorescence. This decay was not the same for the whole spectra but pointed to the selective photodegradation of lignin typical structures. Furthermore, by sequential ultrafiltration it was found that during irradiation, the high-molecular weight fractions were destroyed and low-molecular-weight constituents, potentially more able to penetrate the cell membranes of living organisms were formed. Photodegradation of macromolecular organic matter from a kraft pulp mill effluent may be a key process occurring in natural waters that modifies the physicochemical properties of such effluents.     

Spectroscopic changes on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent caused by sun irradiation

Large volumes of wastewater with a high organic load are generated by the pulp and paper industry that negatively affect the quality of receiving waters. The main waste products in the pulp mill effluents are lignin derived macromolecular compounds, which are similar to natural humic substances and very resistant to wastewater treatments. Fulvic acids (FA) represent the higher percentage of these humic substances and it was observed that solar irradiation modify their properties. Several analytic tools, namely, UV–Visible, molecular fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies, were used to assess the effect of solar exposition on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent. It may be concluded that sun irradiation may alter to a high extent the physicochemical properties of macromolecular organic matter, namely fulvic acids, released by kraft pulp mill effluents. After solar exposition, the aromaticity decreases, the aliphatic structures become more oxygenated, and the fulvic acids from the pulp mill effluent remaining in solution are more similar to aquatic fulvic acids from non polluted sites.     

Spectroscopic changes on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent caused by sun irradiation

Large volumes of wastewater with a high organic load are generated by the pulp and paper industry that negatively affect the quality of receiving waters. The main waste products in the pulp mill effluents are lignin derived macromolecular compounds, which are similar to natural humic substances and very resistant to wastewater treatments. Fulvic acids (FA) represent the higher percentage of these humic substances and it was observed that solar irradiation modify their properties. Several analytic tools, namely, UV–Visible, molecular fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies, were used to assess the effect of solar exposition on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent. It may be concluded that sun irradiation may alter to a high extent the physicochemical properties of macromolecular organic matter, namely fulvic acids, released by kraft pulp mill effluents. After solar exposition, the aromaticity decreases, the aliphatic structures become more oxygenated, and the fulvic acids from the pulp mill effluent remaining in solution are more similar to aquatic fulvic acids from non polluted sites.     

Venturi Scrubber Performance

The object of this program was to study particle collection efficiency in venturi scrubbers in order to account for the effects of particle size and wettability, venturi size, and fluid flow rates. The body of information is directed to those interested in the prediction of particle collection efficiency in venturi scrubbers.     

Control of Malodors from Kraft Recovery Operations by Pyrolysis

The major source of malodorous emissions which emanate from kraft mills is the recovery furnace and its associated direct contact evaporator. The primary reasons for this problem are gross furnace overloading and/or inadequate design. Existing recovery furnaces are incapable of carrying out, to an acceptable degree of completion, the complex sequence of physical and chemical steps which describe combustion. These steps are evaporation, sublimination, pyrolysis, recombination, and oxidation. A simplified odor model is presented which establishes the constraints which must be placed on the combustion phase of the recovery operation if environmental concentrations of malodorous compounds are to be held below their respective threshold odor levels. The pyrolysis and recombination steps of combustion have been isolated for study because they encompass the reaction mechanisms responsible for malodorous compound production. The findings of the steady state pyrolysis study indicate that the optimization of pyrolysis appears to be a very desirable process technique for abating alodorous emissions from kraft mills. The comprehensive data obtained in the study has engendered the current design and construction efforts toward a pilot plant operation.     

A method for total organic chlorine determination in bleach plant recipient waters

A method, based on XAD-8 resin sorbtion and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), was developed for Total Organic Chlorine (TOCl) determinations. The method was applied to recipient waters of a kraft bleach plant, and the determined TOCl values compared with other parameters. The detection limit was about 10 μg/l.     

Sulphur Gas Analysis in the Pulp and Paper Industry

Various techniques of determining total reduced sulphur (TRS) gases that are emitted in the manufacture of pulp and paper, particularly in the kraft pulping process, are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on two types of popular TRS analyzers used in Canada, viz. coulometers and gas chromatographs, with a discussion on the automation of the latter.     

Controlled release systems to prevent the agro-environmental pollution derived from pesticide use

Different controlled release formulations (CRFs) of isoproturon, imidacloprid and cyromazine have been studied to contribute to diminish, somehow, the problems related to the application of conventional formulations. The alginate-based CRFs were based on sodium alginate (1.90%), Technical grade (TG) isoproturon or imidacloprid (1.20%), natural bentonite (3.30%), and water (93.6%), and the lignin-based CRF was based on kraft lignin (50.0%) and TG cyromazine (50.0%). The mobility of non-formulated TG pesticides and CRFs were compared by using soil columns. The use of CRFs retard release and reduce the presence of pesticides in the leachate and, moreover, the pesticides stay in the soil longer. Sorption capacity of the soil for pesticides was measured using batch experiments. The results obtained (11.67 mg kg(- 1) for isoproturon, 3.17 mg kg(- 1) for imidacloprid and 0.63 mg kg(-1) for cyromazine) were in agreement with those obtained under dynamic conditions.     

A Device for Measuring Volatile Organic-Carbon Emissions from Cooling-Tower Water

A manual method for measuring reduced sulfur compounds in kraft pulp mill and sulfur recovery plant emissions was evaluated. The method involves removing SO₂ from the gas stream (if present) with a citric acid-potassium citrate buffer that passes reduced sulfur compounds; thermal oxidation of all reduced sulfur compounds to SO₂; collection of the SO₂ in H₂O₂; and a titrimetric analysis of the H₂O₂ for SO₄ ^2?. A heated filter removes alkaline particulate matter that would produce a negative interference if absorbed by the buffer. When used at kraft pulp mills, the method agrees closely with Reference Method 16, provided that nonregulated reduced sulfur compounds, such as carbonyl sulfide, are not present in the emissions. At sulfur recovery plants, nonregulated reduced sulfur compounds, such as thiophene, are likely to be present in the emissions and will produce a positive bias in the results obtained with this method. The precision of the method ranges from 1 to 7 percent relative standard deviation.     

Controlled release systems to prevent the agro-environmental pollution derived from pesticide use

Different controlled release formulations (CRFs) of isoproturon, imidacloprid and cyromazine have been studied to contribute to diminish, somehow, the problems related to the application of conventional formulations. The alginate-based CRFs were based on sodium alginate (1.90%), Technical grade (TG) isoproturon or imidacloprid (1.20%), natural bentonite (3.30%), and water (93.6%), and the lignin-based CRF was based on kraft lignin (50.0%) and TG cyromazine (50.0%). The mobility of non-formulated TG pesticides and CRFs were compared by using soil columns. The use of CRFs retard release and reduce the presence of pesticides in the leachate and, moreover, the pesticides stay in the soil longer. Sorption capacity of the soil for pesticides was measured using batch experiments. The results obtained (11.67 mg kg^{? 1} for isoproturon, 3.17 mg kg^{? 1} for imidacloprid and 0.63 mg kg^?1 for cyromazine) were in agreement with those obtained under dynamic conditions.     

Observations on overwintering juvenile chinook salmon ( ) exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent in the upper Fraser River, British Columbia

Chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols were quantified in juvenile chinook salmon captured near bleached kraft mills in the upper Fraser River in December 1987. Fish captured in April 1988 showed up to 55-fold induction of hepatic mixed function oxidase activity (EROD), and were contaminated with up to 370 ng·kg⁻¹ of 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 68 ng·kg⁻¹ of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. The implications for the survival of these salmon are uncertain.     

木聚糖酶在硫酸盐木浆辅助漂白中的应用研究

结合某木浆厂的实际运行数据,对采用木聚糖酶辅助漂白前后的木浆质量、主要物料消耗量及产生废水的污染物指标进行了详细分析.结果表明,在工艺运行参数不变条件下,使用木聚糖酶辅助漂白能够显著提高生产纸浆质量等级,降低原木、二氧化氯和能源消耗量,减轻漂后废水的污染负荷,对于降低纸浆生产成本,保护水环境具有重要意义.     

Some Chemical Aspects Of Kraft Odor Control

The principal sources of odor in the kraft pulping process are the digester, the direct evaporator, and the recovery furnace. Control of odor from the digester requires the confinement of the noncondensable gases and their destruction by chlorination, burning, or by some other means. Control of odor from the direc’ evaporator depends on efficient black liquor oxidation. The recovery furnace, which potentially can be the worst source of air pollution, must be operated properly within its rated capacity. The chemistry of various control measures is discussed.     

Sequestering of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by using a lignocellulosic material

The ability of Brown Stock Washer (BSW) unbleached kraft pulp and Chemi-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (CTMP) to sequester heavy metals was studied. The BSW pulp is chemically produced while the CTM one is produced by mechanical treatment aided by some chemicals. The two pulps were rendered in their protonated form and then equilibrated with two aqueous solutions of metals. One was ocean water and the other was a laboratory prepared solution of metal ions. Both pulps were able to remove metal ions from the solution in a one-stage procedure. The overall metal removal efficiency of CTMP was in general greater than that of the BSW pulp for the low concentration metals.