开发建设中生态保护与恢复标准体系研究

在论述开发建设生态保护与恢复标准体系框架构建原则,分析生态破坏型开发建设活动的主要类型及其生态保护与恢复技术内容以及我国开发建设生态保护与恢复标准现状的基础上,提出了我国开发建设生态保护与恢复标准体系.该标准体系在结构上包括适用于2个或2个以上生态破坏型开发建设活动大类的通用标准和只适用于某一大类生态破坏型开发建设活动的专用标准2个层次,体系表中共有标准35项,其中现有标准15项,新设标准20项.     

Grameen银行在发展社区和改善环境中的作用

本文回顾了孟加拉Grameen银行的历史.由于贫困本身可视为一种主要污染物,Grameen认识到可持续发展在缓解贫困方面的重要性.在银行运作的各个方面都体现出有意识的努力改善生活的生态状况(包括提供更好的住房,食品和饮用水,以及卫生条件).Grameen的项目包括开发环境无害农业、可再生能源、造林和棉布回收利用.     

基于生命周期分析方法的家庭消费生态影响评价

建立了基于生命周期分析方法的可持续消费评价模型,并对2 0 0 0年中国城市家庭消费行为的生态影响进行了分析,比较了不同消费行为对生态影响的贡献。结果发现,2 0 0 0年中国城市家庭消费的生态影响主要来自与交通相关的消费行为,其次是食品和居住消费     

加强生态保护,维护国家生态安全

在详细论述生态安全概念和内涵的基础上,阐述了维护国家生态安全在保障国家安全、维持中华民族的生存与发展和维护人民群众切身利益等方面的重要性,分析了我国面临的环境严重污染、生态赤字扩大、物种资源破坏和自然灾害频发等方面严峻的生态安全形势,提出了规范国土空间开发秩序、完善生态保护政策法规、建立生态监测评价体系、强化资源开发环境监管和提高全民生态安全意识等维护国家生态安全的对策措施。     

房地产开发项目生态环境保护措施

针对房地产开发项目的生态环境影响的特点,分析了制定房地产开发项目生态环境保护措施的原则、途径和方法,并以天津市某房地产开发项目为实例,从施工期和使用期的角度,提出了生态环境保护的措施和对策建议。     

生态环境导向的开发(EOD)模式探索与实践——以湖南省试点项目为例

生态环境导向的开发(EOD)模式是以生态文明思想为引领,探索践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念的具体实践,推动生态产品价值实现市场化的有效路径。基于湖南省EOD试点项目,结合实践案例分析了“水生态环境保护+片区综合开发”“生态环境综合治理+乡村振兴”“生态环境基础设施建设+产业园区开发”“农业农村污染治理+生态农业开发”4个典型模式及主要特征,总结了政府主导、一体开发、市场运作、多方投入、因地制宜、特色发展的主要试点经验,为生态产品价值实现探索提供借鉴。     

基于生态承载力的楠溪江流域生态旅游开发分析

对开发地区生态承载力的科学测评是进行旅游开发与管理的重要环节。利用生态足迹模型,对2010年楠溪江中上游流域的生态承载力供给与需求进行分析和评价。结果表明,楠溪江中上游地区生态承载力供给高于需求,总生态承载力供需比为1.3∶1,草地和水域用地生态承载力出现赤字,旅游人均生态足迹是本底人均生态足迹的1.22倍。流域生态承载力总体可以支持生态旅游的良性发展,但在开发中既需要加大对生态资源的持续性保护和输入,又需要重视对流量式旅游的监管和限制。     

生态伦理学价值取向与开发生态旅游

阐述了生态伦理学价值取向的重要意义,具体细化了生态伦理学的价值取向,在此基础上指出生态旅游开发应确立资源稀缺性的指导思想,应以立法作保障,落实环境影响评价和成本效益分析,并注重开发环境教育价值。     

页岩气开发地块污染物的种群生态风险评估模型分析

页岩气资源气藏结构相对复杂,生态环境相对脆弱,环境影响机理不清等一系列环境问题已成为制约我国页岩气开发的重要瓶颈,目前我国对页岩气开发地块的生态风险评估研究极少,远未能形成技术体系。由于个体之间、个体与环境之间存在相互作用,个体水平的生态风险评估往往无法全面地反映化学污染物质对生态环境的整体影响,因此开展种群层面的生态风险评估对提高其风险准确性具有重要作用。本文在通过聚类分析方法了解种群生态风险评估领域的热点和发展趋势的基础上,借助文献计量方法较系统地梳理了有关种群层面的生态风险评估模型的内容,对比分析并筛选可适用于我国典型页岩气开发区域特征污染物的种群生态风险评估模型并探讨了其在页岩气开发场景的可用性及不确定性,旨在为我国这类污染场地环境风险防控提供借鉴。     

塑料食品包装材料的环境污染综述

塑料食品包装材料是食品包装的重要组成部分,但其与食品直接接触时易释放大量化学品和添加剂,且废弃后会分解成粒径小的微塑料,由此造成的环境污染和生态健康风险受到世界各国的广泛关注,并针对食品包装塑料中有害化学品向食品中的释放迁移过程、微塑料及其中化学品的环境污染过程等开展了大量研究.本文综述了常用塑料食品包装材料的种类、用途及其中的化学物质,详细总结了食品包装塑料自身及其中化学品的环境污染过程和生态健康毒性效应,并据此提出了塑料食品包装材料今后的控制措施及相关研究的发展方向.     

无公害农产品生产与生态农业

分析了无公害农产品生产与生态农业建设的关系 ,认为生态农业是无公害农产品生产的有效途径。此外 ,探讨了有关无公害农产品生产的技术与管理体系。     

Adaptations in a hierarchical food web of southeastern Lake Michigan

Two issues in ecological network theory are: (1) how to construct an ecological network model and (2) how do entire networks (as opposed to individual species) adapt to changing conditions? We present a novel method for constructing an ecological network model for the food web of southeastern Lake Michigan (USA) and we identify changes in key system properties that are large relative to their uncertainty as this ecological network adapts from one time point to a second time point in response to multiple perturbations. To construct our food web for southeastern Lake Michigan, we followed the list of seven recommendations outlined in Cohen et al. [Cohen, J.E., et al., 1993. Improving food webs. Ecology 74, 252–258] for improving food webs. We explored two inter-related extensions of hierarchical system theory with our food web; the first one was that subsystems react to perturbations independently in the short-term and the second one was that a system's properties change at a slower rate than its subsystems’ properties. We used Shannon's equations to provide quantitative versions of the basic food web properties: number of prey, number of predators, number of feeding links, and connectance (or density). We then compared these properties between the two time-periods by developing distributions of each property for each time period that took uncertainty about the property into account. We compared these distributions, and concluded that non-overlapping distributions indicated changes in these properties that were large relative to their uncertainty. Two subsystems were identified within our food web system structure (p < 0.001). One subsystem had more non-overlapping distributions in food web properties between Time 1 and Time 2 than the other subsystem. The overall system had all overlapping distributions in food web properties between Time 1 and Time 2. These results supported both extensions of hierarchical systems theory. Interestingly, the subsystem with more non-overlapping distributions in food web properties was the subsystem that contained primarily benthic taxa, contrary to expectations that the identified major perturbations (lower phosphorous inputs and invasive species) would more greatly affect the subsystem containing primarily pelagic taxa. Future food-web research should employ rigorous statistical analysis and incorporate uncertainty in food web properties for a better understanding of how ecological networks adapt.     

Origin of compartmentalization in food webs

The response of an ecosystem to perturbations is mediated by both antagonistic and facilitative interactions between species. It is thought that a community's resilience depends crucially on the food web--the network of trophic interactions--and on the food web's degree of compartmentalization. Despite its ecological importance, compartmentalization and the mechanisms that give rise to it remain poorly understood. Here we investigate several definitions of compartments, propose ways to understand the ecological meaning of these definitions, and quantify the degree of compartmentalization of empirical food webs. We find that the compartmentalization observed in empirical food webs can be accounted for solely by the niche organization of species and their diets. By uncovering connections between compartmentalization and species' diet contiguity, our findings help us understand which perturbations can result in fragmentation of the food web and which can lead to catastrophic effects. Additionally, we show that the composition of compartments can be used to address the long-standing question of what determines the ecological niche of a species.     

Sociogenetic responses to ecological variation in the ant Myrmica punctiventris are context dependent

Models of social evolution predict a strong relationship between ecological factors and sociogenetic organization in social insects (e.g. queen number, nestmate relatedness and population structure). Despite a large body of coherent theory, empirical support for these predictions is weak. Here we report the results of an experiment that manipulated two ecological parameters, food and nestsite availability, thought to be important for a population of the forest ant Myrmica punctiventris. Earlier work had shown that the sociogenetic structure varies between two populations of this species, and an ecological experiment in one of the populations (in Vermont) revealed that food supplementation had the strongest effects on nestmate relatedness. We repeated the experiment in the second population (in New York) and obtained strikingly different results. We show that nestsite supplementation had the strongest effect in the New York population, and that adding both food and nestsites affected nestmate relatedness in a direction opposite to that reported from the Vermont study. These results show that the ecological context is critically important for understanding the determinants of colony structure in ants. Furthermore, comparison of our data with that of a previous study shows that social organization in New York is temporally unstable. Thus, not only do ecological factors strongly influence social organization, but their influence can vary over time. Our study underscores the need for detailed information on the natural history and ecology of social species.     

Predictors of food-related aggression in wild Assamese macaques and the role of conflict avoidance

The quality, availability and distribution of food resources and their influence on types and levels of feeding competition play a central role in ecological models of female social structure in mammals. Here, we investigate the impact of social and ecological factors on rates of food-related aggression and the use of potential conflict avoidance mechanisms in wild Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) in northeastern Thailand. These questions were addressed by examining feeding competition at the level of individual food patches which provides detailed information on resource characteristics, aggression and feeding party composition. Results suggest that the frequency of aggression in food patches increases with increasing feeding group size and decreasing patch size but is not affected by ecological variables representing resource value (abundance and nutritional value of food items in a patch). Interestingly, females appear to employ several mechanisms to avoid direct conflicts, including the use of alternative feeding sites within food patches, delayed arrival at feeding sites, storing food in cheek pouches and co-feeding with individuals they share strong social bonds with. Conflict avoidance may be partially responsible for the absence of a rank-related skew in female energy intake in this population and may explain other cases where empirical data do not fit the predictions of socio-ecological theory. Our findings also inform the debate about the mechanisms generating fitness benefits from strong social bonds by suggesting that by increasing feeding tolerance, social bonds may enhance resource acquisition, reduce the risk of injuries and lower levels of agonism-related stress.     

Ecological constraints on group size: an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups

The social organization of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) appear remarkably similar. In this paper, field studies of these two species were used to (1) test a model of ecological constraints on animal group size which suggests that group size is a function of travel costs and (2) assess ecological and social factors underlying the social organization of these two species. Spider monkeys were studied over a 6-year period in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica, and chimpanzees were studied for 6 years in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Adults of both species spent their time in small subgroups that frequently changed size and composition. Thus, unlike most primate species, spider monkeys and chimpanzees were not always in a spatially cohesive social group; each individual had the option of associating in subgroups of a different size or composition. Both species relied on ripe fruit from trees that could be depleted through their feeding activity. However, spider monkey food resources tended to occur at higher densities, were more common, less temporally variable, and did not reach the low levels experienced by chimpanzees. Analyses of the relationship between subgroup size and the density and distribution of their food resources suggested that travel costs limit subgroup size. However, these ecological factors did not influence all age/sex classes equally. For example, the number of adult males in a subgroup was a function of food density and travel costs. However, this was not the case for female chimpanzees, suggesting that the benefits of being in a subgroup for females did not exceed the costs, even when ecological conditions appeared to minimize subgroup foraging costs. Therefore, it seems likely that social strategies influenced the relationship between food resource variables and subgroup size.     

Ecological drivers of group living in two populations of the communally rearing rodent, Octodon degus

Intraspecific variation in sociality is thought to reflect a trade-off between current fitness benefits and costs that emerge from individuals' decision to join or leave groups. Since those benefits and costs may be influenced by ecological conditions, ecological variation remains a major, ultimate cause of intraspecific variation in sociality. Intraspecific comparisons of mammalian sociality across populations facing different environmental conditions have not provided a consistent relationship between ecological variation and group-living. Thus, we studied two populations of the communally rearing rodent Octodon degus to determine how co-variation between sociality and ecology supports alternative ecological causes of group living. In particular, we examined how variables linked to predation risk, thermal conditions, burrowing costs, and food availability predicted temporal and population variation in sociality. Our study revealed population and temporal variation in total group size and group composition that covaried with population and yearly differences in ecology. In particular, predation risk and burrowing costs are supported as drivers of this social variation in degus. Thermal differences, food quantity and quality were not significant predictors of social group size. In contrast to between populations, social variation within populations was largely uncoupled from ecological differences.     

盐城市区污水资源化海涂生态工程研究

盐城市区污水资源化海涂生态工程是根据“控源导流”整治战略构建的一项示范工程。拟将盐城市区污水截流入网,用污水渠道送至海涂生态工程,实现污水治理和资源化利用的结合。全程实行４级水质控制,生态工程的场址选择遵循“四忌四宜”原则,即忌人群、忌饮水、忌生食食品、忌超载,宜苇、宜林,宜草,宜粮。     

经济全球化背景下中国农业生态学面临的新问题与新任务

中国农业发展正呈现现代化、结构优化、产业化、标准化、信息化、生态良性化等发展趋势。在经济全球化背景下 ,中国加入WTO后 ,农业生态学也面临着新的问题和任务 ,主要包括 :(1 )农业结构调整中的生态学问题 ;(2 )农业生物安全问题 ;(3)食物安全与生态农业建设问题 ;(4)农业资源与物种多样性保护问题 ;(5)农业生态管理与生态补偿问题 ;(6)农业与农村生态环境建设与生态恢复问题 ;(7)农业人口迁移与城市化过程中的生态学问题 ;(8)贫困地区的农业生态经济与可持续发展问题