Environmental Engineering Intersociety Board

In the early Fifties, sanitary engineering professional development activities were being undertaken principally by the Joint Committee for the Advancement of Sanitary Engineering. This Committee had representation from a number of organizations whose membership included sanitary engineers. Over the years, this group had been giving thought to expanding its activities to include greater recognition for the sanitary engineer. The result was the creation of the American Sanitary Engineering Intersociety Board in 1955, with the societies supporting the Joint Committee becoming the initial sponsoring organizations: American Public Health Association; American Society for Engineering Education; American Society of Civil Engineers; American Water Works Association; Water Pollution Control Federation.     

Consultant Guide/1977

The Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association presents its eighth directory of air pollution control consultants. This 13-page guide lists individual consultants and firms who have indicated a capability in this field by responding to a questionnaire published in the Journal.

The Consultant Guide is now a computer based program and has a different format than Guides prior to 1976. The basic change is that areas of competence are no longer coded but are shown as categories within five geographical regions. And any certifications granted by the American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE), American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH) and the Board for Certified Consulting Meteorologists (BCCM) are shown adjacent to the phone number in the alphabetical listing.

The Air Pollution Control Association makes no representation regarding the competence of the consultants listed nor does it accept any responsibility for their performance as consultants.     

Consultant Guide/1979

The Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association presents its tenth directory of air pollution control consultants. This 17-page guide lists individual consultants and firms who have indicated a capability in this field by responding to a questionnaire published in the Journal.

Areas of competence are shown as categories within five geographical regions. Two new areas of competence, Monitoring and Modeling, have been added to the program for Consultant Guide/1979. Any certifications granted by the American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE), American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH) and the Board for Certified Consulting Meteorologists (BCCM) are shown adjacent to the phone number in the alphabetical listing.

The Air Pollution Control Association makes no representation regarding the competence of the consultants listed nor does it accept any responsibility for their performance as consultants.     

Consultant Guide/1974

The Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association presents its fifth directory of air pollution control consultants. This 12-page guide lists individual consultants and firms who have indicated a capability in this field by responding to a questionnaire published in three consecutive issues of the Journal. The listing gives corporate names, addresses and phone numbers alphabetically within five broad geographic areas which are shown below.

Other profile information includes coded, voluntary expressions of competence submitted by the consultants, as well as any certifications granted by the American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE), American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH) and the Board for Certified Consulting Meteorologists (BCCM).

The Air Pollution Control Association makes no representation regarding the competence of the consultants listed nor does it accept any responsibility for their performance as consultants.     

Consultant Guide/1975

The Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association presents its sixth directory of air pollution control consultants. This 9-page guide lists individual consultants and firms who have indicated a capability in this field by responding to a questionnaire published in three consecutive issues of the Journal. The listing gives corporate names, addresses and phone numbers alphabetically within five broad geographic areas which are shown below.

Other profile information includes coded, voluntary expressions of competence submitted by the consultants, as well as any certifications granted by the American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE), American Board of Industrial Hygiene (ABIH) and the Board for Certified Consulting Meteorologists (BCCM).

The Air Pollution Control Association makes no representation regarding the competence of the consultants listed nor does it accept any responsibility for their performance as consultants.     

Extractive Continuous Emission Monitoring at San Juan Generating Station

Continuous emission monitors at San Juan have had very high availability and reliability over the past two years. Three extractive systems are in service on two 350 MW units and one 515 MW unit. Another 515 MW unit is scheduled for startup in 1982. All units are coal-fired with electrostatic precipitators and Wellman-Lord desulfurization systems, and all units will have the same extractive emission monitor systems utilizing microprocessors for control and data acquisition.

This paper discusses the design of and operating experience with the extractive systems and microprocessors, including their problems, advantages, and disadvantages. It will also outline system costs and describe certification experience for two units.

Secondly, this paper describes five years of history on operating and maintaining two early in-situ analyzer systems, a temporary system, and the present extractive systems. Finally, the development of dedicated daily maintenance will be summarized as a major reason for successful emission monitor systems.     

Pollution due to hazardous glass waste

Pollution resulting from hazardous glass (HG) is widespread across the globe, both in terms of quantity and associated health risks. In waste cathode ray tube (CRT) and fluorescent lamp glass, mercury and lead are present as the major pollutants. The current review discusses the issues related to quantity and associated risk from the pollutant present in HG and proposes the chemical, biological, thermal, hybrid, and nanotechniques for its management. The hybrid is one of the upcoming research models involving the compatible combination of two or more techniques for better and efficient remediation. Thermal mercury desorption starts at 100 °C but for efficient removal, the temperature should be >460 °C. Involvement of solar energy for this purpose makes the research more viable and ecofriendly. Nanoparticles such as Fe, Se, Cu, Ni, Zn, Ag, and WS₂ alone or with its formulation can immobilize heavy metals present in HG by involving a redox mechanism. Straight-line equation from year-wise sale can provide future sale data in comparison with lifespan which gives future pollutant approximation. Waste compact fluorescent lamps units projected for the year 2015 is 9,300,000,000 units and can emit nearly 9,300 kg of mercury. On the other hand, CRT monitors have been continuously replaced by more improved versions like liquid crystal display and plasma display panel resulting in the production of more waste. Worldwide CRT production was 83,300,000 units in 2002 and can approximately release 83,000 metric tons of lead.     

Looking Forward: Concerned but Confident

Each outgoing president of APCA is required to present a report to the Board of Directors at the last meeting of the Board over which he presides. By custom this report is in two parts, one summarizing the highlights of the year of his presidency, the other offering his forecast and recommendations concerning the future of the association. I have chosen to base my presidential address today on an expansion of my forecast and recommendations.     

Retrofit NO x Control Options

Modifications to the combustion process have been the basis for NO_x control on new coal-fired power plants to meet federal New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) Promulgated in 1971 and revised in 1978. In the event that retrofit NO_x control is required on pre-NSPS plants, low-NO_x combustion will likely be the least cost approach, if such controls can be successfully applied to the wide diversity of these older utility boiler designs now in operation. A series of retrofit low-NOx combustion demonstrations supported by EPRI and electric utility companies are intended to establish the technical and economic feasibility of this approach.     

Apca Financial Statements For 1974-1975

To the Board of Directors of the Air Pollution Control Association

We have examined the statements of assets, liabilities and accumulated excess of revenue over expenses of Air Pollution Control Association as of April 30, 1975 and 1974 and the related statements of excess of revenue over expenses for the years then ended. Our examinations were made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and accordingly included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. It was impracticable for us to extend our examinations of the excess of revenue over expenses of the annual meeting committee beyond accounting for amounts so recorded.     

Mechanical properties of steel slag replaced mineral aggregate for road base/sub-base application based Vietnam and Japan standard

Steelmaking slag is one of the most massive industrial by-products generated during steelmaking processes. This paper presents the current steelmaking slag production status and its potential to use as mineral aggregates in base/sub-base layer of road pavement. The mechanical properties of steelmaking slag were confirmed by the test method specified in Vietnam specification. The volume stability test of the slag was conducted based on JIS A 5015-2018 (Japanese Industrial Standard: Iron and steel slag for road construction). From the results, it was confirmed that steelmaking slag can satisfy all the mechanical requirements specified in Vietnam specification and the requirements regarding stability specified in JIS A 5015-2018. In addition, it was found that the elastic modulus of steelmaking slag applied as a base or sub-base layer in pavement was higher than that of the conventional graded aggregate made from mineral aggregate. Therefore, the thickness of pavement can be reduced by using steelmaking slag, and the construction cost can be lower.

     

Report from the Symposium on Air Quality Criteria

Neither time nor space permitted full reporting of the Symposium on Air Quality Criteria, held June 4-5, 1968, in New York City. The Symposium was sponsored by the Air Pollution Control Association, the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the American Petroleum Institute, and the Industrial Medical Association and its educational affiliate, The Occupational Health Institute.

Published here are excerpts from, or author’s abstracts of, the eight principal papers presented at the Symposium.

Not included are the prepared discussions which followed the delivery of the papers.

A full proceedings, including prepared discussions, general discussions, and summation, will be published in the September issue of the Journal of Occupational Medicine, 55 E. Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois 60602.     

APCA Is Thriving

Fiscal nineteen seventy three-four was another busy year for the Association. It was a year of expanded services, publications, and meetings. New initiatives on the part of the Board of Directors, the Technical Council and its committees, local APCA Sections and the Headquarters staff were undertaken. All of the statistical reports are positive, and show increased membership, pages published, advertising, meetings, and involvement of members. But of more importance, APCA is filling its role in a positive and meaningful way, and is continuing to attract persons working in the air pollution control profession to its many programs.

As most of you know by now, dues for individual members have been increased from $25 to $35 annually because of the continued inflation in postage, paper, and cost of doing business.     

Future Impacts of Distributed Power Generation on Ambient Ozone and Particulate Matter Concentrations in the San Joaquin Valley of California

ABSTRACT

Distributed power generation—electricity generation that is produced by many small stationary power generators distributed throughout an urban air basin—has the potential to supply a significant portion of electricity in future years. As a result, distributed generation may lead to increased pollutant emissions within an urban air basin, which could adversely affect air quality. However, the use of combined heating and power with distributed generation may reduce the energy consumption for space heating and air conditioning, resulting in a net decrease of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. This work used a systematic approach based on land-use geographical information system data to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of distributed generation emissions in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin of California and simulated the potential air quality impacts using state-of-the-art three-dimensional computer models. The evaluation of the potential market penetration of distributed generation focuses on the year 2023. In general, the air quality impacts of distributed generation were found to be small due to the restrictive 2007 California Air Resources Board air emission standards applied to all distributed generation units and due to the use of combined heating and power. Results suggest that if distributed generation units were allowed to emit at the current Best Available Control Technology standards (which are less restrictive than the 2007 California Air Resources Board standards), air quality impacts of distributed generation could compromise compliance with the federal 8-hr average ozone standard in the region.

IMPLICATIONS The San Joaquin Valley is a fast growing region that demands increasing power generation to sustain the economic development, and at the same time it is one of the worst polluted areas in the United States. Hence, the region demands alternatives that minimize the air quality impacts of power generation. This paper addresses the air quality impacts of distributed generation of power, an alternative to central power generation that can potentially reduce greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions throughout the United States.     

Relationship of Particulate Control,SO2 Removal,and Waste Management

Results with the EPRI 2.5 MW(e) Integrated Environmental Control Pilot Plant (IECPP) indicate the interrelationship of particulate penetration, SO₂ scrubber operation, waste production, and waste properties. Tests compared a fabric filter/wet scrubber and ESP/wet scrubber, the latter operated to simulate 1979 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), 1971 NSPS, and pre-NSPS ESP units. Tests were conducted with low-sulfur coal producing a flue gas concentration of400ppm; flue gas spiking could be used to increase SO₂ to 2000 ppm. Scrubber waste was dewatered in a thickener and vacuum belt filter (to 55 percent solids content), and mixed with fly ash. The pilot SO₂ scrubber—when preceded by an ESP and forced to operate in zero-discharge—captured less SO₂ than when preceded by a fabric filter. Also, scrubber operation with the ESP produced a greater quantity of waste with difficult handling characteristics, as compared to operation with the fabric filter. These difficulties occurred with particulate penetration above 0.10 lb/MBtu, which could reduce reagent utilization to 80percent. These results are attributable to inhibited limestone dissolution due to accumulation of an aluminum/fluoride compound. For both lowsulfur and simulated high-sulfur test conditions, allowing wastewater discharge to purge aluminum/fluoride content restored performance to design levels. Particulate control efficiency also affected solid waste physical properties. The fabric filter/wet scrubber produced the lowest solid waste permeability (10^?8 cm/s). ESP operation at 1979 NSPS and pre-1971 NSPS ESPs increased solid waste permeability to 10^?7 and 10^?6 cm/s, respectively. These results are meaningful for SO₂ scrubbers both for new plants and for retrofit to units with pre-NSPS ESPs, and could become significant with the increasing trend to restricted water discharge.     

Will the circle be unbroken: a history of the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards

In celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Air & Waste Management Association, this review examines the history of air quality management (AQM) in the United States over the last century, with an emphasis on the ambient standards programs established by the landmark 1970 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments. The current CAA system is a hybrid of several distinct air pollution control philosophies, including the recursive or circular system driven by ambient standards. Although this evolving system has resulted in tremendous improvements in air quality, it has been far from perfect in terms of timeliness and effectiveness. The paper looks at several periods in the history of the U.S. program, including: (1) 1900-1970, spanning the early smoke abatement and smog control programs, the first federal involvement, and the development of a hybrid AQM approach in the 1970 CAA; (2) 1971-1976, when the first National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) were set and implemented; (3) 1977-1993, a period of the first revisions to the standards, new CAA Amendments, delays in implementation and decision-making, and key science/policy/legislative developments that would alter both the focus and scale of air pollution programs and how they are implemented; and (4) 1993-2006, the second and third wave of NAAQS revisions and their implementation in the context of the 1990 CAA. This discussion examines where NAAQS have helped drive implementation programs and how improvements in both effects and air quality/control sciences influenced policy and legislation to enhance the effectiveness of the system over time. The review concludes with a look toward the future of AQM, emphasizing challenges and ways to meet them. The most significant of these is the need to make more efficient progress toward air quality goals, while adjusting the system to address the growing intersections between air quality management and climate change.     

Standard Reference Gases and Analytical Procedures for Use in Gas Turbine Exhaust Measurements

This paper is directed to people who are involved in the measurement of gas turbine exhaust emissions and as a consequence in the establishment of standard reference gases and attendant analytical procedures.

Several problems exist in connection with the establishment of these standards:

A number of standard reference gases have been developed by the National Bureau of Standards for use in the automotive industry which are also suitable for gas turbine exhaust measurements. However, there is a need for additional standard reference materials such as NO in nitrogen, intermediate levels of CO₂ in air, and higher concentrations of CO in nitrogen and propane in air.

There is difficulty in maintaining certain reference materials with confidence in assay, particularly due to instability in the cylinder.

Instrumental operational problems with flame ionization detector type units exist. Of particular importance is the difference in response per carbon atom in different organic molecules and the difference in response of a test sample as a function of the oxygen content of the sample.

Instrumental method problems such as converter efficiency in chemiluminescence units measuring NO₂ and calibration techniques involving CO to CH₄ conversion, also must be considered.

A number of problems occur in the use of wet chemical reference methods such as the phenoldisulfonic acid method for the determination of NO_x. These include both efficiency of collection, conversion of NO to NO₂, and subsequent analysis.

This paper considers the development of standards for the measurement of NO_x, CO, CO₂, total hydrocarbons, and O₂ and reviews the state-of-the-art with respect to these problems and their resolution.     

A comprehensive study on landfill site selection for Kolkata City,India

Kolkata is one of the four major metropolitan cities in India and the capital city of the state of West Bengal. With an area of 187.33 km² and a population of about 10 million (including a floating population of about 6 million), the city generates about 3500 Metric Ton (MT) of solid waste per day. Currently, Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) disposes its waste at Dhapa (21.47 ha), where the disposal rate exceeds 3000 MT/day, and at Garden Reach (3.52 ha), where the disposal rate is 100 MT/day. Considering the exhaustion of Dhapa land space, city planners are urgently searching for an alternate disposal ground. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), under the sponsorship of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), has brought out literature developing the site selection criteria for municipal solid waste disposal ground to suit Indian conditions. The developed criteria encompass environmental conditions, accessibility, geological and hydrogeological conditions, and ecological and societal effects. This paper attempts to locate the most suitable site for disposal of KMC area solid waste using the multicriterion decision analysis as stipulated in CPCB 2003 guidelines and the overlay analysis of geographic information system (GIS).

Implications:The paper is based on landfill site selection for dumping of solid waste generated within Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) area. The methodology uses GIS/remote sensing, Site Sensitivity Index (an offshoot of pairwise comparison technique developed in CPCB 2003 guidelines, Government of India), and the Delphi technique. Dhapa landfill site, where solid waste of KMC area is currently being disposed, is exhausted; the authors of this article thus found it relevant to carry out a research on the selection of an alternative landfill site. The study undertaken was comprehensive, yet presented in a lucid way so that policymakers will find easy to comprehend.     

The Location of Maximum Exposure Due to An Instantaneous Release from a Point Source

An international specialty conference, jointly sponsored by the Air &; Waste Management Association (A&;WMA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), entitled “PM₁₀ Standards and Nontraditional Particulate Source Controls,” was held in Scottsdale, Arizona, January 12-15, 1992. The conference included 92 presentations in 17 technical sessions. Eighty-one peer-reviewed technical papers, two keynote addresses and one panel session summary describing novel applications, measurement processes, modeling techniques and control measures for nontraditional pollution sources are assembled in the Transactions¹. The technical issues addressed during the conference included: (1) measurement methods and data bases; (2) emissions source characterization; (3) source apportionment of nontraditional sources; (4) fugitive dust characterization and control technologies; (5) vegetative burning characterization and control technologies; (6) sources and controls of secondary aerosol and motor vehicle precursors; and (7) regulatory policies and State Implementation Plan (SIP) development. This paper gives an overview of the technical program     

Air Pollution Control Association Critical Reviews Program

This is the fourth in the series of Critical Reviews commissioned by the APCA Board of Directors. The first Critical Review "Regulations for the Control of Particulate and Sulfur Oxides Emissions" was published in 1974 and the topic is still timely. The second Critical Review "Regulations for the Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions (from Stationary Sources) and Odorous Pollutants" was published in 1975. In light of recent developments concerning hydrocarbon emissions from stationary sources, this Critical Review is again very timely. The third Critical Review "The Effect of Air Pollution Control Regulations on Land Use Planning" will soon be published in final form. Now we have the fourth in the series, "A Critical Review of Air Pollution Index Systems in the United States and Canada" and "Status Report on Federal Regulations for New Source Performance Standards".