岩溶区大直径嵌岩桩荷载传递特征的数值分析

当大直径嵌岩桩桩基穿过岩溶区域时,其受力情况相对较为复杂,且承载力会受到较大的影响,弄清楚岩溶区桩基荷载的传递特征,对分析计算桩基承载力、桩基沉降变形具有重要的意义。根据丹霞枢纽互通区钻探及物探资料,通过简化地层,建立概化地质模型,采用FLAC~(3D)软件对该岩溶区大直径嵌岩桩的荷载传递特征进行数值计算,分析影响桩基荷载传递特征的因素,讨论在不同桩径、嵌岩深径比、厚跨比、桩土刚度比、桩岩刚度比条件下桩基荷载的传递规律。结果表明:由于岩溶区溶洞的存在,桩侧摩阻力会出现多个峰值,峰值的大小与桩径、顶板厚度、嵌岩深度、岩土体的性质有关,桩侧摩阻力会集中分布在溶洞顶板处,且桩径越小,溶洞顶板处桩侧摩阻力会越大;随着桩径的增大,桩侧摩阻力发挥越均衡,桩端阻力所占荷载的分担比越大,表现出端承桩的性质;随着嵌岩深径比的增加,桩底侧摩阻力的发挥程度越低;桩径、嵌岩深径比、厚跨比对桩基荷载传递的影响相对较大,桩径越小,桩侧摩阻力对嵌岩深径比、厚跨比的变化越敏感,桩径越大,桩侧摩阻力对桩土刚度比、桩岩刚度比的变化越敏感;相对增加嵌岩深径比,适当提高桩径,对提高桩基承载力的效果更为明显。     

黄土挖填场地桩筏基础承载特性的数值模拟研究

为充实黄土地区挖填结合场地桩筏基础物理模型试验的相关结论,应用FLAC3D数值分析工具对分级荷载作用下跨越黄土挖填结合区的桩筏基础进行了深入分析,研究了黄土地区挖填结合场地桩筏基础的受力特点和变形特征,并综合部分模型试验结果,验证了数值分析结果的可靠性。结果表明:黄土地区挖填结合场地的桩筏基础桩基承载性状均为端承摩擦桩,且挖方区和挖填结合区灌注桩的承载性能优于填方区灌注桩;黄土挖填结合区由于土层工程性质差异以及填土厚度不均,在荷载作用下极易产生差异沉降,造成筏板下地基土出现"葫芦瓢"形的沉降特征,引起筏板的挠曲变形,不仅使筏板自身产生较大的弯矩,也对下部桩基的弯矩产生重要影响。该研究成果可为黄土地区挖填结合场地的桩筏基础设计提供参考。     

基于岩土工程原位测试技术的桩基水平承载力分析

软土地区的高速公路与高层建筑经常选用桩基作为其基础,桩基础的水平承载特性对建(构)筑物的稳定性有着重要影响。为分析桩基础在水平荷载作用下的承载力特性,在传统的桩基p-y曲线计算方法的基础上,提出利用岩土工程原位测试数据计算桩基p-y曲线的方法,对现场两根钻孔灌注桩进行载荷试验与有限元模拟,并将基于岩土工程原位测试技术的桩基p-y曲线法计算结果与传统的Matlock桩基p-y曲线法计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:基于岩土工程原位测试技术的桩基p-y曲线法可计算水平荷载下桩身水平位移、桩身截面弯矩和桩侧土体抗力;不同土层深度处得到的桩基p-y曲线与有限元模拟结果吻合较好,验证了本文所提出的方法的可靠性和适用性。基于岩土工程原位测试技术的桩基水平承载力评价方法可借助原位测试技术获得准确、可靠的土性参数,避免了原位取样、载荷试验所需的高额费用,为桩基水平承载特性研究提供了新的思路。     

水泥土桩复合地基桩土应力参数研究

本文首先通过理论分析,认为桩土应力比、桩土荷载分担比等是反映水泥土桩复合地基工作性状的重要参数。然后通过现场试验,研究桩土应力比、桩土荷载分担比随荷载变化的规律。结果认为:随着荷载增加,桩土应力比逐渐减小,当比值达到某一特征值后,不再发生明显变化;桩土应力比、桩土荷载分担比不为常数,其变化是桩土变形协调的结果。最后得出有一定参考价值的结论。     

建筑荷载下桩-土作用机理与数值模拟

桩-土间相互作用机理的研究是保证桩基础在建筑荷载下安全稳定的关键。本文在分析建筑荷载下桩-土间相互作用机理的基础上,利用有限元分析软件对桩在建筑荷载作用下桩-土之间相互作用方式进行了有限元数值模拟研究,采用弹簧单元以及表面效应单元模拟土层对桩的作用力,建立了完整的桩-土作用模型,并得到了在建筑荷载和土层作用力下桩的位移量及其轴向应力分布。该研究可为建筑基础设计提供理论依据。     

滁州地区覆盖层厚度对场地地震动参数的影响

以滁州地区近百个钻孔资料为原型建立土层模型,采用一维频域等效线性化波动方法进行了土层地震反应分析,重点分析了覆盖层厚度对场地地震动参数的影响。研究结果表明,随着覆盖层厚度的增加,地表峰值加速度及土层放大系数逐渐增大,当覆盖层厚度超过一定值时,地表峰值加速度及土层放大系数呈逐渐缓慢减小的趋势;而反应谱特征周期总体上随着覆盖层厚度的增加而逐渐增大。     

水泥土桩复合地基桩土应力参数研究

本文首先通过理论分析，认为桩土应力比、桩土荷载分担比等是反映水泥土桩复合地基工作性状的重要参数。然后通过现场试验，研究桩土应力比、桩土荷载分担比随荷载变化的规律。结果认为：随着荷载增加，桩土应力比逐渐减小，当比值达到某一特征值后，不再发生明显变化；桩土应力比、桩土荷载分担比不为常数，其变化是桩土变形协调的结果。最后得出有一定参考价值的结论。     

大直径桩端阻力面积修正系数研究

桩端阻力和桩端直径呈非线性关系,随着桩端直径的增加而逐渐减小。本文根据线弹性理论和非线性弹性理论分别求得大直径灌注桩桩端阻力的面积修正系数的上限解和下限解,得到了桩端土承载力标准值与桩端直径的非线性关系和桩端土承载力面积修正系数与桩端直径的非线性关系。与现行建筑桩基技术规范相比,当桩径 0．80～3．00 m时,规范给定的面积修正系数稍大于理论上限值,其它桩径范围的桩端面积修正系数均在理论值的上、下限范围。当桩径0．80～2．00 m时,按规范给定的面积修正系数修正后的承载力标准值稍大于理论上限值, 其它桩径范围按规范修正后的桩端土承载力标准值均在理论值的上、下限范围。     

钻孔灌注桩施工的安全问题

在转换经营机制，走向市场的过程中，我们煤田地质系统充分发挥自身的特点和优势，承揽钻孔灌注桩基础工程施工，既满足了建筑市场基础工程施工的要求，又为本单位的自我发展，闯出了一条新路。我局于1986年成立长江基础工程公司和淮海基础工程公司。开动桩机15台左右。8年来，我们先后施工70余个工程项目，2万多根灌注桩，产值达4干多万元。1993年和1994年，长江基础工程公司承揽机桩业务达2500万元以上，职工人均年工资收入达4735元，比上年提高25％。通过几年来的实践，我们体会到抓好钻孔灌注桩的施工，一是成孔，二是下钢筋笼，三是混…     

中粗砂层桩端注浆工程实例及数值模拟研究

以潮汕地区的桩端注浆工程实例为依托,在分析工程地层特性及后注浆施工工艺的基础上,通过试桩静载试验,研究了在中粗砂层桩端注浆的作用效果,结合PFC~(2D)数值模拟软件以颗粒流的形式从细观上对中粗砂层桩端注浆过程进行了数值模拟研究,并在细观上分析了中粗砂层桩端注浆的作用形式、作用机理。结果表明:在中粗砂层的桩端注浆能有效提升桩端砂层的强度,从而提高桩基的承载性能;桩端注浆会改变桩端土体的性质,引起注浆孔附近土体应力及孔隙率的变化;桩端的注浆形式也与注浆压力有关,当注浆压力较小时,桩端注浆主要以渗透注浆形式为主,当注浆压力增大达到一定程度时,桩端注浆会出现渗透、压密、劈裂并现的注浆形式。该研究可为在中粗砂层桩端注浆的设计和施工提供依据,并可为进一步完善注浆理论的研究且为类似工程优化注浆方案提供参考。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.