溶解氧对好氧/延长闲置SBR除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下好氧/延长闲置(O/EI)序批式反应器的除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究DO浓度对O/EI工艺除磷性能的影响机制.结果表明,低DO浓度(1 mg·L-1)条件下,O/EI系统具有良好的除磷效果,除磷率高达96%,单位污泥除磷量为5.02 mg·g-1;而当DO浓度较高(4 mg·L-1)时,反应器内磷的去除率降至50%,单位污泥除磷量仅2.81 mg·g-1.研究表明,在DO浓度为1 mg·L-1时,微生物能合成较多聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs),糖原的合成及利用较少,系统好氧吸磷量远高于其他反应器,并在闲置期释放出更多聚磷酸盐.可见,DO可通过影响微生物体内PHAs和糖原的合成及转化,闲置期释磷,好氧前期释磷及好氧吸磷,进而影响系统的除磷性能.     

不同反应时间内碳源转化对反硝化除磷的影响

以A~2/O-生物接触氧化(BCO)系统反硝化除磷活性污泥为研究对象,通过投加适宜的碳源(乙酸钠,折合COD为200mg/L)和NO_3--N(30mg/L),考察了反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)在不同厌/缺氧反应时间下的内碳源转化利用情况对脱氮除磷特性的影响.结果表明:厌氧反应时间为90min时,聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)的合成量最大,释磷基本结束;厌氧时间过长(120,150min)导致PHA的无效损失,会直接影响缺氧反硝化除磷作用,且对于吸磷作用的抑制明显强于硝酸盐反硝化作用.厌氧释磷良好的条件下,缺氧反应120min时PHA消耗量较大,内碳源利用充分,氮磷去除完全;缺氧时间过短(60min)则反应不完全,时间过长(180,240,300min)会导致糖原(Gly)部分降解,间接影响反硝化除磷作用,不利于反应的长期进行.此外,在短期试验中,因厌氧时间过长造成的PHA无效损失,对反硝化除磷作用的影响明显大于缺氧时间设定过长时Gly的降解.     

聚糖菌颗粒污泥的有机物吸收及胞内储存特性

采用特殊运行方式的厌氧-好氧SBR系统(厌氧后排水),在乙酸钠、葡萄糖及葡萄糖-乙酸钠混合基质条件下均培养出了稳定的聚糖菌颗粒污泥.通过对典型周期有机物、磷酸盐、胞内糖原及聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)变化的测定分析,证明有机基质的种类对于聚糖菌能量利用模式、有机物吸收速率及胞内储存物质种类具有显著的影响.污泥初始胞内糖原水平是有机物吸收数量及吸收速率的关键影响因素,当糖原水平低于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率与糖原水平直接相关:而糖原水平高于0.05g/gSS时,厌氧有机物去除率趋于稳定.不同糖原水平污泥厌氧吸收有机物的速率具有明显差异,在厌氧初期有机物快速吸收阶段,有机物厌氧吸收速率随胞内糖原水平升高而增加.     

不同碳源种类对好氧颗粒污泥合成PHA的影响

影响好氧颗粒污泥稳定性的因素众多,其中碳源种类的不同会造成好氧颗粒污泥合成聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)的不同,进而影响其稳定性能.采用混合碳源驯化培养的好氧颗粒污泥进行试验.考察了厌氧条件下,乙酸钠等八种碳源对好氧颗粒污泥合成PHA的影响.结果表明,颗粒污泥对乙酸钠和蔗糖具有较好的转化能力,合成PHA的量分别为102.19mgCOD/g·VSS和70.58mgCOD/g·VSS,显著高于其他碳源的PHA合成量(5~26mg/g×VSS).故以蔗糖和乙酸钠作碳源均有利于颗粒污泥稳定性能的维持,而当以甲醇作碳源时好氧颗粒污泥的贮存能力最差.     

单一好氧环境下的强化生物除磷研究

将乙酸钠为单一碳源、厌氧/好氧交替、具有较好除磷效果的传统生物除磷SBR系统,改为单一的好氧SBR运行方式,发现改变后的SBR系统仍可取得较好的除磷效果,除磷率最高达73.9%,最低约40%,平均维持在50%左右.这种现象可以维持长达80个周期.污泥含磷率由最初的1.43%增加到6.56%.对污泥微生物胞内PHB和糖原进行测定,结果表明此系统中微生物PHB和糖原在VSS中含量分别约为27 mg/g和26 mg/g,二者含量在好氧过程中都基本保持不变.通过对反应过程中碳源消耗与磷吸收关系的分析,认为该单一好氧条件下的生物除磷机制是由于长期以乙酸钠为唯一碳源下,试验系统中活性污泥被驯化,在胞内聚磷颗粒含量容纳能力范围内还可以在好氧环境下以乙酸钠氧化产生的ATP为能量进行磷吸收所致.     

好氧-厌氧循环交替生物除磷影响因素的研究

采用厌氧-好氧循环交替生物除磷工艺,研究了各因素对系统除磷效果的影响。结果表明,培养的基质是生物除磷最为关键的影响因素,综合考虑,利用乙酸钠与葡萄糖混合基质培养的活性污泥体系最好,对COD、N-H、PO4^3-的去除分别为0.966、0.979、0.921,尤其是在PO4^3-的去除上效果更为显著,比单一葡萄糖培养基质的0.4高出一倍多。利用乙酸钠与葡萄糖混合基质培养的活性污泥在pH为7～8（7.5）、温度为20℃～30℃、厌氧阶段DO为小于（等于）0.16 mg/L、好氧阶段DO为2 mg/L～4 mg/L、COD在300 mg/L～500 mg/L、污泥龄为15天时体系运行效果最佳。     

环境因素对磷酸盐还原系统气化除磷的影响

以高磷废水为研究对象,采用MBR装置对污水在不同影响因素下进行处理。考察了pH值、温度、溶解氧(DO)和碳源4种因素对磷酸盐还原系统气化除磷效果的影响。试验结果表明,气化除磷最佳环境条件是:DO浓度控制在1.0~1.5 mg/L;pH值为8;温度控制为30℃。对各个因素进行单因素方差分析,结果说明环境因素对气化除磷效果影响显著,对影响因素的控制可以提高磷化氢的产量。由单因素方差分析得出葡萄糖,甲醇和乙酸钠这3种碳源对磷酸盐去除效果无明显差别,但甲醇作为碳源时,磷化氢产量较高。     

生物强化除磷机理的探讨

对生物强化除磷(EBPR)的机理进行了探讨。首先介绍了聚磷菌胞内贮存物(聚磷、PHAs和糖原)的性质和功能,然后对这些贮存物在厌氧和好氧(缺氧)情况下的反应加以分析。旨在从能量转化的角度对EBPR过程加以阐述,加深对生物除磷机理的认识。     

A2/O-BCO系统中碳源类型对反硝化除磷及菌群结构的影响

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧-生物接触氧化(A²/O - BCO)工艺处理低碳氮(C/N)比污水, 考察单因素碳源(阶段Ⅰ: 乙酸钠; 阶段Ⅱ: 乙酸钠+丙酸钠; 阶段Ⅲ: 丙酸钠)对有机物去除以及同步脱氮除磷的影响, 并重点探究乙酸钠、丙酸钠混合碳源条件下内碳源(PHA、Gly)的转化利用以及反硝化除磷(DPR)机理, 同时通过高通量测序对比了不同阶段微生物菌群结构的演变规律.结果表明: 混合碳源提高了有机物、氮、磷的同步去除效率, 厌氧段内碳源转化量为226mg/h, 释磷量高达30.58mg/L, DPR效率稳定在90%以上; 批次试验表明反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)占聚磷菌(PAOs)的比例为72.42%, 基本实现了DPAOs的富集; 高通量测序结果表明混合碳源更有利于形成独特的OTUs菌群, PAOs(包括Accumulibacter和Acinetobacter)和DPAOs (包括Dechloromonas和Pseudomonas)总量高达29.13%(> 16.18%(阶段Ⅲ) > 14.34%(阶段Ⅰ)), 有效促进了碳源的高效利用以及反硝化除磷效率; BCO反应器中氨氧化菌(AOB, 包括Nitrosomonas和Nitrosomonadaceae)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB, 以Nitrospira为主)总量从3.89%(N1)增加到23.09%(N2)、37.23%(N3), 为反硝化除磷提供充足的电子受体; 此外, 建立了基于碳源高效利用的运行调控策略, 以期为A²/O - BCO工艺的推广应用提供理论参考.     

混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响

以乙酸钠和丙酸钠1:2混合作为碳源,进水COD浓度分别为200,400,600,800mg/L,研究混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响,并通过比较微生物体内储能物质的变化,探讨混合碳源浓度对生物脱氮除磷性能影响的机理.结果表明,当进水磷和氨氮浓度分别为12,30mg/L时,随着进水COD由200增加至800mg/L,磷去除率由39.9%提升至86.4%(氮去除率从13.5%提升至96.4%).进水COD为400mg/L时单位挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的磷和氮去除量达到最高[分别为(4.31±0.08)和(6.15±0.22)mg/g].当进水COD由200增加至400mg/L时生物除磷活性增强,而COD继续增加会使污泥沉降性能变差,脱氮除磷生物活性降低.好氧吸磷和同步硝化反硝化主要由微生物体内储能物质多β羟基烷酸盐(PHA)驱动,当进水COD为400mg/L时单位VSS消耗的PHA最多.混合碳源浓度通过影响碳源的好氧代谢,使微生物体内储能物质的积累/转化量不同,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷性能.     

Research on polyhydroxyalkanoates and glycogen transformations: Key aspects to biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen systems

In this paper, a study was conducted on the effect of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen transformations on biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal in low dissolved oxygen (DO) systems. Two laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR1 and SBR2) were operating with anaerobic/aerobic (low DO, 0.15–0.45 mg·L⁻¹) configurations, which cultured a propionic to acetic acid ratio (molar carbon ratio) of 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. Fewer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), total PHA, and glycogen transformations were observed with the increase of propionic/acetic acid, along with more poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and poly-3-hydroxy-2-methyvalerate (PH2MV) shifts. The total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was 68% and 82% in SBR1 and SBR2, respectively. In the two SBRs, the soluble ortho-phosphate (SOP) removal efficiency was 94% and 99%, and the average sludge polyphosphate (poly-P) content (g·g-MLVSS⁻¹) was 8.3% and 10.2%, respectively. Thus, the propionic to acetic acid ratio of the influent greatly influenced the PHA form and quantity, glycogen transformation, and poly-P contained in activated sludge and further determined TN and SOP removal efficiency. Moreover, significant correlations between the SOP removal rate and the (PHV + PH2MV)/PHA ratio were observed (R ²>0.99). Accordingly, PHA and glycogen transformations should be taken into account as key components for optimizing anaerobic/aerobic (low DO) biologic nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems.     

磷酸铁污泥的生物还原释磷及其影响因素研究

以污水处理厂化学除磷工艺产生的磷酸铁(FePO4)污泥为研究对象,在厌氧条件下,考察了铁还原细菌(IRB)还原FePO4释放磷的可行性,并探讨了不同碳源、C/Fe摩尔比、添加蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸盐(AQDS)对IRB利用FePO4还原释磷的影响.研究结果表明,通过驯化可从普通活性污泥富集IRB,且利用IRB可对难溶性沉淀FePO4进行生物还原.IRB能够利用葡萄糖、乙酸钠及丙酸钠作为唯一电子供体,使FePO4发生异化还原,产生Fe(Ⅱ)并释放磷酸盐,且泥水混合液中Fe(Ⅱ)累积量与上清液中磷累积量变化趋势一致.在等摩尔碳量前提下,葡萄糖为碳源时释磷率可达51.6%,比乙酸钠和丙酸钠分别高13.8%和20.3%;以葡萄糖为碳源,C/Fe摩尔比为5:1时释磷率最大;添加电子穿梭体AQDS可使FePO4污泥释磷率提高12.6%.     

Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen limitation on PHA production in activated sludge

The e ects of phosphorus and nitrogen limitation on polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production and accumulation by activated sludge biomass with acetate as a carbon source were investigated. Pre-selected influent carbon-phosphorus (C:P, W/W) of 100, 160, 250, 500 and 750, and carbon-nitrogen (C:N, W/W) of 20, 60, 100, 125 and 180 were applied in the phosphorus limitation experiments and the nitrogen limitation experiments, respectively. The maximum PHA accumulation up to 59% of the cell dry weight with a PHA productivity of 1.61 mg PHA/mg COD consumed was observed at the C:N 125 in the nitrogen limitation experiment. This value was much higher than that obtained in previous studies with a normal substrate feeding. The study showed that activated sludge biomass would produce more polyhydroxybutyrate than polyhydroxyvalerate under the stress of nutrient limitation, especially under phosphorus limitation conditions. The experimental result also indicated that both phosphorus and nitrogen limitation may cause sludge bulking.     

单级好氧除磷工艺与厌氧/好氧除磷工艺的对比研究

以A/O工艺和单级好氧除磷工艺为研究对象,利用生活污水中存在最广泛的乙酸钠作为单一碳源,对比研究了2组SBR（A/O工艺,SBR1;单级好氧除磷工艺,SBR2）的除磷效果.连续进行3个月的研究表明,2组SBR在稳定除磷阶段的除磷率和单位污泥的除磷水平分别为91.72%和3.23 mg.g-1（SBR1）与71.70%和2.91 mg.g-1（SBR2）.进一步研究还发现：在SBR1中PHA合成的同时伴随着糖原质的消耗,而在SBR2中PHA合成的同时伴随糖原质的积累,这意味着单级好氧除磷工艺中PHA的合成无需糖原质的参与;在静置阶段,2组SBR都表现出了很明显的释磷现象,但SBR2具有更高的释磷水平（释磷量分别为2.6 mg.L-1和13.28 mg.L-1）.SBR1和SBR2体现出不同的除磷能力的原因很有可能是2组SBR的微生物在代谢过程中储能物质在消耗和存贮的循环过程中存在差异.     

土著PHA合成菌回注法提高活性污泥积累聚羟基脂肪酸酯能力

在活性污泥驯化之初加入少量土著聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)合成菌(0.10～0.25 g/L),通过10 d厌氧-好氧或好氧-沉淀方式进行污泥驯化后,以葡萄糖或乙酸钠为碳源进行PHA发酵.研究了驯化前后土著PHA合成菌回注组和对照组驯化过程中的总菌数,PHA合成菌数的变化,以及对PHA发酵产率的影响.结果表明:在回注组污泥中PHA合成菌的增长速率和增长量均高于对照组,各种污泥积累PHA占挥发性悬浮固体的比例提高了21.44%～43.18%.      

缺氧条件下进水时间与溶解氧对底物贮存的影响

采用6个缺氧-好氧SBR反应器,考察了进水时间及溶解氧(DO)浓度对活性污泥系统中底物贮存的影响.缺氧进水条件下,进水时间的长短对底物贮存影响并不明显.进水时间由10min延长至60,90,120min时,各SBR系统内聚-β-羟基烷酸(PHA)贮存量依次小幅下降,最大差值为0.21mmolC/L, fPHB/HAc值在0.84~0.90范围内波动. 好氧曝气阶段控制低DO(0.5mg/L)运行比高DO(2.0mg/L)运行条件更有利于提高PHA的贮存量,90min进水时,高、低DO条件下PHA的平均合成量分别为3.1,5.0mmolC/L.而突然将进水时间90min缩短至10min,使得高、低DO系统中底物贮存量均增大,而高DO系统中底物贮存量的增长更为明显.     

The role of glucose in developing enhanced biological phosphorus removal

Sequential batch reactors were operated to study the mechanism of developing enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) while feeding glucose as the dominant substrate. Initial results indicated that feeding glucose as the dominant substrate caused poor and un-stable EBPR performance, similar to the findings reported by other researchers. The operating procedures for the glucose system were modified to longer anaerobic reaction time, higher glucose concentration in the influent, and shorter aerobic reaction time with a limited DO level. The application of these modified procedures successfully established stable EBPR performance by using glucose as the major substrate. Batch experiments showed that glucose was immediately transported into the bacteria and stored as glycogen and that poly-β-hydroxyvalerate predominated poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) during the anaerobic phase. It was also observed that much lower levels of PO₄-P anaerobic release and PHA accumulation occurred in the glucose induced EBPR system than in the acetate induced EBPR system. It is hypothesized that glycogen might replace the essential energy role of polyphosphate under the anaerobic condition, which results in the deterioration of PO₄-P removal unless these modified operating procedures are applied.