碳排放约束下耕地利用效率的区域差异及其影响因素

论文将耕地利用碳排放纳入耕地利用效率的测度框架中,综合运用SBM-Undesirable模型、基尼系数分解模型和Tobit模型对中国大陆31个省区2003—2015年耕地利用效率的差异格局及影响因素进行定量测度。结果表明：1）总体来看,大部分省份考虑碳排放指标后形成的耕地利用效率值与不考虑碳排放指标相比都有不同幅度的下降;2）从SBM模型测度结果来看,不同尺度耕地利用效率在研究期内都呈上升趋势且表现出明显的区域差异,其中,东北地区的年平均耕地利用效率最高,中部地区最低;3）全国和四大区域耕地利用效率的基尼系数都有不同幅度的降低,地区差距有所缓解,组内差异缩小是中国耕地利用效率地区差距缩小的主要来源;4）耕地资源禀赋、经济发展水平、科学技术发展和政府重视程度等是影响耕地利用效率差异的重要因素,但是在不同样本分组情况下,不同因素的影响方向和强度存在差异;5）除了在技术层面探寻耕地利用减排路径及合理规模外,还应该在制度和政策层面对碳排放进行规范和引导,实现耕地低碳、高效利用及社会经济绿色发展。     

Integrating economics and ecology to protect nature on private lands: models,methods, and mindsets

Protecting nature on private lands presents both a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is to protect both private landowner concerns and the biological needs of the environment; the opportunity is the need to better integrate the disciplines of ecology and economics. Such integration offers scientists the prospect of gaining more understanding about the complexities that arise in the protection of human-dominated environments. Integration also can help policy-makers make more informed decisions about how to manage private lands by adding insight into the efficacy and efficiency of alternative choices that try to balance private rights with the public gains. Integration occurs at several different levels, ranging from accounting for feedbacks between both economics and ecology within formal models to incorporating diverse methods of control to link the multiple objectives of various interest groups and people. In this paper, we discuss three illustrative examples of integration—models, methods, and mindsets—that show how one can combine economics and ecology to address the challenge of protecting nature on private lands. We explore how the explicit process of connecting disciplines can help create and refine economic incentive mechanisms that satisfy the goals set by biological needs, landowner choices, and political realities.     

Potential synergies between existing multilateral environmental agreements in the implementation of land use,land-use change and forestry activities

There is potential for synergy between the global environmental conventions on climate change, biodiversity and desertification: changes in land management and land use undertaken to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions can simultaneously deliver positive outcomes for conservation of biodiversity, and mitigation of desertification and land degradation. However, while there can be complementarities between the three environmental goals, there are often tradeoffs. Thus, the challenge lies in developing land use policies that promote optimal environmental outcomes, and in implementing these locally to promote sustainable development. The paper considers synergies and tradeoffs in implementing land use measures to address the objectives of the three global environmental conventions, both from an environmental and economic perspective. The intention is to provide environmental scientists and policy makers with a broad overview of these considerations, and the benefits of addressing the conventions simultaneously.     

苏州市耕地保护等级评价

基于国内外相关研究与PSR 模型提出环境压力、土壤质量、破碎度、粮食单产等耕地保护等 级评价指标。单项指标评价表明: 苏州耕地环境压力突出、土质较好、破碎化明显、粮食产量高。基于 指标相关性分析, 选用层次聚类分析法, 对样本特征聚类分为4 等, 各等面积百分比S1∶S2∶S3∶S4= 33.6∶32.4∶26.7∶7.3。S1 在乡村区和湖荡区, 各指标良好; S2 在沿江平原及城市化边缘区, 土质良好, 粮 食产量较高; S3 散布在城市化边缘区及湖荡丘陵区, 各指标中等; S4 散布在城市周边及湖荡丘陵区。 进而基于各等级的地域特征及指标关系, 将耕地保护等级又分为9 级, 并指出各级耕地保护措施。     

闽台耕地非农化及关联因子的比较研究

土地利用/覆盖变化的区域对比分析被国际地理学联合会LUCC工作组列为2000～2004年期间的三大研究目标之一,闽台因其区域自然背景及历史文化的相似性和经济发展时序递差性成为区域对比研究的理想对象之一。利用闽台相关统计资料对比显示,福建1979～2001年与台湾1969～1998年的耕地非农化呈现周期性变化。对影响耕地非农化因子进行灰色关联分析,结果显示:人口增加及城市化水平提高、农业发展共同构成闽台耕地非农化的第一、二驱动因子;经济发展水平影响闽台耕地非农化的规模与利用效率,从同一时点比较,福建非农化土地利用效率远低于台湾,但就同处于工业化中期的发展阶段比较,福建非农化土地的利用效率明显高于台湾;农副产品的对外贸易量对台湾耕地非农化的影响强于福建。最后分析了闽台不同经济发展时期经济发展政策与土地管理法规对耕地非农化的影响。     

松嫩流域特大洪灾的醒示:湿地功能的再认识

分析了１９９８年松嫩流域特大洪水发生与湿地丧失和退化的关系,根据湿地所具有的多种功能和效益,提出了松嫩流域水资源管理和防洪体系建设对策。近半个世纪以来,由于人口增长,人水争地,松嫩流域内湿地丧失达７０％,湿地质量也发生明显的退化,使本区湿地具有的抵御洪水、调节径流、蓄洪防旱、控制污染、生物多样性保护等方面功能逐渐降低,生态环境趋于恶化。必须从全流域、大系统的角度出发,全面分析上、中、下游的自然、社会、经济条件与湿地的地位,统筹规划,分步实施,封山育林,保持水土,圈地分洪,保护湿地,加固堤防,疏浚河道,整治环境,合理开发,将区域的社会、经济发展建立在可持续的环境基础上。     

农户黑土地保护性耕作行为决策：价值感知抑或政策驱动?

在黑土耕地质量退化问题日益严重的现实背景下,利用吉林省黑土区680户农户调查数据,分析价值感知和政策工具对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为的影响,并分析其作用机理及内在逻辑。研究表明：价值感知对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为决策具有显著影响,而政策工具对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为决策的驱动作用有限,但政策工具通过其调节作用能够增强利益感知对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为的促进作用,同时弱化风险感知对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为的抑制作用,显著增加了价值感知对农户黑土地保护性耕作行为决策的正向影响。因此在推进农户黑土地保护性耕作行为的过程中,充分发挥农户价值感知的内在激励作用,强化政策工具的外在驱动力,把握政策工具对价值感知的调节作用对推进农户参与黑土地保护性耕作行为具有重要意义。     

Managing forest ecosystem services for hydropower production

In many countries, hydropower development is rapidly becoming a focus of green growth policies. This represents a significant opportunity for ecosystem services-based land management that integrates environmental and development goals to benefit the hydropower sector and support economic growth. In this study, we present an approach for targeting ecosystem-provision investment in hydropower catchments coupled with hydrologic modeling to quantify the benefits of soil and water conservation activities. We demonstrate the application of this approach in five hydropower facility catchments in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. The results show that there is a high potential for targeted soil and water conservation to increase sediment retention services that benefit hydropower facilities (up to a 44% reduction in sediment transported from uplands into streams), although this benefit is distributed non-uniformly across catchments and levels of investment. The extent to which services can be improved is strongly driven by current land use and management practices that impact how and where conservation activities can be located. Iterative use of the method described here, in a process of stakeholder engagement and capacity-building, enables policy makers to determine the optimal mix of land management strategies and budget allocation to maximize service improvements that support hydropower production.     

Population growth and a sustainable environment. The Machakos story

The view is taken that population density in the Machakos District (boundaries prior to 1992) of Kenya influenced both environmental conservation and productivity through adaptation of new technologies. Changes in resource management in Machakos District are identified as a shift to cash crop production, experimentation with staple food options, faster tillage, use of fertilizers for enhancing soil fertility, and livestock and tree cultivation. These agricultural changes occurred due to subdivision of landholdings among sons, private appropriation of scarce grazing land, and land scarcity. Intensive practices such as intensive livestock feeding systems and the permanent manuring of fields increased the efficiency of nutrient cycling through plants, animals, and soils. The Akamba custom gave land rights to those who tilled the soil first. Formal land registration occurred after 1968 and favored owners and investors. Small farm investment was made possible through work off-farm and remittances. The value of output per square kilometer at constant prices increased during 1930-87. Cultivated land area also increased during this period, but mostly on poorer quality land. Agricultural changes were enhanced by social and institutional factors such as small family units and greater partnerships between husband and wife. Families pooled resources through collectives. Women played leadership roles. Competing interest groups and organizations have evolved and enabled people to articulate their needs and obtain access to resources at all levels. These institutions increased in strength over time and with increased density. The cost of service provision decreased with greater population numbers. Development of roads and schools facilitated formal education. Population density, market growth, and a generally supportive economic environment are viewed as the factors responsible for changes in Machakos District. Technological change is viewed as an endogenous process of adaptation to new technologies. Changes in Machakos District are viewed as driven by a combination of exogenous and endogenous practices and local initiative.     

经济转型视角下长三角城市土地利用效率影响机制

经济转型背景下,研究全球化、市场化和分权化等因素对城市土地利用效率的影响机制具有重要的理论价值。基于2000-2015年长三角地区各地区面板数据,构建城市土地利用效率测度指标体系,运用超效率DEA模型测算研究区域城市土地利用效率,利用空间计量模型对城市土地利用效率的影响机制进行实证研究,结果表明:(1)从时间演变特征来看,长三角地区的城市土地利用效率呈现出两阶段波动上升的趋势。(2)从空间分异特征来看,长三角地区城市土地利用效率呈现较为明显的区域差异,城市土地利用效率的高值区沿"沪宁—沪杭—杭甬"交通线分布,且这一空间特征较为稳定。(3)从第一阶段到第二阶段,全球化因素对长三角地区城市土地利用效率的推动作用不断增强;经济市场化因素的总效应呈现减弱趋势;财政分权在第一阶段对本地区的城市土地利用效率有显著的积极作用,对临近地区的城市土地利用效率有显著的消极作用,但到了第二阶段,这两种作用均变为不显著;土地财政在第一阶段对土地利用效率提升具有重要作用,但第二阶段随着土地的资本化加强,反而不利于土地利用效率的提升。(4)控制变量中,产业结构高级化水平对提高城市土地利用效率具有显著的推动作用;人口密度因素对城市土地利用效率的直接影响也愈发显著。     

从深圳经济特区透视中国土地政策改革对土地利用效率与经济效益的影响

深圳经济特区是中国改革开放最早的地区之一, 其城市土地政策改革在全国范围内具有超 前性与典型性。论文旨在通过回顾1980 年以来深圳经济特区的土地政策改革过程, 分析中国城市 土地政策改革对经济与社会发展产生的影响。文章首先从土地产权制度和地租、地价体系两个方面 分别回顾了深圳经济特区土地政策改革的过程。在此基础之上, 采用工具变量法对政策变化进行量 化, 并将其与土地利用效率与经济效益进行相关分析, 从而得出土地政策影响土地利用效率与经济 效益的程度。结果表明, 土地政策变化对土地利用效率与经济效益的影响是显著的, 相关系数分别 为0.743 和0.879。这一结果也从侧面说明了中国土地管理体制改革为经济与社会发展带来的积极 推动效应。     

宏观经济政策对资源环境保护的十大影响

从经济与环境关系的角度出发,探讨了国家宏观经济政策对环境的作用效应及其复杂性.结合大量实例,分析了价格、产业模式、贸易自由化、利率、贴现率、产权、补贴、投资导向、税收、就业及工资等宏观政策对资源环境保护的影响机制.结果表明:①旨在稳定生产与消费、调节市场和提高社会分配有效性的宏观经济政策,如资源价格、补贴等,由于人们对其缺乏系统的认识或对政策实施带来的后果预计不足,往往在短期内缓解经济矛盾的同时又产生了对资源环境保护的负作用;②旨在保持宏观经济大局稳定的调控手段如利率、贴现率等对于实现可持续发展是十分必要的,但由于私人与政府均存在短视的社会时间偏好等原因,也可能会对资源环境产生不利影响;③一些对经济增长和收入分配都会产生重要影响的宏观经济政策,如贸易自由化、投资导向、就业与工资政策、税收政策等,分别在不同程度上、直接或间接地影响着资源环境的利用与保护.因此应在综合分析基础上,结合中国实际,将环境考虑有效地纳入宏观经济决策体系,以促进中国下一步环境与经济的协调发展,并提出了一系列政策建议.      

农田保护经济补偿政策实施异质效应——基于DID模型的动态估计

论文以国内率先试点探索农田保护经济补偿政策的创新实践地区——成都和苏州为典型实证,基于2012和2015年两期农户动态跟踪调研数据,运用DID模型测量农田保护经济补偿政策实施异质效应及影响因素。结果表明：1）农田保护经济补偿政策的持续实施显著增加实践地区农民的政策满意度,激励农民参与农地流转,但对提升农民参与农田保护性耕作措施的作用较小。2）农田保护经济补偿政策实施成效具有显著异质性。2008年开始试点养老保障与农业补偿相结合的耕地保护基金政策的成都市,农户政策满意度的上升幅度相对较大。乡镇经济发达、长三角地区经济发展带重镇的苏州市,农户家庭生计多元,户均非农业收入占比达82.12%,较成都农户高2.66%,农地生计依赖较弱,补偿政策明显促进该区域农户参与农地流转,但农户农田保护积极性值却大幅下降。3）受访者的年龄、受教育水平、农田保护及功能认知、对农田保护政策关注程度、农业收入占比、家庭劳动力比例、调研村庄经济水平及受访村庄与最近城镇距离均会显著影响农田保护经济补偿政策实施成效。     

A framework and indicators for evaluating policies for conservation and development: The case of wildlife management units in Mexico

The Mexican government has an innovative policy model for biodiversity conservation and rural development that includes permissible use of wildlife within a System of Land Management Units (SUMA, by its Spanish acronym). This co-management approach has been successful in terms of landowner participation, since the SUMA currently covers 38.2 million hectares (nearly 20% of Mexican territory). However, after 18 years of implementation, there has been no comprehensive evaluation by which to assess its effectiveness at national level. This article introduces the SUMA policy, its implementation and outcomes, and proposes a framework for conducting institutional monitoring and evaluation within an adaptive co-management approach. Our methodology comprised analysis of the achievements and challenges reported through interviews with stakeholders, journals and grey literature, and a review of the SUMA Information System (SIS) and its decision-making information needs. As result we have developed a set of 40 environmental, social and economic indicators grouped into five distinct but complementary dimensions within a sustainability framework: (I) Biodiversity conservation,(II) Wildlife management, (III) Economics, (IV) Social welfare and (V) Administration. These indicators can be incorporated into the SIS in order to support program evaluation and strengthen decision-making. Our article provides specific pathways for developing policy-oriented evaluation systems for worldwide biodiversity and conservation initiatives.     

我国耕地保护经济补偿分区及其补偿额度测算——基于省级耕地-经济协调性视角

正确处理耕地保护与经济发展之间的关系,对保障我国粮食安全具有十分重要的意义。论文从省级耕地资源禀赋与经济增长协调性出发,基于粮食安全及区域耕地生产力均衡视角确定了耕地盈余区、平衡区、赤字区,并利用机会成本法测算了耕地保护经济补偿标准以及补偿额度。结果表明：1）2007—2015年我国耕地资源禀赋与经济增长间存在非协调性,需要进行区际间耕地保护利益协调;2）将全国划分为8个耕地盈余区、11个耕地平衡区及12个耕地赤字区;3）2015年全国平均耕地保护经济补偿标准为2.90万元/hm²,其中,耕地赤字区最高,耕地盈余区次之,耕地平衡区最低;4）基于情景模拟法得出,不同区域的耕地盈亏量及耕地保护补偿额度存在较大差异。据此提出：实行差别化耕地保护政策;建立动态化的耕地保护制度,制定合理的区域差异化的耕地保护经济补偿标准,尽快建立健全耕地保护利益协调机制,以保障我国粮食安全的目标。     

Impacts of agri-environmental policy on land use and nitrogen leaching in Finland

Agri-environmental policies are challenging to be evaluated since they are often implemented in combination with other policies and regulations affecting agriculture. Also input and output markets affect agriculture. We provide impact assessment of agri-environmental scheme implemented in Finland 2007–2013 based on integrated economic and hydrological modelling and counterfactual scenarios. Development of crop specific fertilisation and land use changes, simulated using a multi-regional economic sector model, is included in a nutrient leaching model implemented in a typical agricultural region. Our results on agricultural production, land use, and nitrogen leaching show that the agri-environmental policy successfully mitigates nutrient leaching in intensive production regions but some mitigation potential is lost in less intensive regions.     

基于粮食安全的耕地保护区域经济补偿标准测算

论文依据耕地保护的机会成本损失和基于区域粮食安全所折算的耕地赢余或赤字量,测算出耕地保护区域间的经济补偿标准,以矫正耕地保护的外部经济损失。在不同情景模式下的测算结果表明,粮食主产区为主要的补偿对象,黑龙江省所应补偿的金额最高,可获得543.24×10⁸元/年,而东部地区大多为耕地保护外部效益补偿金的主要支付者,上海市需要支付的补偿金最多,最低也应支付421.79×10⁸元/年。为了保障区域内粮食自给,一些地区维护粮食安全的成本会较高。在耕地保护过程中应该打破传统农业自给自足的封闭循环,遵循耕地保护机会成本的区域差异和区域土地利用的比较优势,统筹区域土地利用,使耕地保护成为实现农业区域专门化,取得规模经济效益和集聚效益的手段。     

基于投资组合模型的海岸带土地利用效率研究—以上海临港新城围垦区为例

土地利用效率的评价对于土地管理者和决策者有着重要意义。论文以上海临港新城围垦区为例,通过构建土地利用投资组合模型,利用Sharpe 指数(θ)和单位风险的经济收益(δ)两个指标,评价了2003—2010 年临港土地利用的效果及土地管理的效率。研究结果显示,2003—2010 年,θ由0.11 提高到12.77,δ由0.69 提高到12.96,表明临港土地开发利用的效果明显。依据土地利用的效率边界分析发现,2003—2010 年,临港新城围垦区的Sharpe 指数(θ)和单位风险的经济收益(δ)均未达到最优值,其中2003 年表现为土地利用不足,2008 年土地利用状态介于“经济收益-风险”最优与“总收益-风险”最优之间,2010 年表现为土地利用强度过高。有关未来土地利用最优组合的估计,尚需更多数据和深入研究。     

经济集聚对中国三大城市群土地利用生态效率的影响

基于非期望产出的超效率EBM模型,测算2005—2016年京津冀、长三角和珠三角等中国三大城市群土地利用生态效率,采用核密度函数对其演变特征进行分析,并运用面板门槛回归模型和面板向量自回归模型,从产业和人口两个角度分析经济集聚对城市群土地利用生态效率的非线性影响和直接冲击。结果表明：（1）2005—2016年间中国三大城市群土地利用生态效率总体呈现先收敛后分化的演化特征,不同城市群之间的土地利用生态效率时空演变具有显著差异;（2）第三产业集聚水平和人口集聚水平对城市群土地利用生态效率表现出单门槛效应,表明适度产业集聚和人口集聚对城市群土地利用生态效率具有正向促进作用,反之则会导致促进作用下降甚至出现负向影响;（3）第三产业集聚水平和土地利用生态效率自身对土地利用生态效率的直接冲击都是从开始就达到顶峰而后收敛为0,而第二产业集聚水平和人口集聚水平则是先负向冲击后持续正向冲击。城市群在制定经济发展政策和土地利用政策时,既要充分发挥经济集聚的正面环境效应,也要重视不同经济集聚的适度性和动态性。