Future Nutrient Load Scenarios for the Baltic Sea Due to Climate and Lifestyle Changes

Dynamic model simulations of the future climate and projections of future lifestyles within the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin (BSDB) were considered in this study to estimate potential trends in future nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads were estimated using a simple proxy based only on human population (to account for nutrient sources) and stream discharges (to account for nutrient transport). This population-discharge proxy provided a good estimate for nutrient loads across the seven sub-basins of the BSDB considered. All climate scenarios considered here produced increased nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea over the next 100 years. There was variation between the climate scenarios such that sub-basin and regional differences were seen in future nutrient runoff depending on the climate model and scenario considered. Regardless, the results of this study indicate that changes in lifestyle brought about through shifts in consumption and population potentially overshadow the climate effects on future nutrient runoff for the entire BSDB. Regionally, however, lifestyle changes appear relatively more important in the southern regions of the BSDB while climatic changes appear more important in the northern regions with regards to future increases in nutrient loads. From a whole-ecosystem management perspective of the BSDB, this implies that implementation of improved and targeted management practices can still bring about improved conditions in the Baltic Sea in the face of a warmer and wetter future climate.     

Barium Additives As Diesel Smoke Suppressants

The body of information presented in this paper is directed to those individuals concerned with the emission of smoke from diesel engines. A series of tests was performed on a Petter Type AA1 diesel engine using barium smoke suppressant additives. An Andersen cascade type sampler was used to collect samples and thus study the effect of the additive upon the total smoke emission, smoke size distribution and smoke composition. For a portion of the tests radioactive barium (¹³³Ba) and scintillation counting techniques were used.

Type 1-D fuel was used for all tests. Baseline tests were performed to determine the smoke emission characteristics using nontreated fuel, 0.5% by volume of Bryton additive, and 0.75% by volume of Lubrizol additive. For the radioactive additive, tests were conducted using dosages of 0.13%, 0.26%, 0.41%, and 0.82% by volume. The results of these tests revealed that the additive does not alter the particle size distribution, but the total mass emission from the engine is reduced by approximately 50% at the dosages tested. The dosage level of the additive does not influence the distribution of barium within the exhaust particles. Also it seems that the soluble percentage (in 0.1 N HCI) is influenced by the dosage level. The results of the solubility tests at low dosage levels seem to imply that the smoke inhibition mechanism occurs within the fuel droplet.     

Smoke as a quantitative atmospheric diffusion tracer

Generalizations of the “opacity method” of analyzing visible smoke-plume diffusion are presented. The horizontal dispersion length, σ_y, is derived from the outline of a plume having an arbitrary vertical concentration distribution. The vertical dispersion length, σ_z, is derived for a plume with concentration varying as arbitrary powers of y and z in the exponential terms. Examples of observations of σ_y and σ_z based on Skylab-4, U-2, and ordinary land-based photographs are presented.     

Smoke concentration in the greater Cairo atmosphere

A study of smoke content of the atmosphere over the Greater Cairo area was conducted during the 12 months from June 1977 to May 1978. Smoke samples were taken continuously over two-hour periods at two sites, one in Shubra El-Kheima industrial sector on the northern boundary of the study area and the other in a purely residential district about 15 km south-south-west of the first site.A comparison was made between the averaged concentrations at both sites. It was found that the industrial area was considerably higher in smoke contamination and that industrial activity is the principal source of smoke in the Cairo atmosphere.Daily and yearly cycles of smoke concentration were also studied and discussed in terms of man-made source activities and meteorological conditions. Concentrations were found to be much higher in the cold months. The daily cycle rhythm was the same at the two sites, having two well developed maxima in the morning and late evening and a pronounced minimum in the mid-afternoon. Daily maxima were almost of the same order of magnitude in each site. The morning maximum seemed to be formed by fumigation just after sunrise in the industrial sector and appeared two hours later in the downwind residential district.No significant difference was found between smoke concentrations during weekdays and weekends.     

利用MFC阳极室暗发酵培养沼泽红假单胞菌

为了克服光合细菌光培养时的光衰减及高能耗等问题,考查了将微生物燃料电池（MFC）作为培养装置黑暗培养光合细菌的可行性。结果表明,MFC有利于菌株W1的优势生长,接种3 d后MFC内光合细菌浓度即可达到715 mg/L,而空白系统中不到308 mg/L。荧光原位杂交分析表明,MFC体系中的杂菌含量小于4%,远低于空白的33%。利用MFC进行光合细菌培养时,最大输出电压和最大输出功率可分别达到487 mV和56 mW/m2。MFC促进光合细菌生长的原因可能在于对体系兼氧环境的维持,在MFC体系中氧化还原电位始终处于200~-300 mV之间,有利于兼氧光合细菌的优势生长。     

酸性媒介黄GG生物降解性能的试验研究

通过试验研究酸性媒介黄GG染料在厌氧、好氧条件下的生物降解机理、降解能力及共代谢降解效果。试验结果表明，厌氧菌能够通过葡萄糖共代谢作用很快降解酸性媒介黄GG；而好氧条件下经驯化活性污泥不能降解酸性媒介黄GG，经过较长时间驯化活性污泥能降解酸性媒介黄GG，但降解效果很差。葡萄糖浓度的升高对提高酸性媒介黄GG厌氧生物降解率有利，当葡萄糖浓度为2000mg／L时，40mg／L酸性媒介黄GC的12和60h厌氧生物降解率分别达到81．5％和93．5％。酸性媒介黄GG浓度对厌氧菌的生物降解能力也有影响。当葡萄糖浓度为2000mg／L，酸性媒介黄GG（浓度为20～100mg／L）的厌氧降解率最好，降解效率达到了94％，说明厌氧菌对酸性媒介黄GG的降解能力较好。     

酸性媒介黄GG生物降解性能的试验研究

通过试验研究酸性媒介黄GG染料在厌氧、好氧条件下的生物降解机理、降解能力及共代谢降解效果.试验结果表明,厌氧菌能够通过葡萄糖共代谢作用很快降解酸性媒介黄GG;而好氧条件下经驯化活性污泥不能降解酸性媒介黄GG,经过较长时间驯化活性污泥能降解酸性媒介黄GG,但降解效果很差.葡萄糖浓度的升高对提高酸性媒介黄GG厌氧生物降解率有利,当葡萄糖浓度为2000 mg/L时,40mg/L酸性媒介黄GG的12和60 h厌氧生物降解率分别达到81.5%和93.5%.酸性媒介黄GG浓度对厌氧菌的生物降解能力也有影响.当葡萄糖浓度为2000 mg/L,酸性媒介黄GG(浓度为20～100 mg/L)的厌氧降解率最好,降解效率达到了94%,说明厌氧菌对酸性媒介黄GG的降解能力较好.     

基于平均负荷的降雨径流污染负荷模型研究

在九寨沟旅游景区,对公路和栈道进行人工降雨径流污染负荷的过程研究。浓度过程曲线表明,初始高浓度与平台期浓度之间相差3~5倍,而负荷过程曲线表明,各时段负荷曲线无明显峰值存在。这意味着污染物平均浓度的获取,需要降雨径流的水量水质同步监测数据的较大样本,才能消除随机性影响。而各时段负荷数据向平均负荷期望收敛的速度,将比平均浓度期望更快。利用这一规律,以平均负荷值代替降雨事件的污染物平均浓度(EMC),构建了基于平均负荷值的年地表径流负荷模型。本模型只需要有限场水量水质同步监测数据,就可获得特定地区面源污染物的平均负荷值。在消除随机不确定性同时,提高了可操作性。采用研制的模型,计算出九寨沟各子区公路面源的TP排放负荷,在0.87~2.07 kg/a之间,栈道面源TP排放负荷,在0.27~1.22 kg/a之间。     

烟气黑度多媒体联网监测系统

系统实现了64个预置点的烟气排放林格曼指数自动监测功能，系统可以工作在手动模式和自动扫描模式。每一个预置点都有3个参考区域，通过扣除背景有效地降低了误报概率，对于超标数据采取本地数据库和远程数据库同时存储的方法，远程数据库提供了基于局域网上的分级查询和统计，超标图像存储采用JPEG图像格式和自定义的无损压缩格式。     

Smoke emissions from biomass burning in a Mediterranean shrubland

Gaseous and particulate samples from the smoke from prescribed burnings of a shrub-dominated forest with some pine trees in Lousã Mountain, Portugal, in May 2008, have been collected. From the gas phase Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements, an average modified combustion efficiency of 0.99 was obtained, suggesting a very strong predominance of flaming combustion. Gaseous compounds whose emissions are promoted in fresh plumes and during the flaming burning phase, such as CO₂, acetylene and propene, produced emission factors higher than those proposed for savannah and tropical forest fires. Emission factors of species that are favoured by the smouldering phase (e.g. CO and CH₄) were below the values reported in the literature for biomass burning in other ecosystems. The chemical composition of fine (PM_2.5) and coarse (PM_2.5–10) particles was achieved using ion chromatography (water-soluble ions), instrumental neutron activation analysis (trace elements) and a thermal–optical transmission technique (organic carbon and elemental carbon). Approximately 50% of the particulate mass was carbonaceous in nature with a clear dominance of organic carbon. The organic carbon-to-elemental carbon ratios up to 300, or even higher, measured in the present study largely exceeded those reported for fires in savannah and tropical forests. More than 30 trace elements and ions have been determined in smoke aerosols, representing in total an average contribution of about 7% to the PM₁₀ mass.     

Subisokinetic Sampling Errors for Aircraft Turbine Engine Smoke Probes

The years 2012 and beyond seem likely to record major changes in energy use and power generation. The Japanese tsunami has resulted in large countries either scaling back or abolishing the future use of nuclear energy. The discovery of what seems like vast amounts of economically deliverable natural gas has many forecasting a rapid switch from coal- to gas-fired generating plants. On the other hand, environmentalists have strong objections to the production of natural gas and of petroleum by hydraulic fracturing from shale, or by extraction of heavy oil. They believe that global warming from the use of fossil fuels is now established beyond question. There has been rapid progress in the development of alternative energy supplies, particularly from on-shore and off-shore wind. Progress toward a viable future energy mix has been slowed by a U.S. energy policy that seems to many to be driven by politics. The author will review the history of power and energy to put all of the above in context and will look at possible future developments. He will propose what he believes to be an idealized energy policy that could result in an optimum system that would be arrived at democratically.

Implications The combustion energy sector is believed to be a dominant component of environmental pollution. A multitude of technologies support this sector and many have the potential to replace elements of this sector with low-polluting processes. This review covers a selection of energy production technologies that are important for the future. A historical perspective is provided to advance the general knowledge about these technologies as options for the world's increasing demand for energy. In addition, a decarbonization policy option for an energy fee is proposed as an alternative to carbon taxation or cap-and-trade approaches.     

Calculation of Smoke Plume Opacity from Particulate Air Pollutant Properties

Calculation of smoke plume opacity from the properties of the particulate emission is facilitated with the use of a parameter K (specific particulate volume cm³/m³/extinction coefficient m^?1) computed from theory. Graphs of K vs. the geometric mass mean particle radius at geometric standard deviations from 1 (monodisperse) to 10 are presented for particle refractive indices of 1.96–0.66i (carbon), 2.80–0.02i, 1.33 (water) and 1.50 at a wavelength of light of 550 nm. Experimental data of K for various sources are reported. Application to the estimation of the Ringelmann number is discussed and illustrated with an example.     

餐饮业油烟净化设备探讨

餐饮业油烟污染一直以来是严重困扰城市居民生活的问题。特别是近年来随着经济的发展,城市内高楼耸立,原先在平房内开设的饮食业由于旧城改造不得不迁移至高层建筑底层,油烟影响面也扩大至整幢（甚至包括周围的）居民楼。经统计,以杭州为例,因餐饮业抽烟问题的投诉已占所有环保投诉的30％以上。选择合理有效的净化设备对餐饮业油烟进行治理,以消除对周围居民的影响,已成为环保工作的一项迫在眉睫的大事。1现有的油烟净化设备种类及其性质评述根据1998年国家环境保护局与国家技术监督局联合发布《中华人民共和国饮食业油烟排放标准》…