地面火炬的安全应用

介绍了国内外地面火炬的设计特点及应用情况，对地面火炬的安全可靠性进行了分析。     

安全监控系统在地面火炬上的应用

介绍了自动控制、现场检测设备等安全监控系统在地面火炬上的应用,阐述采取安全监控系统与DCS系统、联锁报警系统兼容使用的方式,更加有利于地面火炬在生产装置的投用稳定性。     

HAZOP分析在分子筛合成装置中的应用

运用HAZOP方法,对某企业分子筛合成装置进行危险性辨识,分析了合成反应中有意义的偏差以及偏差发生的原因、可能导致的后果,并提出相应的对策措施。采用HAZOP分析方法不仅可有效地识别工艺中的风险,找出偏差的原因,而且可以提出改进建议,为消除装置安全隐患提供依据。     

HAZOP分析技术在邻甲酚反应单元的应用

运用HAZOP分析技术对邻甲酚反应单元进行危险性分析,分析了邻甲酚反应单元中有意义的偏差、偏差发生的原因、可能导致的后果,并提出了相应的建议措施.从分析效果来看,HAZOP技术能系统地辨识邻甲酚反应单元存在的隐患,有助于提高装置工艺安全水平,为邻甲酚生产装置的安全操作提供依据.     

新型长时热流测量装置的研制及应用

目的设计一种新型热流测量装置,使传感器满足长时间热流测量的需求,且传感器外表面可以适量打磨,与飞行器的气动外型面完好随型。方法采用铜和钢作为备选材料,施加相同的表面热流边界,对比敏感端内外壁温差情况。优化热流辨识传感器传热路径、敏感端厚度,通过有限元模型分析打磨对热流辨识结果的影响。基于优化结果,研制出热流测量装置,并通过地面试验验证该装置的有效性。结果从热响应获取时间延迟角度来看,Cu比钢具有较大的优势。综合考虑敏感端外表面需要与飞行器外表面随型打磨,选用5 mm的厚度具有一定的安全可靠性。敏感端的适度打磨基本不影响温度测量结果。辨识获得的热流数据与实际控制热流吻合较好,最大偏差约15%。结论成功研制了热流测量装置,并通过地面热试验证明了热流测量的有效性。     

FLARESIM软件在火炬设计中的应用

<正>在火炬排放系统的设计计算中,火炬高度的计算为重中之重。在火炬高度的确定中,热辐射为关键的决定因素之一。很长一段时间内,国内火炬行业基本采用SH3009中介绍的方法来确定火炬的高度。随着石化装置的大型化,大型捆绑火炬,甚至开放式地面火炬应运而生。在对这些多辐射源的计算上,通过手工的叠加辐射热的计算方法已经不适用。因此,软件计算不仅大大节约了人力,还可以提供更为准确的结果,给予工程设计更多的帮助。本文借助国外先进的工程应用软件FLARESIM,通过对一高架捆绑火炬的热辐射和烟气落地浓度计算,确定出火炬的最佳设计高度。     

炼油厂火炬气凝结液密闭回收现状及风险分析

通过调研中国石油乌鲁木齐石化公司、中国石油哈尔滨石化公司、中国石化青岛炼化公司三家炼油厂火炬气凝结液密闭回收系统的现场情况和资料总结,明确了炼油厂火炬气凝结液的回收方式,并对三家炼油厂火炬总管分液罐内凝结液进行采样和烃类组分分析;运用LEC法进行回收系统事故形式危险性分析,辨识出炼油厂火炬气凝结液回收系统内存在的风险危害因素;从罐区存储罐型的选择、防止火灾爆炸事故的发生以及回收系统内主要设备及工艺的联锁控制方式设计三个方面,提出了合理的风险控制措施与建议,以确保系统的安全、平稳运行。     

地面爆燃式电打火装置在火炬上的应用

介绍了地面爆燃式电打火装置的结构及安装要点,实践表明该装置点火效率高、故障率低、便于检修,非常适合石油化工行业的火炬打火系统。     

HAZOP风险分析方法在常减压装置中的应用

将风险评价与HAZOP分析结合,对偏差进行风险评价,对辨识出的危险因素进行风险等级划分,确定对装置影响较大的偏差事件,对HAZOP分析中提出的建议措施进行有针对性的实施,以便更准确有效地提高事故预测和控制能力。     

火炬系统的优化操作

介绍了青岛炼化公司火炬系统概况,公司从降低火炬气排放量、提高火炬排放安全性、保证足够的火炬气回收能力等方面开展了工作,并对存在问题提出改进建议。     

硫黄联合装置停工密闭吹扫的实现

介绍了中国石化济南分公司硫黄回收联合装置安全环保停工的过程,在硫黄回收联合装置停工前,研究讨论各装置停工密闭吹扫的流程及方法,并确定各装置停工吹扫的顺序、注意事项和前期准备工作。在各装置停工吹扫过程中,严格按照停工方案,采取了分装置吹扫,该装置吹扫完毕后立即加盲板隔离,最后放火炬公用系统采取倒吹扫,实现了装置停工密闭吹扫,达到了各装置停工酸性气系统吹扫不放火炬的要求。     

基于改进层次分析法的LNG气化站模糊综合评价

以某LNG气化站为例,从人、物、管理、环境4个方面考虑了影响LNG气化站安全的各个因素,建立了LNG气化站安全评价指标体系,利用改进的层次分析法确定权重集,并通过模糊运算求出评价结果。基于对运算结果的分析,针对LNG气化站各项安全指标,提出了相应的安全防范措施。     

A Study on Torch Path Planning in Laser Cutting Processes Part 1: Calculation of Heat Flow in Contour Laser Beam Cutting

Conductive heat transfer in contour laser beam cutting is analyzed by using a transient, two-dimensional finite difference model, and the result is combined with a simple analytic model. From the calculation results, the correlation is derived between workpiece temperature and opening angles at a corner in contour cutting. As a result, a modified analytic solution is developed to predict if excessive workpiece heating occurs for given cutting contours in a nested plate. The main objective is to use the computation results in the optimization of torch path planning to provide fully automated CNC programming software for laser cutting. To efficiently apply the analytic model in torch path planning, the critical temperature that should be avoided during the cutting sequence is considered. This leads to an improvement of the cutting quality in the automatic cutting process.     

Double-electrode arc welding process: Principle,variants, control and developments

Double-electrode gas metal arc welding (DE-GMAW) is a novel welding process in which a second electrode, non-consumable or consumable, is added to bypass part of the wire current. The bypass current reduces the heat input in non-consumable DE-GMAW or increases the deposition rate in consumable DE-GMAW. The fixed correlation of the heat input with the deposition in conventional GMAW and its variants is thus changed and becomes controllable. At the University of Kentucky, DE-GMAW has been tested/developed by adding a plasma arc welding torch, a GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) torch, a pair of GTAW torches, and a GMAW torch. Steels and aluminum alloys are welded and the system is powered by one or multiple power supplies with appropriate control methods. The metal transfer has been studied at the University of Kentucky and Shandong University resulting in the desirable spray transfer be obtained with less than 100 A base current for 1.2 mm diameter steel wire. At Lanzhou University of Technology, pulsed DE-GMAW has been successfully developed to join aluminum/magnesium to steel. At the Adaptive Intelligent Systems LLC, DE-GMAW principle has been applied to the submerged arc welding (SAW) and the embedded control systems needed for industrial applications have been developed. The DE-SAW resulted in 1/3 reduction in heat input for a shipbuilding application and the weld penetration depth was successfully feedback controlled. In addition, the bypass concept is extended to the GTAW resulting in the arcing-wire GTAW which adds a second arc established between the tungsten and filler to the existing gas tungsten arc. The DE-GMAW is extended to double-electrode arc welding (DE-AW) where the main electrode may not necessarily to be consumable. Recently, the Beijing University of Technology systematically studied the metal transfer in the arcing-wire GTAW and found that the desired metal transfer modes may always be obtained from the given wire feed speed by adjusting the wire current and wire position/orientation appropriately. A variety of DE-AW processes are thus available to suit for different applications, using existing arc welding equipment.     

Improvement of welding heat source models for TIG-MIG hybrid welding process

Tungsten inert gas-metal inert gas (TIG-MIG) hybrid welding process is an effective way to improve welding productivity and quality due to advantages of the two processes. Mathematical analysis is crucial to fundamentally understand this synergetic welding process. In this study, based on experimental visualization of arc behaviors, some assumptions are proposed to deduce adaptive plane and volumetric heat source models separately for each involved welding method first. The influence of torch angles on distribution of temperature and geometry of weld bead are calculated and compared with experimental results. It shows that this developed algorithm of heat source can be employed to accurately predict welding process whether the electrode gun is slanted backward or forward to the direction of welding. Then TIG-MIG hybrid welding process is simulated and analyzed without considering the attractive or repulsive force of two arcs. The characteristic of TIG-MIG welding process is discussed compared to single MIG. It lays the foundation for the further research on the interaction of the two arcs during TIG-MIG hybrid welding.     

航空弹射救生安全的多层次模糊综合评估

为了定量评估航空兵部队的弹射救生安全性,本文通过对各种典型弹射救生事故的研究,系统地分析了影响弹射救生安全的各种因素,构建了弹射救生安全评估指标体系,建立了弹射救生安全的多层次模糊综合评估模型,并应用该模型对某飞行团的弹射救生安全进行了定量计算和评估,评估结果验证了该模型能够客观地反映航空兵部队的弹射救生安全状况。该研究可为航空兵部队的弹射救生安全管理提供理论依据。     

MABR快速富集HN-AD菌强化处理高氨氮废水

对比研究贯通式、闭端式2种膜组件形式的膜曝气生物膜反应器（MABR）对高氨氮模拟废水的处理性能。结果表明:MABR在8 d内实现菌液快速挂膜,且贯通式MABR的生物附着量、脱氮效率均高于闭端式。贯通式MABR对高氨氮废水中NH₄+-N、TN、COD的去除率均比闭端式高出20%左右,具有更好的脱氮除碳效果。高通量测序分析显示,贯通式MABR于挂膜阶段实现了HN-AD菌快速富集,并在处理高氨氮废水过程中仍保持其较高丰度（不动杆菌属Acinetobacter占22.1%、假单胞菌属Pseudomonas占43.2%）,但闭端式MABR未优势富集HN-AD菌。贯通式MABR相比闭端式MABR具有更高DO条件促进HN-AD菌富集,从而强化了对高氨氮废水的处理效果。     

转炉煤气储存系统火灾爆炸危险性评价

本文在对某钢厂转炉煤气储存系统危险有害因素分析的基础上,应用道化学火灾爆炸危险指数法对其火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和安全评价,结果表明通过切实可行的安全措施进行补偿,系统固有危险程度由"很大"变为"较轻",同时对煤气柜爆炸进行了事故模拟分析,从而为预防和控制煤气事故提供了科学依据。     

浅海平台油气火灾事故模拟评估应用

全球海洋油气开发重特大火灾事故频发,油气生产安全面临严峻挑战,以我国浅海某中心平台组为研究对象,对可能发生的三相分离器喷射火火灾、管线交叉处喷射火火灾、生产平台池火火灾以及储罐平台池火火灾,采用FDS软件建立该平台组的火灾动力学模型,对油气泄漏后火灾的发展态势、火场温度、热辐射强度、设备温度以及不同火灾工况的对比分析,研究火灾发生后对人员伤害,以及平台上油气管线、分离器、油气储罐、平台栈桥等重要设备安全性的影响,并提出操作人员和重要设备的安全距离。针对火灾事故风险控制提出建议措施,对海上火灾风险分析未来研究方向进行阐述。     

高温高湿气流湿式净化负压系统中引风机的选配

本文通过高温烟气湿式净化特性与引风机工作原理的分析 ,论述了在高温烟气湿式净化负压系统中的引风机选配。该研究有利于高温烟气的净化和处理。