Modulation-assisted high speed machining of compacted graphite iron (CGI)

The application of controlled, low-frequency modulation (～100 Hz) superimposed onto the cutting process in the feed-direction – modulation-assisted machining (MAM) – is shown to be quite effective in reducing the wear of cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools when machining compacted graphite iron (CGI) at high machining speeds (>500 m/min). The tool life is at least 20 times greater than in conventional machining. This significant reduction in wear is a consequence of the multiple effects realized by MAM, including periodic disruption of the tool–workpiece contact, formation of discrete chips, enhanced fluid action and lower cutting temperatures. The propensity for thermochemical wear of CBN, the principal wear mode at high speeds in CGI machining, is thus reduced. The tool wear in MAM is also found to be smaller at the higher cutting speeds (730 m/min) tested. The feed-direction MAM appears feasible for implementation in industrial machining applications involving high speeds.     

Laser tempering based turning process for efficient machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel

Cost-effective machining of hardened steel components such as a large wind turbine bearing has traditionally posed a significant challenge. This paper presents an approach to machine hardened steel parts efficiently at higher material removal rates and lower tooling cost. The approach involves a two-step process consisting of laser tempering of the hardened workpiece surface followed by conventional machining at higher material removal rates with lower cost ceramic tools to efficiently remove the tempered material. The laser scanning parameters that yield the highest depth of tempered layer are obtained from a kinetic phase change model. Machining experiments are performed to demonstrate the possibility of higher material removal rates and improved tool wear behavior compared to the conventional hard turning process. Tool wear performance, cutting forces, and surface finish of Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) tools as well as low cost ceramic tools are compared in machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel (~63 HRC). In addition, cutting forces and surface finish are compared for the laser tempering based turning and conventional hard turning processes. Experimental results show the potential benefits of the laser tempering based turning process over the conventional hard turning process.     

物理气相沉积硬质耐腐蚀磨损防护涂层研究进展

叙述了用物理气相沉积技术制备的硬质耐腐蚀磨损防护涂层的研究进展。重点介绍了腐蚀磨损耦合工况特性和作用机理,单元、多元掺杂氮化物涂层,高熵氮化物涂层,多层、纳米多层、纳米复合、梯度氮化物涂层耐腐蚀磨损性能研究,非金属元素/金属元素掺杂DLC涂层、多层复合DLC涂层耐腐蚀磨损性能研究,并对涂层改性、强化机理和腐蚀磨损失效机制进行了总结。最后,提出了未来物理气相沉积硬质耐腐蚀磨损防护涂层重点发展的方向,应重点发展涂层组元/结构设计、力–电耦合损伤机理研究、高效率研发设计、涂层先进制备装备与评估体系等方面的能力。     

Measurement of tool internal temperatures in the tool–chip contact region by embedded micro thin film thermocouples

Sensors capable of providing fast and reliable feedback signals for monitoring and control of existing and emerging machining processes are an important research topic, that has quickly gained academic and industrial interest in recent years. Generally, high-precision machining processes are very sensitive to variation in local machining conditions at the tool–workpiece interface and lack a thorough understanding of fundamental thermomechanical phenomena. Existing sensors to monitor the machining conditions are not suitable for robust in-process control as they are either destructively embedded and/or do not possess the necessary spatial and temporal resolution to monitor local tool internal temperatures during machining at the cutting tip/edge effectively. This paper presents a novel approach for assessing transient tool internal temperature fields in the close vicinity of less than 300 μm of the tool cutting edge. A revised array layout of 10 micro thin film micro thermocouples, fabricated using adapted semiconductor microfabrication methods, has been embedded into polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting inserts by means of a modified diffusion bonding technique. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine material interactions at the bonding interface and to determine optimal bonding parameters. Sensor performance was statically and dynamically characterized. They show good linearity, sensitivity and very fast response time. Initial machining tests on aluminum alloys are described herein. The tests have been performed to demonstrate the functionality and reliability of tool embedded thin film sensors, and are part of a feasibility study with the ultimate goal of applying the instrumented insert in hard machining operations. The microsensor array was used for the acquisition of tool internal temperature profiles very close to the cutting tip. The influence of varying cutting parameters on transient tool internal temperature profiles was measured and discussed. With further study, the described instrumented cutting inserts could provide more valuable insight into the process physics and could improve various aspects of machining processes, e.g. reliability, tool life, and workpiece quality.     

An experimental investigation into micro ball end-milling of silicon

Silicon is a representative operational material for semiconductor and micro-electronics. In certain MEMS applications, it is required to fabricate three dimensional channels and complex pattern on silicon substrate. Such features are typically fabricated by photolithography and chemical etching. These processes have low productivity and have certain other limitations. Therefore, a viable switch-over from non-traditional fabrication processes to traditional machining is highly desired for improved productivity in high-mix low-volume production. However, machining of silicon by traditional process is extremely difficult due to its high brittleness. Even very small forces produced during machining can cause brittle fracture on silicon surface resulting in deteriorated surface quality. The fundamental principle in machining of a brittle material such as silicon is to achieve material removal through plastic deformation rather than crack propagation. This paper presents the experimental results of ductile-mode machining of silicon by micro ball end-milling. The workpiece surface was inclined to the rotational axes of the cutter to improve the surface finish. It was established experimentally that 15-μm deep, fracture-free slots can be machined on silicon wafer by micro ball end-milling if the feed rate is below a certain threshold. The influence of several machining parameters on the roughness of machined-surface was also investigated. Cubic boron nitride (CBN) is presented as much economical alternative tool-material to single-crystal diamond for machining silicon in ductile-mode.     

Mg (OH)2@粉煤灰复合材料对重金属离子的去除研究

根据“粒子设计”思想，以粉煤灰为载体，采用非均匀形核法制备了一种核壳结构粉煤灰负载纳米氢氧化镁复合材料，并对其吸附废水中Cu （II）、Ni （II）和Pb （II）性能进行研究.采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、EDS能谱、比表面积分析仪（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FTIR）等技术对包覆前后的复合粉体进行了表征.结果表明，复合粉体表面均匀包覆了大量纳米氢氧化镁和少量水合碳酸镁，比表面积增大到原来（粉煤灰1.79m²/g）的30多倍，平均孔径由11nm增加至14.7nm.平均孔隙宽度从12.8nm增加至15.4nm.粉煤灰表面的Si-O-Si、Si-O-C与氢氧化镁之间形成Si-O-C-O-Mg和Si-O-Mg-OH.复合粉体材料去除重金属的效率明显高于原粉煤灰和氢氧化镁，其单位饱和吸附量分别达到了216.30、116.50、160.96mg/g.根据Zeta电位、FTIR及模拟方程分析了复合粉体吸附重金属离子机理，结果表明复合粉体材料对重金属离子通过沉淀反应、静电吸引、离子交换等方式进行吸附，吸附过程等温线符合Langmuir等温模型，动力学符合颗粒内扩散模型，热力学符合自发吸热反应.通过解吸再生试验发现，经过5次循环再生利用后，复合粉体对重金属离子的去除率达到50%以上，这说明复合粉体在吸附过程中具有良好的再生性能.     

YSZ-W复合涂层的制备及抗烧蚀性能研究

目的 在TC4表面制备均匀致密的YSZ-20％(体积分数)W(ZW2)复合涂层,以提高其抗烧蚀性能,并对其在超音速燃流中的烧蚀响应机制进行初步探究.方法 以8YSZ和W粉为原料,采用喷雾干燥-真空烧结工艺制备喷涂用ZW2复合粉末,利用大气等离子喷涂技术(APS)制备ZW2复合涂层,采用超音速火焰冲刷法(SCF)测试涂层...     

燃煤工业锅炉重金属排放特征研究

通过对6台燃煤工业锅炉污染物控制装置前后烟气中重金属浓度进行测试,考察了静电除尘器(ESP)、湿法脱硫装置(WFGD)和脱硫除尘一体化装置对烟气中重金属排放的影响。研究结果表明:ESP对烟气中的重金属有较好的捕集效果,对Pb、Cd、Cr的去除效率均为50%以上,通过对2台工业锅炉烟气中重金属排放测试发现,静电除尘器对Hg的去除率分别为45.70%和29.63%;经WFGD装置洗涤后,烟气中Hg、Pb、Cd的浓度均低于10μg/m3;脱硫除尘一体化技术对Hg、Pb和Cd的去除效果不明显,4号锅炉烟气脱硫后Pb的排放浓度高达65.76μg/m3。ESP+WFGD烟气处理装置较脱硫除尘一体化装备能够更好地控制烟气中重金属的排放。     

Use of coated microtools in advanced manufacturing: An exploratory study in electrochemical machining (ECM) context

Coated tools have improved the performance of both traditional and nontraditional machining processes and have resulted in improved machining characteristics. However, a study on the performance of coated tools in micromachining, particularly in ECM, has not yet been adequately conducted. One possible reason is the difficulties associated with the preparation of coated microtools. This paper describes a method of preparation of nickel coated tungsten microtools by electrodeposition and reports on the performance of these tools in microECM experiments. The tungsten microtool was electroplated with nickel with direct and pulse current. The effect of the various input parameters on the coating characteristics was studied and performance of the coated microtool was evaluated in pulse ECM. The coated tool removed more material than the uncoated tool under similar conditions and was more electrochemically stable. It was concluded that nickel coated tungsten microtool can improve the pulse ECM performance.     

三种除锈方式对Q235钢表面涂层耐蚀性能的影响

目的对比研究3种不同除锈方式(打磨除锈、先除锈后磷化、除锈-磷化一体化)处理Q235钢表面后,对涂层的耐腐蚀性能的影响。方法在3种除锈方式处理后的Q235钢表面喷涂石墨烯环氧富锌底漆,测试涂层的附着力,通过中性盐雾试验测试涂层的耐腐蚀性能。结果Q235钢经过除锈-磷化一体化处理后,表面性能变优,涂层附着力达到13.6MPa,1000h中性盐雾试验后,涂层不起泡、不脱落,腐蚀程度小。结论除锈-磷化处理Q235钢表面可有效提高防腐涂层的耐蚀性能,与先除锈后磷化相比,简化了工艺过程。     

Modeling and optimization of turning duplex stainless steels

The attractive combination of high mechanical strength, good corrosion resistance and relatively low cost has contributed to making duplex stainless steels (DSSs) one of the fastest growing groups of stainless steels. As the importance of DSSs is increasing, practical information about their successful machining is expected to be crucial. To address this industrial need, standard EN 1.4462 and super EN 1.4410 DSSs are machined under constant cutting speed multi-pass facing operations. A systematic approach which employs different modeling and optimization tools under a three phase investigation scheme has been adopted. In phase I, the effect of design variables such as cutting parameters, cutting fluids and axial length of cuts are investigated using the D-Optimal method. The mathematical models for performance characteristics such as; percentage increase in radial cutting force (%F_r), effective cutting power (P_e), maximum tool flank wear (VB_max) and chip volume ratio (R) are developed using response surface methodology (RSM). The adequacy of derived models for each cutting scenario is checked using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Parametric meta-heuristic optimization using Cuckoo search (CS) algorithm is then performed to determine the optimum design variable set for each performance. In the phase II, comprehensive experiment-based production cost and production rate models are developed. To overcome the conflict between the desire of minimizing the production cost and maximizing the production rate, compromise solutions are suggested using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The alternatives are ranked according to their relative closeness to the ideal solution. In the phase III, expert systems based on fuzzy rule modeling approach are adopted to derive measures of machining operational sustainability called operational sustainability index (OSI). Artificial neural network (ANN) based models are developed to study the effect of design variables on computed OSIs. Cuckoo search neural network systems (CSNNS) are finally utilized to constrainedly optimize the cutting process per each cutting scenario. The most appropriate cutting setup to ensure successful turning of standard EN 1.4462 and super EN 1.4410 for each scenario is selected in accordance with conditions which give the maximum OSI.     

AlCrSiN/AlCrN/AlCrON/AlCrN多层复合涂层的研究

目的 解决硬质合金刀具高速干切削难加工材料面临效率低、寿命短的难题,提升刀具涂层的耐热能力,在AlCrSiN涂层中周期性植入AlCrON热屏障层,并在其两侧沉积AlCrN层进行包夹,改善含氧层的韧性,既能保持涂层刀具较高的强度,又能改善其耐热能力.方法 采用全自动电弧离子镀膜机,研制具有不同调制周期的AlCrSiN/A...     

Design and evaluation of an atomization-based cutting fluid spray system in turning of titanium alloy

Tool life has been a vital issue in machining titanium alloys. Recently, an atomization-based cutting fluid (ACF) application has been found to be an effective approach for cooling and lubrication in micromachining operations. In this study, an ACF spray system is developed for macro-scale turning of Ti–6Al–4V. The spray system is designed to minimize interaction between the fluid droplets, and the gas nozzle to control the divergence of the fluid droplets. Experiments are conducted to study the effect of five specific ACF spray parameters including fluid flow rate, spray distance, impingement angle, and type and pressure level of the droplet carrier gas on cutting forces, tool life, and chip characteristics. It has been observed that the combination of lower pressure (150 psi) air-mixed CO₂ with a higher flow rate (20 ml/min) and a larger spray distance (35 mm) produces a significantly longer tool life and broken chips. The results also reveal that the ACF spray system can extend tool life up to 40–50% over flood cooling.     

不同B_(4)C含量对冷喷涂Al/B_(4)C复合涂层防腐与耐磨性能的影响

目的分析不同B_(4)C含量对冷喷涂Al/B_(4)C复合涂层防腐和耐磨性能的影响,探索利用冷喷涂低温特点制备Al/B_(4)C复合涂层的可行性。方法利用冷喷涂方法制备4种B_(4)C含量的Al/B_(4)C复合涂层,并利用各种方法表征涂层的结合特征、耐磨性能和防腐性能。结果冷喷涂过程不会改变铝和碳化硼的物相,碳化硼颗粒主要以嵌入方式结合在涂层中,会产生结合缺陷。在本研究中,B_(4)C的质量分数最高可达到34.53%左右,涂层的结合强度随粉末中碳化硼含量的增加先增加、后降低,最高可达26.67 MPa。微区电化学试验分析涂层内部微电位差值,发现Al/B_(4)C界面存在电位差,腐蚀反应会优先在Al/B_(4)C界面发生,从而破坏金属Al成膜,使涂层的耐蚀性能与略低于铝块材。结论冷喷涂技术可以制备微观结构和结合性能良好的高B_(4)C含量Al/B_(4)C复合涂层,涂层中B_(4)C的质量分数最高达34.53%,预期具有良好的热中子吸收性能。同时,B_(4)C颗粒的加入,使得涂层的耐磨性能大大的提升,但是耐蚀性能相比于铝材料略有降低,是未来需要改善的方向。     

The effect of spindle speed,feed-rate and machining time to the surface roughness and burr formation of Aluminum Alloy 1100 in micro-milling operation

This paper describes the characteristics and the cutting parameters performance of spindle speeds (n, rpm) and feed-rates (f, mm/s) during three interval ranges of machining times (t, minutes) with respect to the surface roughness and burr formation, by using a miniaturized micro-milling machine. Flat end-mill tools that have two-flutes, made of solid carbide with Mega-T coated, with 0.2 mm in diameter were used to cut Aluminum Alloy AA1100. The causal relationship among spindle speeds, feed-rates, and machining times toward the surface roughness was analyzed using a statistical method ANOVA. It is found that the feed-rate (f) and machining time (t) contribute significantly to the surface roughness. Lower feed-rate would produce better surface roughness. However, when machining time is transformed into total cut length, it is known that a higher feed-rate, that consequently giving more productive machining since produce more cut length, would not degrade surface quality and tool life significantly. Burr occurrence on machined work pieces was analyzed using SEM. The average sizes of top burr for each cutting parameter selection were analyzed to find the relation between the cutting parameters and burr formation. In this research, bottom burr was found. It is formed in a longer machining time compare the formation of top burr, entrance burr and exit burr. Burr formation is significantly affected by the tool condition, which is degrading during the machining process. This knowledge of appropriate cutting parameter selection and actual tool condition would be an important consideration when planning a micro-milling process to produce a product with minimum burr.     

常温酸性腐蚀对热障涂层性能的影响

采用酸性盐雾腐蚀试验对物理气相沉积法制备的热障涂层进行了常温腐蚀,研究了常温酸性盐雾腐蚀对热障涂层的微观形貌以及高温性能的影响.试验结果表明：常温酸性腐蚀使热障涂层表面变得粗糙不平,产生了较大的裂纹.经过150次高温循环氧化后,顶层氧化锆晶粒排列疏松,裂纹进一步扩展,中间层--粘结层氧化速度加快,生成了疏松的TGO层.TGO的体积膨胀效应使得陶瓷/粘结层界面结合力降低,缩短了涂层的使用寿命.     

氟碳涂层体系在我国水环境中防腐性能研究

通过现场曝露试验,获得氟碳涂层体系在我国淡水、海水和盐湖水环境中4年腐蚀结果,总结了它们的腐蚀行为。无论是在自然环境下的曝露试验,还是实验室条件下的盐雾试验和紫外光老化试验结果,都表明氟碳涂层具有优异的耐候性和耐水性;水气渗透性试验也表明氟碳涂层具有较低的渗水率;氟碳涂层虽具有低的表面能,但在淡水和海水环境中,其抗水生物附着性能仍不理想。     

静电除尘器极板涂敷导电防腐涂料对静电除尘性能影响的研究

为了改善静电除尘器极板防腐性能、增加极板的抗污性能和提高极板清灰效果,用导电防腐涂料涂敷电除尘器极板.提出了涂层比电阻特性数学模型并用实验加以验证.推导了极板沉积粉尘层积累电荷量公式,表明电荷量多少与粉尘层放电时间常数成正比.理论研究结果表明,涂加涂层后,极板上低比电阻粉尘层放电时间常数增大,粉尘层积累电荷量增多,粉尘层与极板问静电附着力增大,有效减弱了粉尘的二次飞扬现象;通过降低涂层的比电阻和涂层厚度,使中高比电阻粉尘层的积累电荷量增加不大.实验测试了涂层对不同比电阻粉尘收尘效率的影响及涂层对极板粉尘剥离率的改善.实验结果显示,涂加涂层后,低比电阻粉尘的收集效率有显著提高,中高比电阻粉尘的收集效率变化不大;极板粉尘剥离率较不加涂层时有很大提高.极板涂敷技术有效延长了极板的使用寿命,在保证除尘效率的前提下提高了极板的清灰效果,是电除尘领域中的一项创新.     

镁合金的塑性加工技术

分析了镁合金的塑性变形特点及应用前景 ,阐述了镁合金塑性加工研究现状及在材料、性能和加工制造方面的发展方向 ,分析了镁合金挤压、锻造、冲压、胀形等变形特点及工艺关键。讨论了镁合金的各种加工性能和环境影响 ,总结了镁合金塑性加工技术的最新进展     

Aero-lap polishing of poly crystalline diamond inserts using Multicon media

Increasing use of poly crystalline diamond (PCD) inserts as cutting tools and wear parts is vividly seen in automobile, aerospace, marine and precision engineering applications. The PCD inserts undergo series of manufacturing processes such as: grinding that forms the required shape and polishing that gives a fine finish. These operations are not straight forward as PCD is extremely resistant to grinding and polishing. Single crystal diamond can easily be polished by choosing a direction of easy abrasion, but polishing a PCD imposes serious difficulties as the grains are randomly oriented. Prior research on polishing of PCD inserts includes electro discharge grinding (EDG), dynamic friction polishing and grinding by a vitrified bonded diamond wheel. The surface textures of PCD produced using an EDG process often contains: micro cavities, particle pullout, micro-grooves, chipped edges, cracks and gouch marks. While applying the dynamic friction polishing method the PCD material undergoes phase transformation and hence increased polishing rate was apparently seen. However the phase transformation of PCD deteriorates the strength of the insert. Furthermore the inserts produced using the dynamic polishing method often exhibits cracks, chip off and edge damage while using as a cutting tool. Therefore, a new method “aero-lap polishing” was attempted as it applies controlled amount of impinging force by which the surface damage can be significantly reduced. The study did establish an improvement of surface finish of PCD from R_a = 0.55 μm, R_t = 4.5 μm to R_a = 0.29 μm, R_t = 1.6 μm within 15–25 min of polishing time along with significant reduction in surface defects.