污染环境罪之“有害物质”的认定

污染环境罪的犯罪对象中,争议较大的是其他有害物质的认定。物质本身的复杂性、有害物质种类繁多、条文间的二次援引等,直接导致有害物质定义不清。为实现环境保护的目的,应当适当放宽"有害物质"的评判标准,扩大刑法规制的范围;明确行政标准仅具有参考价值,是否属于有害物质应当结合其他事实综合认定。     

电子制造企业的有害物质管理模式探讨

电子产品制造企业的管理工作必须要有相应的手段和实际的控制方法.本文总结了在电子制造企业中对有害物质的管理工作的体会和经验,阐述了电子制造企业应建立适应有害物质管理的组织机构和在企业内部应实施对有害物质控制的管理方法.对电子制造企业加强对有害物质的管理有一定的参考价值.     

微机计算烟、粉尘测量结果

以往气污染源有害物质的测定,通常是用采样管从烟道中抽取一定体积的烟气.再通过捕集装置将有害物质捕集下来,然后根据捕集的有害物量和抽取的烟气量,求出烟气中有害物质的浓度,再根据有害物质的浓度和烟气的流量计算其排放量.     

服装中的有害物质及防护

本文从服装的作用分析入手,介绍了服装中常见的有害物质,提出了有害物质对人体的危害及防护措施。     

汽车禁用物质控制方法研究与应用

本文分析了汽车禁用有害物质现状及相关法规和政策要求,探索汽车产品禁限用有害物控制方法,建立汽车产品绿色材料数据系统。企业通过实践,有效控制汽车产品禁限用有害物质的使用。     

慎用化妆品

皮肤过敏者皮肤敏感性强的人不宜使用化妆品,尤其是某些含化学药品或香气过浓的化妆品。否则,很容易诱发过敏性皮炎或皮肤瘙痒症。月经不调者月经不调妇女的皮肤对外界不良刺激的抵抗力很低,使用化妆品不仅会影响皮肤呼吸,而且极易诱发皮肤病变,影响健康和美容。怀孕期妇女妇女妊娠期间,使用美容化妆品容易引起面部斑疹。     

揭秘化妆品包装

<正>化妆品装盛的容器,与质量、卫生、取用、保存皆息息相关。对消费者来说,除了欣赏品牌的美学与创意之外,更要知道怎么挑选最适合的包装材质来保障化妆品的质量,还要学会怎么使用与保存,才能让擦在脸上的化妆品无后顾之忧。     

化妆品:美丽背后的秘密

2006年9月,SK-Ⅱ被国家工商质检总局认定含违禁物品铬和钕.10月,国家质检总局、卫生部就SK-Ⅱ化妆品问题联合发表声明,称从9种SK-Ⅱ化妆品中检出铬和钕,属生产技术无法避免的因素.这使化妆品的环境健康问题激起了人们的关注.     

家里的灰霾——中国家庭室内灰尘中有毒有害物质抽样调查

家庭室内灰尘是考察室内污染情况的"晴雨表"。近期,针对目前国际国内关注度较高的四类有毒有害物质,绿色和平采集了中国五个城市十一个家庭的室内灰尘样本进行检测。结果显示全部样本中都存在上述四类有毒有害物质,且浓度范围与其他国家和地区的研究相一致。这表明中国公众可能通过室内灰尘暴露于多种有毒有害物质的复合影响之下。有此,绿色和平建议完善中国化学品管理体系,为公众创造一个"无毒"的未来。     

知食馆里长知识

正在黄岛区第二实验小学和黄岛区广播电视台的倡导和组织下,我和其他五位同学和六名家长,参观了黄岛区的知食馆。知食馆位于黄岛区食品有害物质监督检验中心一楼。在去的途中,妈妈告诉我,知食馆是国内首家以食品有毒有害物质为主题的食品安全科普教育基地,通过文字、图片、声光电、多媒体等方法,让参观者客观、科学地了解各种食品有害物质,认识检测工作在食品安全中     

底泥的氮、磷释放及其微生物影响的研究

氮和磷在自然界的循环已经引起了人们的关注,一方面因为氮和磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,另一方面过剩的氮和磷会导致水域的富营养化 ,从而使生态平衡遭受破坏.本文综述了水体沉积物中氮和磷受微生物作用进行释放的影响,以及国内外的研究历史和现状.总结了氮磷微生物代谢的特点,并阐述了与传统认识相区别的最新发现和思想.本文试图从理论上说明微生物的氮磷释放机理,通过生物化学和分子动力的角度解释了细菌对氮磷的吸收和释放,即质子动势理论和Pho调控理论.目前,这一领域研究的热点是为了特殊的使用用途对于高效微生物的分离鉴别和组合培养,和对氮磷代谢的影响因素.     

Variability of soil-water quality due to Tsunami-2004 in the coastal belt of Nagapattinam district, Tamilnadu

In this study, the Tsunami-caused deterioration of soil and groundwater quality in the agricultural fields of coastal Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu state in India is presented by analyzing their salinity and sodicity parameters. To accomplish this, three sets of soil samples up to a depth of 30cm from the land surface were collected for the first six months of the year 2005 from 28 locations and the ground water samples were monitored from seven existing dug wells and hand pumps covering the study region at intervals of 3 months. The EC and pH values of both the soil and ground water samples were estimated and the spatial and temporal variability mappings of these parameters were performed using the geostatistical analysis module of ArcGIS((R)). It was observed that the spherical semivariogram fitted well with the data set of both EC and pH and the generated kriged maps explained the spatial and temporal variability under different ranges of EC and pH values. Further, the recorded EC and pH data of soil and ground water during pre-Tsunami periods were compared with the collected data and generated variability soil maps of EC and pH of the post-Tsunami period. It was revealed from this analysis that the soil quality six months after the Tsunami was nearing the pre-Tsunami scenario (EC< 1.5dSm(-1); pH<8), whereas the quality of ground water remained highly saline and unfit for irrigation and drinking. These observations were compared with the ground scenarios of the study region and possible causes for such changes and the remedial measures for taking up regular agricultural practices are also discussed.     

Modeling Long-Term Risk to Environmental and Human Systems at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation: Scope and Findings from the Initial Model

The Groundwater Protection Project at the US Department of Energy Hanford Site in Washington State is currently developing the means to assess the cumulative impact to human and ecological health and the regional economy and cultures from radioactive and chemical waste that will remain at the Hanford Site after the site closes. This integrated system is known as the System Assessment Capability (SAC). The SAC Risk/Impact Module discussed in the article uses media- and time-specific concentrations of contaminants estimated by the transport models of the integrated system to project potential impacts on the ecology of the Columbia River corridor, the health of persons who might live in or use the corridor or the upland Hanford environment, the local economy, and cultural resources. Preliminary Monte Carlo realizations from the SAC modeling system demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale uncertainty analysis of the complex relationships in the environmental transport of contaminants on the one hand and ecological, human, cultural, and economic risk on the other. Initial impact results show very small long-term risks for the 10 radionuclides and chemicals evaluated. The analysis also helps determine science priorities to reduce uncertainty and suggests what actions matter to reduce risks.     

高校党政办公室工作的创新与实践

党政办公室在高校的发展与建设中承担着组织、协调、服务、督办等重要的职能与作用.面对新形势、新任务、新要求,党政办公室要跟上时代的步伐,就必须不断开拓进取,建立一种新的、现代的、更加先进的工作理念、工作方式、工作机制,充分调动工作人员的创造性和积极性,提高高校党政办公室工作的效率,建设一流部门,争创一流业绩.     

Sustainability Assessment of Future Scenarios: Methodology and Application to Mountain Areas of Europe

BioScene (scenarios for reconciling biodiversity conservation with declining agriculture use in mountain areas in Europe) was a three-year project (2002–2005) funded by the European Union’s Fifth Framework Programme, and aimed to investigate the implications of agricultural restructuring and decline for biodiversity conservation in the mountain areas of Europe. The research took a case study approach to the analysis of the biodiversity processes and outcomes of different scenarios of agri-environmental change in six countries (France, Greece, Norway, Slovakia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) covering the major biogeographical regions of Europe. The project was coordinated by Imperial College London, and each study area had a multidisciplinary team including ecologists and social and economic experts, which sought a comprehensive understanding of the drivers for change and their implications for sustainability. A key component was the sustainability assessment (SA) of the alternative scenarios. This article discusses the development and application of the SA methodology developed for BioScene. While the methodology was objectives-led, it was also strongly grounded in baseline ecological and socio-economic data. This article also describes the engagement of stakeholder panels in each study area and the use of causal chain analysis for understanding the likely implications for land use and biodiversity of strategic drivers of change under alternative scenarios for agriculture and rural policy and for biodiversity management. Finally, this article draws conclusions for the application of SA more widely, its use with scenarios, and the benefits of stakeholder engagement in the SA process.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Review of studies on environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in Australia

The paper provides a review of available information on the impact of recreation and tourism on environments, particularly on vegetation and soil, in Australia, with an emphasis on forests. Efforts have been made to compare the current research and development situation in Australia with some overseas countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. While many documents reveal that Australia has been experiencing an increasingly high level of recreation and tourism use in its environments, only limited studies of environmental impacts of recreation and tourism have been published. Compared with other developed countries, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States, Australia lags behind in undertaking research in this area. The results of these limited studies and some observations indicate that the most common recreational and tourist activities (such as bush walking, camping, horse-riding) can, if not well managed, adversely affect the values of Australian natural and semi-natural resources. Overall, they can affect the vegetation and other recreational sites physically and biologically. Physical effects include track formation, soil loss and/or compaction and an increase in fire frequency. Littering and water pollution are also seen as impacts associated with bush walking and camping. Biological effects include causing damage to vegetation, increasing risk of myrtle wilt disease and the spread of the soil pathogen,Phytophthora cinnamomi, as well as assisting weed dispersal. Based on the information reviewed, the authors suggest the following areas as priorities for future research into the environmental impact of recreation and tourism in Australia: determine the type of natural features that attract recreation use; determine the quantitative relationship between the impact and the level of recreation and tourism use for different activities within major vegetation habitats; ascertain site carrying capacity or environment thresholds for major vegetation habitats and recreation activities; and determine the impacts of recreation and tourism for major regions and major vegetation habitats where there have been considerable nature-based recreation and tourism activities.1998 Academic Press     

AFTER THE 1993 FLOOD: A WATER AND SURFICIAL BED SEDIMENT QUALITY SCENARIO ON THE ILLINOIS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RWERS1

ABSTRACT: Effects of the 1993 flood on river water and sediment quality were investigated using historical data and data collected from the Illinois River and Upper Mississippi River in a post‐flood period. Overall the post‐flood results showed systematic reductions and individual changes in the water and sediment constituents. The reductions in sediment metals and nutrients were most obvious at the Keokuk and Lock and Dam 26 stations. By analyzing and comparing the physical changes to the changes in water and sediment constituents at each station, it was found that physical processes such as sediment entrainment and, more importantly, the removal of fine sediment to be the main causes for the reduced concentrations in sediment constituents. On the other hand, sediment redistribution and associated secondary contamination could have caused the emergence of several water and sediment constituents that were undetected before the flood.     

Evaluation of Flood and Landslide Risk to the Population of Italy

We have compiled a database of floods and landslides that occurred in Italy between AD 1279 and 2002 and caused deaths, missing persons, injuries, and homelessness. Analysis of the database indicates that more than 50,593 people died, went missing, or were injured in 2580 flood and landslide events. Harmful events were inventoried in 26.3% of the 8103 Italian municipalities. Fatal events were most frequent in the Alpine regions of northern Italy and were caused by both floods and landslides. In southern Italy, landslides were the principal agents of fatalities and were most numerous in the Campania region. Casualties were most frequent in the autumn. Fast-moving landslides, including rock falls, rockslides, rock avalanches, and debris flows, caused the largest number of deaths. In order to assess the overall risk posed by these processes, we merged the historical catalogs and identified 2682 “hydrogeomorphological” events that triggered single or multiple landslides and floods. We estimated individual risk through the calculation of mortality rates for both floods and landslides and compared these rates to the death rates for other natural, medical, and human-induced hazards in Italy. We used the frequency distribution of events with fatalities to ascertain the magnitude and frequency of the societal risks posed by floods and landslides. We quantified these risks in a Bayesian model that describes the probabilities of fatal flood and landslide events in Italy.     

Environmental protection, the economy, and jobs: national and regional analyses

The relationship between environmental protection (EP), the economy, and jobs has been an issue of harsh contention for decades. Does EP harm the economy and destroy jobs or facilitate economic growth and create jobs? We address this issue by summarizing the results of the Jobs and the Environment Initiative, research funded by nonprofit foundations to quantify the relationship between EP, the economy, and jobs. We estimate the size of the US environmental industry and the numbers of environment-related jobs at the national level and in the states of Florida, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, and Wisconsin. This is the first time that such comprehensive, detailed estimates have been developed.