海洋污染及其防治

X55 200500244 营养物质输入对赤潮发生的影响/徐宁…(暨南大学水生态科学研究所)//海洋环境科学/国家海洋环境监测中心.-2004,23(2).-20-24 环图X—14 以国内外7个典型海湾为例,分析了营养物质输入对赤潮发生的影响。结果表明,陆源污染物排入及海水养殖业自身污染是近岸海域营养物质输入的主要来源。水体富营养化的不断加剧是     

渤海富营养化现状、机制及其与赤潮的时空耦合性

通过对历年调查与监测数据的整理,从污染物源强、渤海富营养化状况、赤潮发生的时空分布三个角度,分析了渤海近岸海域富营养化的"压力—状态—响应"耦合作用机制。根据文献及调查资料研究渤海营养要素的来源及通量,指出渤海污染物主要来自于陆源输入,并且以河流携带的营养盐输入为主。在对渤海近岸海域历年营养盐含量及富营养化水平分析的基础上,结合赤潮发生的时空变化特征,就富营养化对渤海赤潮的诱导作用与耦合关系进行初步讨论。     

广西海域赤潮调查及对策建议

赤潮是一种复杂的生态异常现象,海水富营养化是赤潮发生的物质基础,水文气象条件和海水理化因子的变化是诱发赤潮发生的重要原因.广西海域赤潮虽然还没有造成重大直接经济损失,但已引起了中央有关领导人的关注.根据广西海域赤潮发生的情况,分析其原因,提出对策和建议.     

渤海辽东湾富营养化的趋势研究

通过对陆上污染源排污状况与辽东湾海域污染的相关分析 ,说明海域富营养化是发生赤潮的前提条件。要控制辽东湾的赤潮 ,首先必须控制辽东湾的富营养化趋势。     

浙江洞头列岛海域水体富营养化及其与赤潮的关系

根据2003年至2005年调查资料,以霓屿岛海域、三盘港海域以及竹屿岛海域为代表对浙江洞头列岛海域的水体富营养化及其与赤潮的关系进行分析研究.结果表明,丰水期水体中营养盐含量明显高于平水期,霓屿海域和三盘港海域富营养化最为严重,无机氮是水质富营养化的主要因素.富营养化和营养盐的结构是2004年5月在洞头列岛海域发生的具齿原甲藻赤潮的物质基础和首要条件,赤潮生物的生长与无机氮和无机磷存在负相关关系     

福建省沿岸赤潮生物——东海原甲藻生态探讨

对近年来福建北部海域的东海原甲藻赤潮应急跟踪监测资料及赤潮发生海域的生态浮标连续监测数据进行初步分析,分析结果表明,东海原甲藻赤潮发生的最适水温和盐度范围分别为18.2～25.2℃、29.7～32.2‰;赤潮发生前期大气压均有较大幅度的下降,赤潮持续期间风速较小,偏南风为主;在富营养化和贫营养化的海域都有发生该藻种的赤潮,特别是存在磷限制赤潮海域.赤潮发生发展过程中存在硅藻与甲藻之间的演替,赤潮发生期间时常伴有高密度的有毒甲藻.     

象山港海域富营养化与赤潮的关系

根据 2 0 0 0年 5月 2 4日至 6月 7日对象山港口门附近海域由原甲藻和多甲藻引发的赤潮进行跟踪监视监测的资料 ,用相关分析的方法探究了赤潮发生时各水化要素间的关系 ,分析了象山港海域富营养化的程度、范围、形成原因及其与赤潮的关系。结果表明 ,在赤潮发生期间 ,水体中赤潮生物———原甲藻数量与溶解氧呈现明显的正相关 ,多甲藻和裸甲藻数量与无机氮呈现明显的负相关 ,可见此次赤潮是以无机氮为营养盐主要限制因子。象山港海域的有机污染、富营养化现象 ,是赤潮发生的物质基础和必要条件。     

国外赤潮调查研究概况

在人类活动的影响下,大量富含氮、磷等生物所需要的营养物质排入海洋,使某些水体交换差的河口、海湾区营养盐含量过高,引起水体富营养化统称为赤潮。现已查明,世界上有150多种浮游生物能形成赤潮,多数为甲藻。赤潮除对渔业危害很大外,还可危及人类健康。因此,世界上普遍重视赤潮的研究,在发生的海域进行大量调查,并对其发生机制、防治、预测预报进行了大量研究,现将概况简述如下。 一、国外赤潮发生与危害概况近20年来,世界各地发生赤潮的事件剧增。如美国的佛罗里达沿岸,1916—1948年间只     

厦门港海域营养状况的分析

富营养化及赤潮在一些近岸和港湾海域常有发生。沿海城市的发展、大量生活污水和工业废水排入海域,会使海域的营养状况发生变化。因此,海域营养状况的研究,将是港湾海域环境保护的重要课题。 水域营养状况评价国内外已有多种方法。为研究水域的营养类型,一些研究采用COD、     

深圳近岸海域氮、磷营养盐变化趋势及其与赤潮发生的关系

本文阐述了深圳近岸海域（大鹏湾北部和东部沿岸、大亚湾西部沿岸、深圳湾西北部沿岸及珠江口东南部沿岸）四个海区氮磷营养盐近30 a变化趋势,统计了各海区历年赤潮发生次数和累计总面积,并对氮磷营养盐含量和赤潮发生次数、累计总面积进行了相关性分析。结果表明,深圳近岸海域氮磷营养盐污染状况为东优西劣的趋势,东部海域水体均未达到富营养化水平,而西部海域水体均表现出一定程度的富营养化（部分年份为磷限制潜在性富营养）;赤潮发生次数以大鹏湾最高,深圳湾次之,累计总面积以深圳湾最大,珠江口次之;相关性分析结果表明,DIN、PO₄-P与四个海区赤潮发生次数、累计总面积均无显著相关性,而NH₄-N、NO₃-N分别与大鹏湾和珠江口海域赤潮暴发次数、累计总面积呈显著相关性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.