Trace Metal Samples Collected in the Front and Back Halves of the E.P.A. Stack Sampling Train

A Purdue University industrial source sampling team has been involved since 1972 with a number of industrial and municipal collaborators, in order to characterize the flow of trace metals into the atmosphere. The plants involved in this cooperative research effort include the East Chicago municipal incinerator, rated at 450 ton/day of residential and commercial solid waste; a multiple furnace open hearth shop at a Northwest Indiana steel mill producing approximately 8 million ton/yr of steel; a coker arid sinter plant serving a 100,000 ton/yr vertical retort zinc production facility; and the Purdue University coal fired power plant equipped with 250,000 lb/hr steam boilers. At each of these facilities a number of stack samples have been obtained using the standard E.P.A. train. Analysis of the probe, filter, and impinger catch showed that in each case the front half of the E.P.A. Method 5¹ sampling train was highly efficient for collection of trace metal particulate.     

Determination and Evaluation of Stack Emissions From Municipal Incinerators

A comprehensive incinerator air pollution control testing program was recently completed in New York City, and the results contain valuable particulate and gas sampling data. The information, which was obtained from a large number of test runs, is especially valuable since there is a shortage of reliable, valid test data of this nature. Since the test data now presented involved 1000 ton/day incinerators, which operate 24 hr/day, 6 days/wk, it is significant design criteria for consideration when upgrading a large incinerator or building a new one. The tests also provide information concerning the nature and concentration of gaseous constituents in the incinerator stack effluent.     

A High Volume Stack Sampler

This paper deals with the development design, and trial application of a sampling train to gather a relatively large amount of particulate sample in a short period of time. With air pollution sources installing control equipment to reduce emissions to the required low levels, it becomes necessary to use a sampling device which can collect a representative sample in a reasonable period of time. Some of the sampling trains currently being specified are expensive, awkward, and nearly impossible to use under field conditions. The high-volume train overcomes ail of these shortcomings and has some additional advantages. It uses the same glass fiber filter that is specified for ambient air particulate sampling so the emission test results are directly comparable to ambient air sampling data. The laboratories currently weighing and analyzing the glass filters need no additional equipment for the emission sampling analysis. The sample collected by the high-volume probe may be analyzed microscopically for size and characteristics of the particles. This is very important if control equipment is to be specified for the process or source. The high-volume sampler was evaluated on field tests of wood fired boilers, incinerators, wigwam burners, asphalt batching plants, seed cleaning plants, and wood fiber filtration systems. The results of several typical tests using the sampler on these sources are included in the paper.     

Measurements of Primary Sulfates with an Acid Condensation System

Two techniques were used to measure primary sulfuric acid and sulfate emissions from two small package boilers burning nominal 0.3% sulfur fuels, one with 11 ppm vanadium and one with 4.3 ppm vanadium. Several of the particulate fractions from both sampling methods were analyzed for sulfuric acid using a selective solvent determination (SSD) procedure. The sulfuric acid present on the filters accounted for a minimum of 11% of the particulate emission rates. The observed conversion of sulfur dioxide to primary sulfate or primary sulfuric acid is reduced considerably when sulfate ion detected in an isopropanol impinger is attributed to sulfur dioxide conversion in the solution rather than to primary sulfuric acid. An additional reduction occurs when the method of calculating the conversion is based solely on sulfur weight. This study gives a fourfold reduction in percent conversion when compared to a similar study conducted earlier. Suggestions are offered for improvements in measurement methods and for a consistent technique for calculating sulfur conversion.     

Establishment of a database of emission factors for atmospheric pollutants from Chinese coal-fired power plants

Field measurements and data investigations were conducted for developing an emission factor database for inventories of atmospheric pollutants from Chinese coal-fired power plants. Gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM) of different size fractions were measured using a gas analyzer and an electric low-pressure impactor (ELPI), respectively, for ten units in eight coal-fired power plants across the country. Combining results of field tests and literature surveys, emission factors with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by boiler type, fuel quality, and emission control devices using bootstrap and Monte Carlo simulations. The emission factor of uncontrolled SO₂ from pulverized combustion (PC) boilers burning bituminous or anthracite coal was estimated to be 18.0S kg t^?1 (i.e., 18.0 × the percentage sulfur content of coal, S) with a 95% CI of 17.2S–18.5S. NO_X emission factors for pulverized-coal boilers ranged from 4.0 to 11.2 kg t^?1, with uncertainties of 14–45% for different unit types. The emission factors of uncontrolled PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and total PM emitted by PC boilers were estimated to be 0.4A (where A is the percentage ash content of coal), 1.5A and 6.9A kg t^?1, respectively, with 95% CIs of 0.3A–0.5A, 1.1A–1.9A and 5.8A–7.9A. The analogous PM values for emissions with electrostatic precipitator (ESP) controls were 0.032A (95% CI: 0.021A–0.046A), 0.065A (0.039A–0.092A) and 0.094A (0.0656A–0.132A) kg t^?1, and 0.0147A (0.0092–0.0225A), 0.0210A (0.0129A–0.0317A), and 0.0231A (0.0142A–0.0348A) for those with both ESP and wet flue-gas desulfurization (wet-FGD). SO₂ and NO_X emission factors for Chinese power plants were smaller than those of U.S. EPA AP-42 database, due mainly to lower heating values of coals in China. PM emission factors for units with ESP, however, were generally larger than AP-42 values, because of poorer removal efficiencies of Chinese dust collectors. For units with advanced emission control technologies, more field measurements are needed to reduce emission factor uncertainties.     

中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NOx排放特征分析

以86台中小型燃烟煤层燃炉（≤65 MW）的燃料特性分析数据和NOx排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤挥发分、燃煤氮含量对NOx排放浓度的影响,分析了我国中小型燃烟煤层燃炉NOx的排放与管理控制现状。结果表明,中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NOx平均排放浓度为324.6 mg/m^3;锅炉出力对NOx排放浓度不具有显著影响;燃煤挥发分增高,NOx排放浓度降低;过量空气系数和燃煤氮含量增大,NOx排放浓度增高;并建议在国家层面上尽快制订燃煤锅炉NOx排放标准限值。     

秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律试验研究

根据锅炉烟尘测试方法(GB 5468-91)及锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB 13271-2001),在不同风门的工况下,分别对设计的双层炉排秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律进行试验.试验表明,在较好工况下,双层炉排锅炉排烟中CO等中间产物及烟尘含量低于单层炉排锅炉,其排烟中CO、NOx、SO2和烟尘浓度等指标远远低于燃煤锅炉,符合国家关于工业锅炉大气污染物排放标准要求,有较好环保效益.     

Emission of heavy metals from animal carcass incinerators in Taiwan

The metal emissions from three incinerators burning different feedstock in Taiwan were characterized in this study. It was found that the Incinerators A and B, treating pig carcasses and animal (including pigs) carcasses, respectively, had much higher metal concentrations in stack flue gases than Incinerator C that combusted medical wastes. However, Incinerator A obtained relative lower metal contents in fly ash and bottom ash than the other two incinerators, mainly because the former used a much lower feedstock rate (although burning at a lower temperature) than the latter. For all the incinerators, (1) Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn were dominant in both the fly ash and bottom ash while most of the Cd and Pb (more volatile) were present in the fly ash; (2) Fe emission factor was the highest and Zn/Pb/Ni/Cr emission factors were greater than those of Mn/Cd/Cu; (3) the Cu emission factors in bottom ash were relatively higher in comparison with those in fly ash; and (4) indicatory metals were the same (Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cu). The metal emission factors obtained from the livestock incinerators were much higher than those reported from MSW incinerators. Likewise, crematories that burn human cadavers must create similar pollution issues since metal supplements are part of human's normal diets. This causes an environmental concern and this work has important ramifications both in technical and regulatory decisions.     

中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NO_x排放特征分析

以86台中小型燃烟煤层燃炉(≤65 MW)的燃料特性分析数据和NOx排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤挥发分、燃煤氮含量对NOx排放浓度的影响,分析了我国中小型燃烟煤层燃炉NOx的排放与管理控制现状。结果表明,中小型燃用烟煤层燃炉NOx平均排放浓度为324.6 mg/m3;锅炉出力对NOx排放浓度不具有显著影响;燃煤挥发分增高,NOx排放浓度降低;过量空气系数和燃煤氮含量增大,NOx排放浓度增高;并建议在国家层面上尽快制订燃煤锅炉NOx排放标准限值。     

Mercury (Hg) emissions from domestic biomass combustion for space heating

Three mercury (Hg) species (gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and fine particulate-bound mercury (PBM_2.5)) were measured in the stack of a small scale wood combustion chamber at 400 °C, in the stack of an advanced wood boiler, and in two areas influenced by wood combustion. The low temperature process (lab-scale) emitted mostly GEM (∼99% when burning wood pellets and ∼95% when burning unprocessed wood). The high temperature wood boiler emitted a greater proportion of oxidized Hg (approximately 65%) than the low temperature system. In field measurements, mean PBM_2.5 concentrations at the rural and urban sites in winter were statistically significantly higher than in warmer seasons and were well correlated with Delta-C concentrations, a wood combustion indictor measured by an aethalometer (UV-absorbable carbon minus black carbon). Overall the results suggest that wood combustion may be an important source of oxidized mercury (mostly in the particulate phase) in northern climates in winter.     

Air Pollutant Emissions from the Incineration of Hospital Wastes The Alberta Experience

Since the early seventies, hospital waste incineration has been an ever increasing issue in Alberta because of the emissions of particles, hydrochloric acid and chlorine which result from burning plastic-rich hospital waste. These stack emissions were measured from various hospital incinerators in the Province of Alberta and most were found to be above the standards adopted by the Alberta Department of Environment. Compliance with particulate and HC1 emission standards are mandatory in order to receive final approval for a hospital incinerator in Alberta. Adequate control measures are available to meet Alberta Environment requirements for hospital incinerator emissions.     

The Development of Air Contaminant Emission Tables for Nonprocess Emissions

In New York State, the calculation of air contaminant emissions from a variety of sources is an essential part of comprehensive air pollution studies. The tables used to calculate emissions were obtained from an extensive literature search and modified to apply to New York State conditions. For example, sulfur dioxide emission factors for coal were selected to reflect the average sulfur content of the coal sold in New York State. Since the literature contains a wide array of emission factors, it was necessary to evaluate the factors and select those which would be most appropriate for the techniques used in conducting the comprehensive studies in New York State. This paper does not present the emission tables themselves but does outline the development of such tables for use in nonprocess calculations, i.e., combustion for heat and power of bituminous and anthracite coal, distillate and residual oil, natural and bottled gas; combustion of gasoline and diesel in internal combustion engines; burning of refuse in dumps and incinerators; and evaporation of gasoline from marketing operations.     

Woodstove Smoke and CO Emissions: Comparison of Reference Methods with the VPI Sampler

A new field sampler has been developed for measuring the particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide emissions of woodburning stoves. Particulate matter is determined by carbon balance and the workup of a sample train which is similar to a room-temperature EPA Method 5G train. A steel tank, initially evacuated, serves as the motive force for sampling and also accumulates a gas sample for post-test analysis of time-averaged stack CO and CO₂ concentrations. Workup procedures can be completed, within 72 hours of sampler retrieval. The system has been compared to reference methods in two laboratory test series involving six different woodburning appliances and two independent laboratories. The correlation of field sampler emission rates and reference method rates is strong.     

Emission Characteristics of Granulated Fuel Produced from Sewage Sludge and Coal Slime

Abstract

The neutralization of wastewater treatment residues is an issue for many countries. The European Union (EU) legal regulations have limited the use of the residues in agriculture and implemented a ban for their disposal. Therefore, urgent action should be taken to find solutions for the safe disposal of sewage sludge. The problem refers in particular to the new EU member countries, including Poland, where one can now observe an intensive development of sewage system networks and new sewage treatment plants. At the same time, these countries have few installations for thermal sewage sludge utilization (e.g., there is only one installation of that type in Poland). Simultaneously, there are many coal-fired mechanical stoker-fired boilers in some of these countries. This paper presents suggestions for the production of granulated fuel from sewage sludge and coal slime. Additionally, among others, lime was added to the fuel to decrease the sulfur compounds emission. Results are presented of research on fuel with two average grain diameters (～15 and 35 mm). The fuel with such diameters is adapted to the requirements of the combustion process taking place in a stokerfired boiler. The research was aimed at identifying the behavior of the burning fuel, with special attention paid to its emission properties (e.g., to the emissions of oxides of nitrogen [NO_x], sulfur dioxide [SO₂], and carbon mon-oxide [CO], among others). The concentration and emission values were compared with similar results obtained while burning hard coal. The combustion process was carried out in a laboratory stand where realization of the large-scale tests is possible. The laboratory stand used made simulation possible for a wide range of burning processes in mechanical stoker-fired boilers.     

Fine urban and precursor emissions control for diesel urban transit buses

Particulate emission from diesel engines is one of the most important pollutants in urban areas. As a result, particulate emission control from urban bus diesel engines using particle filter technology is being evaluated at several locations in the US. A project entitled "Clean Diesel Air Quality Demonstration Program" has been initiated by the New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) under the supervision of New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and with active participation from Johnson Matthey, Corning, Equilon, Environment Canada and RAD Energy. Under this program, several MTA transit buses with DDC Series 50 engines were equipped with Continuously Regenerating Technology (CRTTM) particulate filter systems and have been operated with ultra low sulfur diesel (<30 ppm S) in transit service in Manhattan since February 2000. These buses were evaluated over a 9-month period for durability and maintainability of the particulate filter. In addition, an extensive emissions testing program was carried out using transient cycles on a chassis dynamometer to evaluate the emissions reductions obtained with the particle filter. In this paper, the emissions testing data from the Clean Diesel Air Quality Demonstration Program are discussed in detail.     

Characterisation for some emission sources in CMB calculation for Mae Moh area, Thailand

Particulate samples of agricultural waste burning, straw burning, forest leaf burning, heavy duty truck emission, paved road dust, soil, agricultural soil, coal, electrostatic precipitator ash, and emission from stack power plant were collected from the Mae Moh area. Chemical compositions of sampling filters were analysed to determine the particulate matter source profiles. The analysis included ICP-MS for elemental compositions, ion chromatography for water soluble ions and CHNS/O for carbon species. In all biomass burning profiles organic carbon (OC) was higher during smouldering phase, while elemental carbon (EC) was higher during flaming phase. Results relating to biomass emission during flaming stage showed increase in K⁺. Organic and elemental carbons were the most abundant in biomass burning and truck exhaust. The abundance of EC was much lower, and the abundance of OC was much higher in biomass burning relative to truck exhaust emission. Al, K, Mg, Ca, and Fe were presented with high abundance in road dust, soil, coal, fly ash and stack samples. The differences in chemical compositions were not sufficient to distinguish geological material and fugitive dust sources. Fly ash profile differed from the others since OC and EC were not detected. Na and Zn were most abundant in stack samples. These findings served as a starting point for source contribution study. For future application of source apportionment using the CMB modelling technique, these source profiles should be appropriately grouped and selected to generate reliable outcomes.     

Analysis of Industrial Boiler Solid Waste Impacts

This paper presents an examination of industrial coal-fired boiler waste products. Presently the atmospheric emissions from all new boilers larger than 250 × 10⁶ Btu/hr are controlled by existing New Source Performance Standards, and boilers smaller than 250 × 10⁶ Btu/hr are controlled to levels required by the regulations of the particular state in which the facility is located. The 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments, however, specify categories of sources for which EPA must develop revised New Source Performance Standards. Industrial coal-fired boilers are included as one of these categories, and a relevant issue concerns the potential amount of solid waste generated as a result of tightened emission standards that require flue gas desulfurization. This paper examines the air quality and solid waste impacts of moderate and stringent emission controls for particulate and SO₂ emissions from industrial coal-fired boilers.

Comparisons are presented of physical and chemical characterizations of the emissions and solid wastes produced when boilers are equipped with particulate and SO₂ control equipment. The SO₂ systems examined are lime spray drying, lime/limestone, double alkali, sodium throwaway, physically cleaned coal, and fluidized-bed combustion. The solid waste disposal alternatives and the disposal costs are discussed. The most common disposal methods used are landfill for dry wastes and impoundment for sludges, with special wastewater treatment requirements for the sodium throwaway aqueous wastes.     

Performance testing of a multimetals continuous emissions monitor

A prototype instrument, designed for continuous monitoring of hazardous air pollutant metal emissions in the stack gases of waste incinerators and industrial furnaces, has undergone a performance evaluation that included a relative accuracy test audit. The test results confirmed the instrument's ability to accurately measure stack gas metal concentrations and thus validate the applicability of the candidate technique for compliance assurance monitoring for the specific source involved. The analytical accuracy of this system, documented during the recent test exercise, represents a significant improvement in performance relative to that previously achieved, and can be attributed with certainty to the recent implementation of a shrouded nozzle sampling system. By reducing deposition losses of particulate matter in the extracted stack gas stream to acceptable levels, presentation of a more representative sample stream to the elemental analyzer has been accomplished. The present paper discusses the design and operation of the multimetals continuous emissions monitor (MMCEM), the shrouded nozzle sampling system, and the results of recent performance testing.     

Estimation of Organic Compound Emissions from Waste Lagoons

Abstract

With the recent focus on fine particle matter (PM_2.5),new, self-consistent data are needed to characterize emissions from combustion sources. Such data are necessary for health assessment and air quality modeling. To address this need, emissions data for gas-fired combustors are presented here, using dilution sampling as the reference.The dilution method allows for collection of emitted particles under conditions simulating cooling and dilution during entry from the stack into the air. The sampling and analysis of the collected particles in the presence of precursor gases, SO₂, nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compound, and NH₃ is discussed; the results include data from eight gas fired units, including a dual-fuel institutional boiler and a diesel engine powered electricity generator. These data are compared with results in the literature for heavy-duty diesel vehicles and stationary sources using coal or wood as fuels. The results show that the gas-fired combustors have very low PM_2.5 mass emission rates in the range of ～10_-4 lb/million Btu (MMBTU) compared with the diesel backup generator with particle filter, with ～5 × 10_-3 lb/MMBTU. Even higher mass emission rates are found in coal-fired systems, with rates of ～0.07 lb/MMBTU for a bag-filter-controlled pilot unit burning eastern bituminous coal. The characterization of PM_2.5 chemical composition from the gas-fired units indicates that much of the measured primary particle mass in PM_2.5 samples is organic or elemental carbon and, to a much less extent, sulfate. Metal emissions are quite low compared with the diesel engines and the coal- or woodfueled combustors. The metals found in the gas-fired combustor particles are low in concentration, similar in concentration to ambient particles. The interpretation of the particulate carbon emissions is complicated by the fact that an approximately equal amount of particulate carbon (mainly organic carbon) is found on the particle collector and a backup filter. It is likely that measurement artifacts, mostly adsorption of volatile organic compounds on quartz filters, are positively biasing “true” particulate carbon emission results.     

Anthropogenic mercury emission inventory with emission factors and total emission in Korea

Mercury emissions concentrations, emission factors, and the total national emission from major anthropogenic sources in Korea for the year 2007 were estimated. Uncontrolled and controlled mercury emission factors and the total emission from each source types are presented. The annual national mercury emission from major anthropogenic sources for the year 2007, on average was 12.8 ton which ranged from 6.5 to 20.2 ton. Averaged emissions of elemental, oxidized, and particulate mercury were estimated at 8.25 ton, 3.69 ton, and 0.87 ton, respectively. Due to the removal of a major portion of particulate and oxidized mercury species, elemental mercury was dominant in stack emission. About 54.8% of mercury emission was contributed by industrial sources, 45.0% by stationary combustion sources and 0.02% by mobile sources. Thermal power plants, oil refineries, cement kilns and incinerators (municipal, industrial, medical, sewage sludge) were the major mercury emitters, contributing about 26%, 25%, 21% and 20%, respectively to the total mercury emission. Other sources (crematory, pulp and paper manufacturing, nonferrous metals manufacturing, glass manufacturing) contributed about 8% of the total emission. Priority should be given in controlling mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, cement kilns and waste incinerators. More measurements including natural and re-emission sources are to be carried out in the future in order to have a clear scenario of mercury emission from the country and to apply effective control measures.