Cd2+胁迫下中肋骨条藻细胞内多胺的生理响应

通过室内添加Cd2+培养中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum),开展了Cd2+胁迫对中肋骨条藻生长的影响及藻细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、二胺氧化酶(DAO)、多胺氧化酶(PAO)的活性以及丙二醛(MDA)和各形态多胺含量变化的实验,以探究多胺对于海洋微藻在重金属胁迫下的响应及生理作用.结果显示,Cd2+对中肋骨条藻的生长产生胁迫作用,且Cd2+浓度越大对藻细胞生长的抑制作用越强.Cd2+胁迫下中肋骨条藻细胞内MDA含量略有升高,SOD活性显著降低,DAO和PAO活性分别增强.随着Cd2+胁迫作用的增强,藻细胞内游离态腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)含量先降低后升高;结合态Put、Spd和Spm含量先升高后降低;束缚态Put、Spm和Spd含量及Put总量和Spm总量升高.表明Cd2+胁迫会导致中肋骨条藻细胞产生氧化损害,同时细胞内DAO和PAO活性的增强以及游离态Put、束缚态Spd和Spm、Put总量和Spm总量的升高可能会增强藻细胞抵抗Cd2+胁迫的能力.     

Changes of plasma membrane AtPase activity, membrane potential and transmembrane proton gradient in Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina seedlings with various salinities

The salt-secreting mangrove, Avicennia marina, and non-salt-secreting mangrove, Kande/ia candel were cultivated in sand with various salinities(0‰, 100‰, 20‰, 30‰, 40‰) for 60 d. Plasma membrane vesicles of highpurity in leaves and roots of A. marina and K. candel seedlings were obtained by two-phase partitioning. The function of the plasma membranes, the activity of ATPase, membrane potential and transmembrane proton gradient, at various salinities were investigated. The results showed that within a certain range of salinity( A. marina and roots of K. candel: 0-30‰; leaves of K. candel: 0-20‰), the activity of ATPase increased with increasing salinity, while high salinity (above 30‰ or 20‰) inhibited ATPase activity. In comparison with A. marina, K.candel appeared to be more sensitive to salinity. The dynamics of membrane potential and transmembrane proton gradient in leaves and roots of A. marina and K. candel seedlings were similar to that of ATPase. When treated directly by NaCl all the indexes were inhibited markedly: there was a little increase within 0-10‰( K. candel) or 0-20‰( A. marina) followed by sharp declining. It indicated that the structure and function of plasma membrane was damaged severely.     

2011年春季东海赤潮演替过程中海水中的游离态多胺

利用高效液相色谱法测定了2011年东海赤潮演替过程中海水中的主要的游离态多胺腐胺、亚精胺和精胺的浓度.调查海区腐胺、亚精胺和精胺的浓度范围分别为0~48nmol/L,3~11nmol/L和2~17nmol/L,其中腐胺的平均浓度最高,亚精胺次之,精胺的浓度最低.从平面分布看,在4月份以中肋骨条藻为主的硅藻赤潮爆发期,和5月份以东海原甲藻为主的甲藻赤潮爆发期,赤潮爆发的区域多胺浓度相对较高;各个断面的多胺浓度随着赤潮爆发的过程发生变化,并且与DOC、POC、DON以及C/N等呈较明显的相关性.     

镧对UV-B胁迫下大豆幼苗类黄酮含量与抗氧化能力影响

为进一步认识La(Ⅲ)提高类黄酮含量及减轻UV-B辐射伤害植物机制,以大豆幼苗为材料,采用水培实验的方法研究了La(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗类黄酮抗氧化能力的动态影响.结果表明, UV-B辐射(T1:0.15W·m-2和T2:0.45W·m-2)胁迫下,大豆幼苗类黄酮含量在胁迫期和恢复期均先升后降,质膜透性、MDA含量先升(1～5d)后降(6～11d),类黄酮对O·-2和·OH的清除率与其含量变化趋势近同.各处理组类黄酮含量La(Ⅲ) UV-B>UV-B>La(Ⅲ)>CK, La(Ⅲ) T1>La(Ⅲ) T2;质膜透性、MDA含量UV-B>La(Ⅲ) UV-B>CK>La(Ⅲ), La(Ⅲ) T2>La(Ⅲ) T1;类黄酮对O-2和·OH清除率La(Ⅲ) UV-B>UV-B>La(Ⅲ)>CK, La(Ⅲ) T1, La(Ⅲ) T2,表明La(Ⅲ)对类黄酮的调控作用,提高了清除活性氧自由基的运行效率,降低了MDA浓度,维持了质膜正常透性,且对低剂量(T1)的防护效果优于高剂量(T2),进而在防御系统层面实现了La(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射伤害大豆幼苗的防护效应.     

Influences of excessive Cu on photosynthesis and growth in ectomycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris seedlings

Growth and photosynthesis responses were measured for Scots pine( Pinus sylvestris L. cv. ) inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi ( Suillus bovinus ) under 6.5 and 25 mg/L Cu treatments to evaluate ectomycorrhizal seedlings‘ tolerance to heavy metal stress. Results showed that excessive Cu can significantly impair the growth and photosynthesis of pine seedlings, but such impairment is much smaller to the ectomycorrhizal seedlings. Under 25mg/L Cu treatment, the dry weight of ectomycorrhizal seedlings is 25% lower than the control in contrary to 53% of the non-mycorrhizal seedlings, and the fresh weight of ectomycorrhizal roots was significantly higher than those of non-mycorrhizal roots, about 25% and 42% higher at 6.5 and 25 mg/L Cu treatments respectively. Furthermore,ectomycorrhizal fungi induced remarkable difference in the growth rate and pigment content of seedlings under excessive Cu stress. At 2.5 mg/L Cu, the contents of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b were 30% higher in ectomycorrhizal plants than those in non-mycorrhizal plants. O2 evolution and electron transport of PSI and PSII were restrained by elevated Cu stress. However, no significant improvement was observed in reducing the physiological restraining in ectomycorrhizal seedlings over the non-mycorrhizal ones.     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H~+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响

采用水培法研究模拟酸雨(p H=5.0、3.5、2.5)对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响.结果显示:与对照(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,p H=5.0组质膜H+-ATPase活性与活化能、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量均无显著变化,仅细胞渗透势下降.p H=3.5酸雨导致细胞渗透势、K+含量下降,质膜H+-ATPase活性、H+-ATPase活化能、Ca2+含量明显上升,Mg2+含量无显著变化.p H=2.5组H+-ATPase活性、细胞渗透势和K+、Mg2+含量明显下降,H+-ATPase活化能和Ca2+含量上升,表明矿质元素含量不仅受H+-ATPase活性的调控,还与酸雨强度和离子价态有关.经5 d恢复(恢复期)后,p H=5.0组各指标均恢复到CK水平,p H=3.5组除细胞渗透势外均恢复至CK水平,p H=2.5处理组各指标虽未达到CK水平,但较胁迫期有所恢复.表明K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量受H+-ATPase活性的调节,且恢复效果受酸雨强度影响.     

外源亚精胺缓解荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)Cr6+毒害的生理研究

研究了不同浓度的Cr^6 胁迫下，荇菜叶中叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、O2^-产生速率、保护酶——超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化及外施亚精胺后对上述各指标的影响．结果表明：(1)单一Cr^6 处理下，叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量在Cr^6 浓度为1mg／L时达到最大值，而后迅速下降；外施亚精胺(Spd)可显著提高二者的含量，延缓它们的下降速度．(2)单一Cr^6 处理下，SOD、POD、CAT活性分别在2、4、2mg／L Cr^6 处理下达到最大值．而后下降；外施亚精胺可提高这三种保护酶的活性，使其上升或稳定时期变长，从而降低O2^-等活性氧的产生速率．由此可见外源亚精胺可缓解Cr^6 对荇菜的胁迫效应．     

Toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide on the wheat seedlings

The toxic effects of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide ([C8mim]Br) on wheat seedlings were evaluated. Wheat seedlings were cultivated in aqueous solution with [C8mim]Br at di erent concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg/L). The contents of photosynthetic pigment and proline, peroxidation of membrane lipid, and activities of antioxidation enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) in leaves were measured on day 7 after treatment with [C8mim]Br. The results showed that [C8mim]Br significantly decreased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, activities of antioxidant enzymes in the wheat leaves and in dry weight of seedlings, while increased the proline content and membrane lipid peroxidation. The results suggested that [C8mim]Br can inhibit photosynthesis and lead to oxidative stress to wheat seedlings.     

UV-B辐射胁迫对大豆幼苗内源激素的影响

为了探索UV-B辐射胁迫对大豆幼苗内源激素的影响,试验以大豆幼苗为材料,采用水培实验的方法研究了UV-B辐射胁迫对大豆幼苗生长素(IAA)、生长素氧化酶(IAAO)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA)的影响.结果表明,UV-B辐射(T1:0.15W.m-2和T2:0.45 W.m-2)胁迫下,大豆幼苗IAAI、AAO、ABA、GA含量在胁迫期(1~5 d)和恢复期(6~11 d)分别呈现"先下降后有所回升"、"先升后降再升"、"先升后降"、"下降"趋势.进而从内源激素层面表明了UV-B辐射伤害大豆幼苗的机理效应。     

铜胁迫对黄芪幼苗的生理学毒性与凹凸棒黏土的缓解作用

为探究黄芪幼苗对铜离子（Cu²⁺）胁迫的耐性机理以及凹凸棒黏土对Cu²⁺污染的缓解作用,研究了不同浓度CuSO₄（2~20mmol/L）胁迫对黄芪幼苗的生理学毒性与凹凸棒黏土的缓解作用.结果表明,2mmol/L CuSO₄胁迫使得根系Cu²⁺含量、H₂O₂（过氧化氢）含量、MDA（丙二醛）含量分别较对照显著上升1.82倍、1.04倍、2.14倍.CuSO₄胁迫浓度达8mmol/L时,根系SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）活性、根尖膜损伤程度和叶片Cu²⁺含量分别较对照显著上升1.13倍、1.12倍和2.62倍;同时,叶片PS Ⅱ（光系统II）实际光化学效率[Y（II）]、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、PSⅡ电子传递速率（ETR）和叶绿素含量较对照分别显著降低22.88%、24.44%、21.49%和28.31%,而NPQ和qN（非光化学荧光猝灭系数）则较对照分别显著上升2.35倍和1.58倍.根系POD（过氧化物酶）和CAT（过氧化氢酶）活性、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量在8mmol/L CuSO₄处理下达到最高值后呈下降趋势.CuSO₄浓度为15~20mmol/L时,根系APX活性和叶片光适应下PS II潜在最大光化学效率（F_v'/F_m'）,以及幼苗全株鲜重、全株干重、地下部鲜重、地下部干重较对照显著下降.在非CuSO₄胁迫条件下,基质中凹凸棒黏土的存在使得幼苗根系MDA含量较对照显著降低15.93%,但未对其它所测生理学指标产生显著影响;在20mmol/L CuSO₄胁迫条件下,基质中凹凸棒黏土的存在使得幼苗根系和叶片中Cu²⁺含量分别显著下降30.78%和23.12%;同时显著缓解了20mmol/L CuSO₄胁迫对根系活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性、膜脂质过氧化程度、根尖膜损伤程度、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量,叶片PS II光化学活性和叶绿素含量的不良影响,以及对幼苗生长的抑制作用.研究结果表明,培养基质中凹凸棒黏土的存在能够显著降低幼苗组织中Cu²⁺的生物有效性,继而缓解CuSO₄胁迫对黄芪幼苗的生理学毒性作用.     

The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress

Salicylic acid （SA） was an essential component of the plant resistance to pathogens and also plays an important role in mediating plant response to some abiotic stress. The possible effects of SA on the growth and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings under lead stress were studied. When rice seedlings grown in nutrient solution containing Pb^2＋ （0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25 mmol/L） for 18 d, the plant biomass as well as the chlorophyll content of leaves decreased with increasing Pb concentration. The pre-treatment with SA （treated with 0.1 mmol/L SA for 48 h before Pb stress） partially protected seedlings from Pb toxicity. The chlorophyll contents were significant higher in leaves of Pb-exposed with SA pre-treatment seedlings than in Pb-exposed plants at the same Pb intensity. SA pre-treated alone could significantly increase the length of shoot and root of seedlings but the vigour difference was not marked under long-term exposure to Pb toxicity. SA pre-treated influence the H2O2 level in leaves of seedlings by up-regulating the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, repressing the activity of catalase （CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） depending on the concentrations of Pb^2＋ in the growth medium. The results supported the conclusion that SA played a positive role in rice seedlings against Pb toxicity.     

渗滤液灌溉对香根草胁迫及抗氧化系统的影响

以香根草(Vetiveria zizanioids)和渗滤液循环出水为实验材料,比较了不同体积浓度渗滤液灌溉对香根草胁迫相关生理指标及抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,小于35%浓度的渗滤液灌溉6个月降低了香根草叶片脯氨酸(Pro)含量和相对膜透性,提高了叶绿素、蛋白质、抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和叶绿素a/b值,过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)被激活,丙二醛(MDA)含量被控制在较低的水平上,表明低浓度渗滤液灌溉有利于香根草生长.大于35%浓度的渗滤液灌溉,随浓度的增大,香根草叶绿素含量和a/b值明显降低,MDA、H₂O₂、Pro进一步积累,相对膜透性显著增加,AsA、GSH含量下降,SOD和POD活性受抑制,表明高浓度渗滤液灌溉会造成活性氧产生和抗氧化系统清除之间的失衡,导致膜脂过氧化作用加剧,会加重对香根草的胁迫.灌溉6个月较3个月相比,叶绿素含量下降,Pro、MDA积累,表明灌溉时间延长也会导致胁迫加重.     

U(Ⅵ)胁迫下碎米莎草体内抗氧化系统响应特征

采用水培方式研究了铀尾矿库土著优势植物——碎米莎草不同生长期各部位在不同质量浓度铀〔U(Ⅵ),记为U〕溶液胁迫下w(SP)(SP为可溶性蛋白)、C_MDA(丙二醛含量)以及SOD(superoxide dismutase,超氧化物歧化酶)、POD(peroxidase,过氧化物酶)、CAT(catalase,过氧化氢酶)、ATPase(三磷酸腺苷酶)活性的变化. 结果表明,ρ(U)≤250 mg/L时,碎米莎草各部位SOD、POD、CAT活性在整个生长阶段均受到显著诱导(P＜0.05),而C_MDA、ATPase活性与对照组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05);ρ(U)≥750 mg/L时,SOD、POD和CAT活性与对照组相比显著降低(P＜0.05);ρ(U)达到1 000 mg/L以上时,与对照组相比,降低趋势更显著(P＜0.01),而ATPase活性受到显著诱导(P＜0.05),C_MDA在幼苗期显著增加(P＜0.05),膜脂过氧化损伤程度严重. 表明碎米莎草对铀胁迫的生理响应中,以根系SOD、C_MDA的响应最为敏感.      

产多胺细菌阻控空心菜富集Cd和Pb效应

通过产多胺筛选培养基,借助超高效液相色谱技术,本研究从重金属污染农田空心菜根际土壤中筛选具有钝化重金属的产多胺细菌,并通过水培试验研究功能菌株对空心菜生长、多胺含量和抗氧化酶活性以及Cd和Pb吸收的影响.结果显示,从空心菜根际土壤中共分离到9株高产多胺的细菌菌株,其中Enterobacter bugandensisYX6能够分泌精胺和亚精胺,Klebsiellaquasivariicola YX8能够分泌腐胺.在LB培养基中,菌株YX6和YX8对Cd和Pb吸附去除率均大于80%.水培试验表明菌株YX6和YX8能够显著提高空心菜地上部和根部多胺（29.3%~180%）的含量以及可食用部分超氧化物歧化酶（18.5%-42.7%）和过氧化物酶（46.2%~100%）的活性,进而显著提高了空心菜地上部（21.2%~40.9%）和根部（43.3%~68.2%）的干重,同时降低了空心菜地上部和根部Cd（45.8%~69.5%）和Pb（42.4%~63.6%）的含量.产多胺细菌E.bugandensisYX6和K.quasivariicola YX8不仅能够提高空心菜生物量和抗氧化酶活性,还能低空心菜对Cd和Pb的吸收,为重金属超标农田安全利用和减少蔬菜中的重金属含量提供菌种资源.     

Ca2+浸种对酸雨伤害玉米幼苗的影响

通过砂培实验,研究了钙浸种对酸雨伤害玉米幼苗的防护效应.结果表明,酸雨胁迫下,玉米幼苗叶绿素含量减少,叶绿素a/b比值下降,叶片汁液的pH值降低,SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性先升高,而在pH值2.5的酸雨胁迫下转而下降,CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性水平下降,POD(过氧化物酶)活性明显增加,脂质过氧化加剧；而在同一强度酸雨胁迫下,经CaCl     

P对小麦Cd和As吸收与转运的影响

为了探究磷（P）对小麦幼苗镉（Cd）和砷（As）吸收转运生理机制的影响,通过水培试验,以百农207为供试材料,研究了Cd和As胁迫条件下,外源供P和缺P处理对小麦幼苗生长、根系形态、光合参数、抗氧化系统、离子含量和根茎转移系数的影响.结果表明,与缺P处理相比,外源P供应显著增加As胁迫下小麦幼苗叶绿素的含量,促进根系的生长发育,提高了生物量,而对Cd胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长影响不显著.外源P供应时显著增加了Cd胁迫条件下根系的P和Cd含量,降低了地上部的P和Cd含量;同时显著提高了As胁迫条件下地上部的P和As含量以及As向地上部的转移系数.因此,供P与否对小麦幼苗Cd和As毒害的影响表现出明显的差异性;As胁迫时,外源供P提高了As向地上部的转运能力以及根系的CAT活性,降低了As对小麦的毒害,从而促进了小麦幼苗生物量的累积;而在Cd胁迫条件下,P与Cd之间表现出一定的协同效应,外源供P在一定程度上加重了Cd对小麦的毒害效应.     

Physiological responses and detoxific mechanisms to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in young seedlings of Paulownia fortunei

Paulownia fortunei has been successfully used in the phytoremediation of many Pb/Zn mine tailings. However, seed germination and young seedlings of P. fortunei rarely occurred in these mine tailings. The physiological responses and detoxific mechanisms of P. fortunei young seedling to Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd stress were investigated. The germinated rate, shoot length, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves of young seedlings had a great reduction under Zn and Cu treatments, but had little decrease under Pb and Cd treatments. The production rate of O₂^•−, H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents significantly increased in response to added Zn and Cu indicating great oxidative stress for young seedlings, but they had no significant change to added Pb and Cd. Young seedlings had effective detoxific mechanism to Pb and Cd, as antioxidant enzymes activities, phytochelatins (PCs-SH) and proline contents increased with increasing rates of added Pb and Cd. However, young seedlings had un-effective detoxific mechanisms to Zn and Cu stress. Results revealed the heavy metals (such as Cu) that present at low concentrations in mine tailings may be major constraint for the survival of young seedlings.     

纳米二氧化钛缓解镉胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理变化

研究了水培环境中不同浓度纳米二氧化钛（TiO₂-NPs）（0,25,50,100,200 mg/L）缓解Cd对小麦幼苗造成的生理毒害的作用。结果显示:在水培环境下TiO₂-NPs的施用,缓解了Cd对小麦带来的氧化胁迫,减轻了Cd对小麦的毒害作用,显著提高了小麦生物量、根长及株高,改善了小麦光合作用。中浓度（50,100 mg/L）TiO₂-NPs的使用显著提高了小麦幼苗净光合速率。对于所有浓度TiO₂-NPs的施用,小麦幼苗POD酶活均显著低于Cd处理组;SOD酶活在较低浓度（<200 mg/L）时显著低于Cd处理组。TiO₂-NPs通过减轻Cd氧化胁迫作用,有效缓解了Cd对小麦幼苗的毒害,提高了小麦幼苗的光合作用。     

镉胁迫对小麦叶片细胞膜脂过氧化的影响

镉胁迫使植物体内活性氧自由基清除系统的功能降低,造成细胞内H₂O₂积累,抗坏血酸过氧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性下降,内源抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量减少,小麦叶片的组织自动氧化速率显著提高。细胞内丙二醛的积累表明,膜脂过氧化发生和膜系统受到损伤。推测小麦镉伤害过程中,活性氧自由基代谢失衡造成的膜脂过氧化起着重要作用。     

除草剂苯噻草胺污染对多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium multivolum)抗氧化酶和ATP酶的影响

研究了暴露于苯噻草胺中的多食鞘氨醇杆菌Y1菌株中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(CAT)和ATP酶活性在短期内的变化.结果表明,苯噻草胺对细菌SOD活性诱导作用明显,尤其对处于对数生长期的细菌所产生的影响大于稳定生长期的细菌.苯噻草胺对CAT也有强烈的诱导作用,对处于不同生长阶段细菌的影响类似于对SOD的影响结果.苯噻草胺能激活ATP酶,但在细菌生长阶段影响较小.抗氧化酶和ATP酶相结合作为该类化合物对土壤污染胁迫的敏感生物指示物具有一定的可行性.