超声联合低温热水解促进剩余污泥破解和厌氧消化的研究

为了探索超声和低温热水解预处理技术对剩余污泥厌氧消化性能的影响,进行了单独超声、单独热水解和二者联合的实验研究.以温度和超声能量为控制参数,研究了不同预处理技术对污泥破解度DD（Disintegration degree of SCOD）和有机质溶出的影响.结果表明：联合预处理技术对DD和有机质浓度的增加效果比超声和热水解单独作用之和分别高4.04%、36.62mg/L. DD和实际输入能量之间存在较高的线性相关性（R²=0.977）,即在本研究条件下,输入能量越高,污泥破解效果越好.超声和热水解联合预处理后污泥厌氧消化产甲烷量较原泥增加了30.2%～55.4%.DD和厌氧消化性能之间存在二次非线性关系（R²=0.821）,且厌氧消化性能最高达到877.76LCH₄/kg VSS去除,该峰值出现在超声能量12000kJ/kg TS和热水解温度80℃联合作用条件下.     

污泥调理脱水后残余水分存在形态及空间分布

污泥脱水是污泥资源化利用的前提,采用高铁酸钾(K₂FeO₄)和污泥生物炭(脱水污泥在500℃热解制得污泥生物炭,记为BC500)作为调理剂对污泥进行预处理。污泥经3.00 g/L K₂FeO₄和9.00 g/L BC500调理脱水后,泥饼含水率降低至42.33%,较未经调理脱水后泥饼含水率(78.80%)减少36.47百分点。通过低场核磁共振技术(low field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)检测脱水泥饼中残留水分的存在形式,并对水分种类进行划分。在K₂FeO₄氧化作用下,水分子与有机物的结合能被削弱,泥饼中残余结合水(0.23～10.72 ms)占比为99.68%～99.81%,毛细管水(70.00～700.00 ms)占比为0.19%～0.32%,原污泥泥饼中强结合水转化为弱结合水、毛细管水、自由水,弱结合水转化为毛细管水或自由水,毛细管水则转化为自由水,而自由水在机械脱水过程中几乎可以完全脱除。根据成像结果...     

稻秸秆制备微生物絮凝剂及改善污泥脱水性能的研究

采用水稻秸秆制备微生物絮凝剂,研究了微生物絮凝剂对污泥脱水性能的影响,并通过响应面分析法优化了微生物絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝（Polyaluminum chloride,PAC）复配改善污泥脱水性能的过程.结果表明,制备微生物絮凝剂的最佳条件为：800mL蒸馏水、200mL水稻秸秆酸解液、4g K₂HPO₄、2g KH₂PO₄、0.2g MgSO₄、0.1g NaCl、2g尿素,在此条件下,微生物絮凝剂产量达0.96g/L.保持原污泥pH值,当微生物絮凝剂投加量为12mg/L,干污泥量（DS）较原污泥提高了59.5%,污泥比阻（SRF）降低了53.6%,表明经微生物絮凝剂絮凝处理,污泥脱水性能显著改善.保持原污泥pH值,当PAC投加量为3g/L,干污泥量（DS）为16.4%,高于原污泥的13.2%,污泥比阻为（SRF）5.4×10¹²m/kg,低于原污泥的11.3×10¹²m/kg,说明PAC对污泥脱水性能有着明显的改善作用.响应面分析结果显示,污泥脱水最佳条件为微生物絮凝剂8.1mg/L、PAC 1.9g/L、pH值8.0,相应DS和SRF分别为24.1%和3.0×10¹²m/kg.实际污泥脱水工程中,污泥pH往往不进行调节,保持原污泥pH=6.4条件下,DS和SRF分别为23.6%和3.2×10¹²m/kg,均优于单独采用微生物絮凝剂和PAC时的污泥脱水效果.     

CaO2投加量及投加方式对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产生短链脂肪酸的影响

以污水处理厂剩余活性污泥作为研究对象,在中温条件下,按照不同投加量和投加方式投加过氧化钙（CaO₂）进行预处理,考察其对污泥发酵产酸和产甲烷的影响,以期确定CaO₂最佳投加量和投加方式.结果表明,在（35±1）℃条件下,投加CaO₂可提高剩余污泥发酵液pH值,从而促进有机物的快速溶出.在同样投加剂量条件下,一次性投加比多次投加更有利于污泥的溶解以及短链脂肪酸的积累.当一次性投加0.2g CaO₂/g VSS时,发酵液中乙酸浓度在第7d达到最高值（169mg COD/g VSS）,同时乙酸在6种主要酸中所占比例达到最大（71.0%）.与一次性投加方式相比较,多次投加CaO₂对产甲烷的抑制作用较小,不利于SCFAs的积累.     

聚丙烯微塑料对污泥厌氧消化效能作用影响

以聚丙烯（PP）微塑料为研究对象,考察不同浓度PP微塑料对污泥厌氧消化产CH₄和产酸效能的作用影响,同时采用荧光定量PCR方法定量检测了乙酸激酶（AK）和mcrA基因在不同PP微塑料作用下的丰度变化.结果表明,PP微塑料对污泥厌氧消化产CH₄和产酸效能具有促进影响,CH₄和乙酸累计产量随PP微塑料投加量的增大而升高,当PP微塑料投加量为0.2g/g VSS时,CH₄和乙酸累计产量与空白对照相比分别提高148.2%和15.2%,达227.1mL/g VSS和1291.2mg/L.相应地,mcrA基因丰度随之提高98.2%,表明PP微塑料对产甲烷菌的生长和繁殖具有促进作用,进而强化污泥厌氧消化产CH₄效能.     

制药污泥热解制备生物炭及对制药废水的吸附处理性能分析

利用制药污泥热解制备生物炭,考察ZnCl₂活化条件对生物炭吸附性能的影响,并探究生物炭对制药废水的吸附处理特性。提高ZnCl₂活化剂的浓度和浸渍比均可提升制药污泥生物炭的吸附性能,5 mol/L ZnCl₂活化剂在1:1浸渍比下获得的生物炭的比表面积达到534.91 m2/g,碘吸附值和苯酚吸附值分别达到674.61,119.12 mg/g。制药污泥生物炭对制药废水COD吸附动力学与叶洛维奇模型和拟二级吸附动力学模型较为相符,1 h内为生物炭对COD的快速吸附阶段。制药污泥生物炭投加量的提升,可提高废水中污染物去除率,在50 g/L生物炭投加量下吸附1 h,可实现66.3% COD和61.8%可吸附有机卤素（AOX）的去除。而多级吸附可在较低投加量下实现更好的污染物去除效果,1 g/L投加量下进行6级吸附可去除72.8%的COD和65.2%的AOX。这揭示了制药污泥在ZnCl₂活化条件下热解可制备高吸附性能生物炭,并展现了出色的制药废水吸附处理效果。     

维生素B12对厌氧污泥还原降解8:2FTOH的影响

研究了投加生物催化剂维生素B₁₂（VB₁₂）对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2氟调聚醇（8：2FTOH）的影响.结果表明,投加VB₁₂能够改变厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH的动力学特性并增加其最终去除率,但投加量存在上下限：当VB₁₂投加量≤1mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量无显著增加;当VB₁₂投加量≥5mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量也不再持续增加.投加所有剂量的VB₁₂均可显著增加8：2FTOH的最终脱氟率.投加VB₁₂对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH去除率和脱氟率的影响并不一致.此外,投加较高浓度的VB₁₂可以抑制厌氧污泥还原降解8：2FTOH过程中多氟代化合物等中间降解产物的积累,提高全氟代化合物等终态降解产物的产率,同时有利于增加8：2FTOH的矿化脱氟率,但却导致了更低的总物质的量回收率.     

维生素B12对厌氧污泥还原降解8:2FTOH的影响

研究了投加生物催化剂维生素B₁₂（VB₁₂）对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2氟调聚醇（8：2FTOH）的影响.结果表明,投加VB₁₂能够改变厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH的动力学特性并增加其最终去除率,但投加量存在上下限：当VB₁₂投加量≤1mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量无显著增加;当VB₁₂投加量≥5mg/L时,8：2FTOH最终去除量也不再持续增加.投加所有剂量的VB₁₂均可显著增加8：2FTOH的最终脱氟率.投加VB₁₂对厌氧活性污泥还原降解8：2FTOH去除率和脱氟率的影响并不一致.此外,投加较高浓度的VB₁₂可以抑制厌氧污泥还原降解8：2FTOH过程中多氟代化合物等中间降解产物的积累,提高全氟代化合物等终态降解产物的产率,同时有利于增加8：2FTOH的矿化脱氟率,但却导致了更低的总物质的量回收率.     

废铁屑对剩余污泥厌氧消化特性的影响

为探明废铁屑（RSI）对中温厌氧消化特性的影响,利用RSI为外源添加剂研究其投加对剩余污泥厌氧消化水解酸化、产气效率以及污泥表面形态的影响.结果表明:①剩余污泥酸化水解产物VFAs的主要成分是乙酸,其含量随RSI投加量的增加呈先升后降的趋势.②RSI投加量适中（不超过20 g/L）时可促进乙、丁酸型发酵,抑制丙酸型发酵,进而提高剩余污泥厌氧消化效率.③当RSI投加量分别为0、1、5、10、20和30 g/L时,累积甲烷产率分别为135.4、141.9、159.2、178.9、209.3和180.7 mL/g（以VS计）,甲烷含量分别为51.2%~56.4%、53.9%~58.6%、58.1%~62.5%、59.5%~68.3%、61.1%~71.2%和51.9%~61.4%.RSI最佳投加量为20 g/L,与空白组相比,累积甲烷产率和甲烷含量分别提升了54.6%和23.0%.④结合扫描电镜-X射线能谱（SEM-EDX）分析方法发现,在厌氧消化过程中微生物可促进RSI的溶解,且随RSI投加量的增加,消化污泥表面的铁元素含量也随之增加.⑤RSI的投加会提高蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性,但若投加量过高则会产生负面效应.研究显示,外源添加剂RSI投加量适中（不超过20 g/L）时可促进剩余污泥厌氧消化效率.      

敏化剂特性及其耦合微波强化污泥破解研究

采用污泥活性炭（SAC）、TiO₂/SAC、Fe₃O₄/SAC作为敏化剂,结合微波处理技术对污泥进行了预处理,通过分析滤液中COD、DNA、氮、磷、有机物的含量及组分,探索微波+敏化剂的最佳处理条件.SAC负载TiO₂和Fe₃O₄后强化了其对电磁波的介电损耗和磁滞损耗,tan δ_ε分别增加了1.8和1.3倍,tan δ_μ分别增加到0.26和0.67.TiO₂/SAC投加量为0.25g/gSS时,样品滤液的COD浓度是1900mg/L,是原污泥和单独微波处理的4.52倍和1.86倍;Fe₃O₄/SAC投加量为0.35g/gSS时,样品滤液的COD浓度是2540mg/L,是原污泥和单独微波处理的6.05倍和2.45倍,Fe₃O₄/SAC强化污泥破壁效果更好.此时,样品滤液中TN、TP、蛋白质、多糖浓度分别为原污泥的7.7倍、16倍、7.49倍和71.69倍,微生物胞内和胞外聚合物中的物质大量释放,滤液中的溶解性有机物大大增加.微波+敏化剂的预处理方法有利于对污泥中氮、磷及有机物进行资源化利用与回收.     

Potassium ferrate pretreatment promotes short chain fatty acids yield and antibiotics reduction in acidogenic fermentation of sewage sludge

During the acidogenic fermentation converting waste activated sludge (WAS) into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), hydrolysis of complex organic polymers is a limiting step and the transformation of harmful substances (such as antibiotics) during acidogenic fermentation is unknown. In this study, potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) oxidation was used as a pretreatment strategy for WAS acidogenic fermentation to increase the hydrolysis of sludge and destruct the harmful antibiotics. Pretreatment with K₂FeO₄ can effectively increase the SCFA production during acidogenic fermentation and change the distribution of SCFA components. With the dosage of 0.2 g/g TS, the maximum SCFA yield was 4823 mg COD/L, which is 28.3 times that of the control group; acetic acid accounts for more than 90% of the total SCFA. The higher dosage (0.5 g/g TS) can further increase the proportion of acetic acid, but inhibit the overall performance of SCFA production. Apart from the promotion of hydrolysis and acidogenesis, K₂FeO₄ pretreatment can also simultaneously oxidizes and degrades part of the antibiotics in the sludge. When the dosage is 0.5 g/g TS, the degradation efficacy of antibiotics is the most significant, and the contents of ofloxacin, azithromycin, and tetracycline in the sludge are reduced by 69%, 42%, and 50%, respectively. In addition, K₂FeO₄ pretreatment can also promote the release of antibiotics from sludge flocs, which is conducive to the simultaneous degradation of antibiotics in the subsequent biological treatment process.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DDCOD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DD_COD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion

Alkaline and ultrasonic sludge disintegration can both be used as pretreatments of waste activated sludge (WAS) for improving the subsequent anaerobic or aerobic digestion. The pretreatment has been carried out using different combination of these two methods in this study. The effect was evaluated based on the quantity of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge as well as the degradation of organic matter in the following aerobic digestion. For WAS samples with combined pretreatment, the released COD was in high level than those with ultrasonic or alkaline treatment. When combined with the same ultrasonic treatment, NaOH treatment resulted in more solubilization of WAS than Ca(OH)2. For combined NaOH and ultrasonic treatments with different sequences, the released COD were in the order: simultaneous treatment > ultrasonic treatment following NaOH treatment > NaOH treatment following ultrasonic treatment. For simultaneous treatment, low NaOH dosage (100 g/kg dry solid), short duration (30 min) of NaOH treatment, and low ultrasonic specific energy (7 500 kJ/kg dry solid) were beneficial for sludge disintegration. Using combined NaOH and ultrasonic pretreatment with the optimium parameters, the degradation efficiency of organic matter was increased from 38.0% to 50.7%, which is much higher than with ultrasonic (42.5%) or with NaOH pretreatment (43.5%) in the subsequent aerobic digestion at the same retention time.     

垃圾渗滤液浓缩液高铁酸钾联合PAC处理技术研究

以碟管式反渗透(DTRO)处理垃圾渗滤液产生的浓缩液为研究对象,采用高铁酸钾联合聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理浓缩液.结果表明,在单独采用高铁酸钾的条件下,DTRO浓缩液COD、UV_(254)和色度去除率随着高铁酸钾投加量的增加而升高.高铁酸钾投加量为10 g·L~(-1),pH为5时,COD、UV_(254)和色度去除效果最佳,反应在40 min内基本完成,COD、UV_(254)、色度去除率分别为38.5%、35.7%和68.5%.通过响应曲面法分析高铁酸钾联合PAC处理DTRO浓缩液效果可得,高铁酸钾投加量在10.0～13.0 g·L~(-1)之间,pH调节至3.0～4.0,PAC投加量为13.0～15.0 g·L~(-1)时,DTRO浓缩液COD去除率可达74%.     

表面活性剂促进剩余污泥酶水解的研究

为了提高污泥酶水解的效率,研究向污泥中投加表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS）强化污泥酶水解的效果.结果表明,SDS极大促进了剩余污泥酶水解,且复合酶的处理效果优于单酶.复合酶的投加量为0.06 g/g时,SCOD溶出率随SDS投加量成正比增加.SDS为0.20 g/g时,S...     

过氧化氢-敏化剂强化污泥微波预处理溶胞效果的研究

提高污泥溶胞效率是强化污泥厌氧处理的关键.为加强污泥微波预处理溶胞效果,本研究分别考察了常压、半封闭条件下二氧化钛颗粒、碳质材料作为敏化剂与过氧化氢联合进行微波污泥预处理的效果.结果表明,碳质材料敏化剂对微波、过氧化氢-微波污泥预处理产生了负作用,降低了污泥的溶胞效果,而二氧化钛能有效增加污泥中营养物质的释放.当二氧化钛颗粒投加量为0.12 g·g~(-1)干污泥时,SCOD、PO_4~(3-)-P的浓度比单独微波处理分别增加了11.86%、61%;当二氧化钛颗粒投加量为0.24 g·g~(-1)干污泥时,NH_4~+-N释放比单独微波处理高出27.78%.微波辐射作用下投加二氧化钛颗粒产生了羟基自由基,强化了过氧化氢-微波对污泥细胞的氧化作用.     

The effect of salinity on waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation and kinetic analysis

The effect of salinity on sludge alkaline fermentation at low temperature(20°C) was investigated, and a kinetic analysis was performed. Different doses of sodium chloride(Na Cl, 0–25 g/L) were added into the fermentation system. The batch-mode results showed that the soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) increased with salinity. The hydrolysate(soluble protein, polysaccharide) and the acidification products(short chain fatty acids(SCFAs), NH+4–N, and PO_4~(3-)–P) increased with salinity initially, but slightly declined respectively at higher level salinity(20 g/L or 20–25 g/L). However, the hydrolytic acidification performance increased in the presence of salt compared to that without salt.Furthermore, the results of Haldane inhibition kinetics analysis showed that the salt enhanced the hydrolysis rate of particulate organic matter from sludge particulate and the specific utilization of hydrolysate, and decreased the specific utilization of SCFAs. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis indicated that the importance of polysaccharide on the accumulation of SCFAs was reduced with salt addition, but the importance of protein and NH+4–N on SCFA accumulation was increased.     

芬顿试剂氧化对污泥脱水性能的影响

利用芬顿试剂调理污泥,以W_C(污泥滤饼含水率)和CST(毛细吸水时间)作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标,通过分析污泥中各层ρ(EPS)(EPS为胞外聚合物)和上清液中小分子有机物质量浓度来阐明污泥脱水性能的变化. 结果表明:芬顿试剂调理可促进EPS氧化分解,TB-EPS(紧密结合的胞外聚合物)破解转化为LB-EPS(松散结合的胞外聚合物)和S-EPS(上清液层胞外聚合物),大幅降低W_C和CST. 试验中当pH为4,w(H₂O₂)和 w(Fe2+)均为40 mg/g时,ρ(EPS)降低了33.04%,W_C和CST分别降至63.36%和28.7 s. Pearson相关性分析表明,ρ(TB-EPS)与W_C和CST均存在显著的正相关性(P＜0.01),是影响污泥脱水性能的重要因素,而ρ(LB-EPS)和ρ(S-EPS)与污泥脱水性能的相关性较低. 液相色谱分析表明,随着芬顿试剂投加量的增大,EPS等有机物分解程度增大,污泥上清液中小分子有机物种类明显增多,其质量浓度显著升高,ρ(甲酸)和ρ(乙酸)分别由原污泥的52.72、15.99 mg/L升至446.05、522.36 mg/L.