山西省输电线路工程水土保持措施研究

本文分析了输电线工程水土流失的特点,结合山西省区域地形地貌及气候特点,提出输电线路工程中防治水土流失的一些措施,为山西省输电线路工程建设水土保持工作的进行提供科学依据。     

Bottom-up perspectives on nature conservation systems: The differences between regional and local administrations

Many proposals to improve biodiversity governance target the stage of policy formulation. In this paper we highlight the importance of the subsequent policy realization stage, which is mostly carried out by sub-national administrative levels. We explore the differences in the opinions of practitioners representing regional and local public institutions in conservation policy design and implementation. The research was conducted through surveying a representative sample of local and regional practitioners within Małopolska, Poland. The results illustrate a cross-level mismatch between the regional and local practitioners. That is, practitioners operating at different administrative levels have significantly different opinions on nature conservation system performance, system effectiveness, the distribution of power among actors, and on the allocation of costs and benefits stemming from nature conservation. Local level representatives are generally more pleased with overall nature conservation performance and its outcomes, while regional level representatives are more skeptical, especially toward local level performance and the overall effectiveness of nature conservation. Also, local level respondents are more critical, while regional practitioners hold more positive images of the procedures involved during policy implementation. We highlight the practical implications of this kind of research, and the importance of quantitative data in evaluating the overall performance of conservation policy.     

Applying the concept of agrodiversity to indigenous soil and water conservation practices in eastern Kenya

Agrodiversity – the diversity of cropping systems, crop species and farm management practices has received increasing attention in recent years as a way of spreading risk and supporting food security in resource-poor farming systems. This paper discusses the dynamic aspects of indigenous soil and water conservation (ISWC) practices in a semi-arid part of Kenya. The objective is to show the range of sources of variability and diversity that prevail in this environment, the responses of farmers to this variability, and the way farmers' rationalise the heterogeneity of soil and water management practices. Methods used included participatory surveys and evaluations, on-farm monitoring, soil and rainfall data analyses, and questionnaire surveys. Sources of variability affecting cropping systems and land management practices included rainfall, soil fertility, farmer resource level and farm productivity. A decision-tree was developed to examine how biophysical and socio-economic variability affected farmers' choice of ISWC. Different ISWC structures dominated on sandy and stony soils, respectively. Low resource farmers tended to choose cheaper and less labour demanding techniques, and constructed smaller ISWC structures than better endowed farmers. The largest diversity of ISWC practices was found on newly-opened land with mixed soils. Moreover, on-farm productivity levels indicated that costly investments in SWC are unfeasible, as this would further increase the risk for negative returns to farming. The wider implications of the results are that SWC interventions in marginal areas should build on the existing agrodiversity and an understanding of the complex interactions between environmental and socio-economic factors that give rise to differences in farming systems and land management practices.     

Policies,Measures and the Monitoring Needs of Forest Sector Carbon Mitigation

Forest sector mitigation options can be grouped into three categories: (1) management for carbon (C) conservation, (2) management for C storage, and (3) management for C substitution. The paper provides background information on the technical potential for C conservation and sequestration worldwide and the average costs of achieving it. It reviews policy measures that have been successfully applied at regional and project levels toward the reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gases. It also describes both national programs and jointly implemented international activities. The monitoring methods, and the items to monitor, differ across these categories. Remote sensing is a good approach for the monitoring of C conservation, but not for C substitution, which requires estimation of the fossil fuels that would be displaced and the continued monitoring of electricity generation sources. C storage, on the other hand, includes C in products which may be traded internationally. Their monitoring will require that bi- or multi-lateral protocols be set up for this purpose.     

山地风电工程建设中水土保持及植被恢复的设计方案探究

分析了云南风电建设的现状,提出了生态环保示范性山地风电工程的概念和原则,并以华能南华云台山风电工程为例,从建设前、中的水土保持措施及后期植被恢复方案对道路、弃渣场、风机平台等区域进行探究,并对工程建设的生态、经济效益进行了预测.研究指出,生态环保示范性山地风电工程的建设既不同于荒山造林或更新造林,也不同于园林绿化.既要考虑生态恢复和水土保持功能,又要考虑植被恢复效果、环境美化和降低成本.因而在前期、建设过程中要做好勘测,因地制宜多方评审,优化方案.能够让生态系统不经过人为的干预,还原、融入到被破坏前的环境当中去,将生态恢复和一定的经济效益、环境美化结合起来,实现改善生态、生活环境,促进人与自然和谐发展的最终目标.     

基于GIS的陕西省水土保持自然生态修复区研究

水土保持自然生态修复作为生态建设的一项主要任务,需要进行水土保持生态修复适宜区研究。论文以陕西省为例,应用ArcGIS 9.2空间数据分析工具,综合分析土地利用类型、年降雨量、土壤侵蚀、人口密度等指标,划分出陕西省水土保持自然生态修复适宜区域,并分析了陕西省水土保持综合治理实施情况。结果表明,陕西省水土保持自然生态修复区面积为23 911 km²,秦岭大巴山区适宜自然生态修复的面积最大,研究为水土保持综合治理下一步实施提供借鉴意义。     

关于区域生物多样性保护研究的若干问题

区域生物多样性保护研究是一项基础性很强的应用研究,应为保护行动计划提供有理论依据的可操作性的保护措施和技术。在生态系统多样性、物种多样性和基因多样性的三个层次上,以物种多样性保护为核心,即以保护和调控生态系统的多样性,来保护与发展物种的多样性,并由此保护和保存生物遗传基因的多样性。同时,它也是一项社会性很强的实际研究,需要通过对代表性地区或优先重点地区的具体研究来实现。本文还提出了应研究的内容、应提交的成果和综述了需要在研究中思考、探讨和验证的理论问题,为区域生物多样性保护的研究提供了可参考的技术路线。     

流域、生态区和景观构架及其在海河流域生态评价中的应用

流域、生态区和景观是评估大尺度区域生态质量的构架,阐述了三者合理结合的理论基础. 流域是解决水生态环境问题的整体性构架,但是流域研究的成果缺乏外推的依据. 生态区提供了合适的外推机制,与流域结合使用,可以解决小尺度成果的尺度上推和预测问题. 景观范围界定的主观随机性,使其可以与行政区、生态区和流域等空间范围结合,用于区域生态质量评估. 以海河流域为例,验证了流域、生态区、景观相结合的区域生态质量评估方法体系,包括3个步骤:流域生态区划分;建立以遥感影像为数据源的景观生态质量评价指标体系,并对生态区内的典型行政区开展景观生态质量评估;将评估结果外推到所在生态区. 以流域生态过程为核心整体统筹各生态区,提出上游山区水土保持、平原节水并修复河流和地下水系统、下游湿地保护并增加入海流量的水生态系统恢复对策.      

三江平原湿地生态环境受威胁现状及其保育研究

三江平原位于黑龙江省东北隅,是全国著名的面积最大的自然湿地集中分布区之一。经过近50年大面积开发,天然湿地面积约从原来的534×10⁴hm²减少到113×10⁴hm²,仅占本区土地总面积10.39%的现有湿地基本上镶嵌在大型现代化农场群的耕地之中。自然湿地大量丧失,湿地景观破碎化,受到水源不足、水质下降威胁;湿地变成"孤岛"。湿地功能退化,湿地植物丰度下降,生物生产量下降,濒危植物增加,濒危动物,特别是珍稀水禽数量逐年减少。湿地资源开发对区域环境的影响应引起重视。为了改变湿地受威胁、生态与环境退化现状,必须实施湿地恢复、保育工程:即引水灌溉工程、廊道建设工程和关爱湿地工程。     

Potential of Co2 emission reductions by carbonizing biomass waste from industrial tree plantation in South Sumatra,Indonesia

Approximately half of the carbon in trees can be fixed to charcoal by carbonization. Porous charcoal is useful as a soil amendment for crop fields and forests, and also as a water purifying agent. Given these facts, charcoal production should be recognized as one of the most promising CO₂ sequestration methods. A project on biomass utilization and forest conservation is proposed as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, by incorporating the carbonization of biomass residue and waste from tree plantations and pulp mills, and also the utilization of carbon products in various fields. A feasibility study was conducted with the existing project of an industrial tree plantation and pulp production in Indonesia. If conventional charcoal-making methods are used, a total of 368,000 t yr^-1 of biomass residue and waste could be transformed into charcoal of77,000 t yr^-1, and the carbon emission reductions by the project reaches 62,000t-C yr^-1 (or 230,000 t-CO₂yr^-1) in consideration of the project baseline. This charcoal project could provide jobs for approximately 2,600people. The soil fertility in man-made forests could be maintained by returning charcoal to the original forests. Therefore, the project would be beneficial to the regional economy. In addition, the present charcoal project is expected to give more positive impacts than negative ones, or leakage, beyond the project boundary. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

抚顺东部山区水土保持现状及水土流失防治对策

阐述了要因地制宜推广水土保持的先进技术，并提出对于辽宁省浑河、太子河、清河、柴河发源地的水土保持工作，应与生态保护紧密结合起来，重视生态与水的密切关系。对于水土流失等生态功能脆弱地区，注重发挥大自然的修复能力，实行退耕还林、封山禁牧、禁柴等措施。     

基于广义收益—成本分析的农村面源污染治理策略

应用污染排放系数法、技术经济评价方法,统筹考虑农村面源污染治理的环境效益与经济收益、技术成本与交易费用,构建面向一般区域的农村面源污染治理策略的分析框架与方法.研究表明,2011年宜兴市农村面源污染排放总氮2880.94t,总磷501.19t,水环境经济损失为3.38亿元.耕地测土配方施肥、规模化养殖沼气工程、分散养殖沼气工程和农村生活污水净化工程的净现值率分别为55.00、2.54、0.52、-0.15.综合考虑技术可行性、交易费用和政府管理支撑能力,近期应优先治理规模化养殖和种植业面源污染,分散养殖和农村生活污水污染可作为远期治理重点.     

Soil erosion types in the loess hill and gully area of China

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乡村湿地景观的设计研究

随着社会经济的发展,中国农村面貌发生了巨大变化.以宁夏泾源县上胭村湿地工程设计方案为例,依据水生态治理与景观提升相结合、提高区域水源涵养能力的设计理念,探讨乡村湿地景观设计的原则、水土保持与景观设计的关系和融合地域特征的景观设计的必要性.并由此认识到在水土保持工程设计中融入风景园林内容,将小河道生态景观重建与整治设计相结合,可有效提升水土保持生态建设层次.     

秦岭山地丹江流域土地利用变化的土壤侵蚀效应评价

论文采用ArcGIS 10.0及InVEST土壤保持模型,分析2000—2010年秦岭山地丹江流域土地利用类型变化特征,模拟流域不同时期不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀及土壤保持量的变化规律,并着重探讨土地利用类型方式转变对流域土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：1）2000—2010年间,流域裸地大比例减少90.18%（831.06 hm²）,主要转移至水域,耕地大面积减少5 197.24 hm²（4.11%）,主要流向灌丛和城镇;坡耕地还林还草初见成效,湿地的保护与恢复成效显著。2）2000—2010年间,流域土壤侵蚀状况较为严重,整体处于中度侵蚀至强度侵蚀级别,但10 a间侵蚀状况有减缓趋势;在该研究时段内,耕地大面积转为灌丛是该流域由土地利用类型变化引起的土壤侵蚀减缓的主要原因;另外,耕地转为林地以及裸地面积的减少也起到了减轻土壤侵蚀的作用;以自然生态系统为主的林地、灌丛及草地转为耕地时,土壤侵蚀强度则会明显增加。3）生态系统土壤保持功能受多方因素共同影响;2000、2010年研究区实际土壤保持量分别为5.35×10⁸、5.47×10⁸ t;占全区面积一半以上的林地和灌丛单位面积土壤保持量较为稳定,全区土壤保持功能有所提高。保证一定面积的林地、在人工干预下合理安排坡耕地还林还草区域的空间分布是秦岭山地丹江流域减少土壤侵蚀的必要措施,同时应注重对可利用耕地的保护。     

基于生态系统服务权衡的生态安全多情景决策

聚焦于成渝城市群生态安全格局识别的主题,耦合多源数据,运用相应的模型与算法对区域粮食生产、碳固存、产水、土壤保持、生境质量5类生态系统服务进行估算,在此基础上借助空间统计与分析厘清生态系统服务功能间的权衡/协同关系,并构建不同风险情景,明确未来区域发展的生态安全格局.结果显示,2000~2015年,成渝城市群粮食生产、固碳和产水量这3类服务功能均呈下降趋势,土壤保持、生境质量服务呈上升趋势,且各类服务的空间分异性突出;固碳、产水、土壤保持与生境质量两两之间均表现为协同关系,粮食生产与这4类服务间表现为权衡关系,但这种冲突性在区域发展过程中逐渐呈减弱趋势;在空间分布上,成渝城市群生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系表现出了一定的集聚特征;不同决策风险下生态系统服务间的权衡值也不同,随着决策风险系数的增加权衡值呈现先上升后下降的趋势;最终确定风险系数α=1.6为最适宜情景,此时权衡值最高、区域生态系统风险适中.将决策者的态度纳入生态安全格局识别过程中,使结果更全面,为城市群生态安全格局评价和管理提供科学支撑.     

论长江上游水土保持与农业持续发展

长江上游广大山丘区社会发展的历史证明：水土流失严重破坏了人类赖以生存的水土资源，影响了当地农业生产的发展。从１９８９年开展实施的长江上游水土保持重点防治工程，６年来以其显著的经济、生态和社会效益说明：水土保持不仅控制土壤侵蚀，改善生态环境，而且维护了自然资源的永续利用，成为支持长江上游山丘区农业持续发展的重要基础工程。     

南方地区公路建设环评中的水土流失评价要点

水土流失是南方多雨地区公路建设项目的主要生态问题,全面考虑水土流失点、正确预测水土流失量、切实可行地提出减少或消除不利影响的水土防护措施,是公路建设生态环境影响评价的重点。基于南方地区公路建设过程中水土流失的特点,对南方地区公路建设环评中的水土流失评价要点进行了分析探讨。分析结果表明,对南方地区公路建设项目的水土流失影响进行评价时,应选择最佳预测时段并划分不同的预测区,优先选用适宜于当地实际情况的预测模型,从而确保预测结果的可靠性。应从水土流失防护角度筛选最佳的公路设计方案,将水土保持体现在各项具体的工程措施中,以最大限度地减轻公路建设带来的水土流失影响。     

Incorporating stakeholder decision support needs into an integrated regional Earth system model

A new modeling effort exploring the opportunities, constraints, and interactions between mitigation and adaptation at regional scale is utilizing stakeholder engagement in an innovative approach to guide model development and demonstration, including uncertainty characterization, to effectively inform regional decision making. This project, the integrated Regional Earth System Model (iRESM), employs structured stakeholder interactions and literature reviews to identify the most relevant adaptation and mitigation alternatives and decision criteria for each regional application of the framework. The information is used to identify important model capabilities and to provide a focus for numerical experiments. This paper presents the stakeholder research results from the first iRESM pilot region. The pilot region includes the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwest portion of the United States as well as other contiguous states. This geographic area (14 states in total) permits cohesive modeling of hydrologic systems while also providing strong gradients in climate, demography, land cover/land use, and energy supply and demand. The results from the stakeholder research indicate that, for this region, iRESM should prioritize addressing adaptation alternatives in the water resources, urban infrastructure, and agriculture sectors, including water conservation, expanded water quality monitoring, altered reservoir releases, lowered water intakes, urban infrastructure upgrades, increased electric power reserves in urban areas, and land use management/crop selection changes. For mitigation in this region, the stakeholder research implies that iRESM should focus on policies affecting the penetration of renewable energy technologies, and the costs and effectiveness of energy efficiency, bioenergy production, wind energy, and carbon capture and sequestration.     

Is river rehabilitation economically viable in water-scarce basins?

Decisions on river rehabilitation actions are often based on cost-benefit analyses taking into account the costs and benefits of the considered management actions, but ecosystem services are often not included as benefits, despite recent evidences on the effects of river rehabilitations on ecosystem services. A cost-benefit analysis integrating market and non-market costs and benefits was undertaken in this study to assess the economic feasibility of a river rehabilitation project in a water scarce region, the Yarqon River Rehabilitation project (Israel). In this case, the costs included both the capital costs of implementing rehabilitation measures (including maintenance costs) and the opportunity costs of water allocation (foregone benefits to farmers from water provisioning for agriculture). The benefits of rehabilitation included the net marginal benefits of the cultural ecosystem services at local scale (estimated with a hedonic pricing method), and at regional scale (estimated with a value function transfer), in addition to the habitat service gene-pool protection (estimated with a replacement cost method). Bearing in mind the uncertainties surrounding water resource management decisions, especially in water scarce areas, a sensitivity and risk analysis was conducted using an analysis that included both Monte Carlo simulations and the standardized regression coefficients method. The rehabilitation of the Yarqon River provided positive net present values (approximately $139 million in 30-year period). This was thanks to the provision of cultural ecosystem services and despite the high rehabilitation costs, and that the massive water reallocation involved high foregone benefits to farmers. Therefore, these results highlight that river rehabilitation in water scarce regions can be economically viable due to the social amenity demand for urban rivers.