地铁车站及隧道全尺寸火灾实验研究(1)-实验设计

全尺寸火灾实验是对地铁系统的火灾安全性最有效的检测手段。为了研究地铁车站和隧道火灾烟气扩散和控制规律,及检测地铁防灾系统联动的有效性,在地铁内开展了全尺寸火灾实验研究。本文首先对全尺寸的实验设计进行了报道,设计提出了一套切实可行的实验系统和方案,包括火源系统、测量系统及实验测试的指标参数和实验步骤。并已利用该系统在国内多个城市地铁开展了全尺寸火灾实验。在后续文章中将集中报道在不同城市地铁内不同排烟模式情况下的实验结果。     

铁路隧道救援站火灾模拟实验平台设计及细水雾系统抑制车厢火灾的模拟实验研究

按照1：1尺度设计了实验平台,包括模拟隧道、模拟列车、排烟系统、火灾监控系统、火灾扑救系统以及火灾参数测量系统,是国内第一个专门对铁路隧道救援站的火灾安全性进行系统研究的全尺寸实验平台。实验平台可实现温度场、燃烧成分、火源热辐射等关键参数的测量;可研究不同工况条件下,火灾监控、火灾扑救技术和烟气控制技术的有效性,为发现火灾特征参数的演变规律和掌握有效的火灾控制技术提供了一整套解决方案,具有广阔的应用前景和重要的实际指导意义。本文建立并利用这样一个全尺寸实验平台进行了细水雾灭火系统抑制车厢火灾的模拟实验研究,获取温度、有毒有害气体浓度、热辐射等火场重要参数,发现细水雾灭火系统可有效的抑制车厢火灾,并验证了此实验平台用于铁路隧道内列车火灾实验研究的可行性和有效性。     

聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险影响因素分析北大核心CSCD

为了研究聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险的问题,对比了3种火灾测试方法,分别是基于ISO 5660的小尺寸锥形量热计实验方法、基于ISO 9705的大尺寸实验方法和基于BS 8414的全尺寸实验方法。讨论了3种方法评测外墙保温系统火灾风险的适用性,进一步在比较分析热释放速率、临界热流强度、火蔓延情况、火灾行为以及实验后样品完整性等参数的基础上,得到了影响聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险的关键因素。结果表明:虽然空腔的形成在此类系统火灾中不可避免,但系统保护层的严密性和完整性决定了空腔火蔓延的危险性以及聚苯乙烯在系统内的融化流动及燃烧特性。针对聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险影响因素,进一步给出了此类系统的防火措施。     

聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险影响因素分析

为了研究聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险的问题,对比了3种火灾测试方法,分别是基于ISO 5660的小尺寸锥形量热计实验方法、基于ISO 9705的大尺寸实验方法和基于BS 8414的全尺寸实验方法。讨论了3种方法评测外墙保温系统火灾风险的适用性,进一步在比较分析热释放速率、临界热流强度、火蔓延情况、火灾行为以及实验后样品完整性等参数的基础上,得到了影响聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险的关键因素。结果表明:虽然空腔的形成在此类系统火灾中不可避免,但系统保护层的严密性和完整性决定了空腔火蔓延的危险性以及聚苯乙烯在系统内的融化流动及燃烧特性。针对聚苯乙烯外墙保温系统火灾风险影响因素,进一步给出了此类系统的防火措施。     

常用聚氨酯硬泡外墙外保温系统的点燃特性研究

基于锥形量热仪实验,对常用的聚氨酯硬泡外墙外保温系统的点燃特性进行了实验研究。所研究的系统种类包括粘贴保温板薄抹灰外墙外保温系统,瓷砖饰面粘贴保温板外墙外保温系统,胶粉浆料复合保温板外墙外保温系统和保温装饰板外墙外保温系统。实验结果显示,聚氨酯硬泡保温板和聚氨酯硬泡外墙外保温系统都可由热厚型点燃描述。在防护层对点燃时间的抑制效果方面,胶粉聚苯颗粒复合保温板系统最好,瓷砖饰面系统稍差但明显好于5mm和3mm厚防护层的薄抹灰系统,铝板保温装饰板系统最差。     

相变储能光伏太阳能热泵干燥系统的研究

建立了相变储能光伏太阳能热泵干燥系统实验平台,介绍了系统的运行方式以及太阳能光伏集热蒸发器与直流压缩机的匹配计算,最后对实验数据进行了分析。结果表明,太阳能辐照量为800 W/m~2、光伏集热蒸发器面积为12 m~2的条件下,系统制热功率为10 k W,太阳能光伏集热蒸发器发电量为6.2 k W·h,大于直流压缩机的耗电量,满足供电要求;实验所得系统COP为3.25。相变储能可以解决太阳辐照波动导致的系统运行不稳定问题,具有显著的节能性和环保性。     

缓闭止回阀防护水锤的研究

笔者就水泵扬水的压力输水系统中设置气压式调压室和缓闭止回阀的问题 ,建立了实验模型和相应的数学模型 ,并进行了理论分析研究、数值模拟和实验研究 ;通过实验 ,验证了数值模拟的数学模型和计算程序 ,并且指出了缓闭止回阀使用的范围 ,纠正了使用缓闭止回阀的误区 ,对提高压力水系统安全性及降低工程成本具有现实意义。     

地铁车站防灾系统全尺寸热烟测试(一)—四节编组地下两层岛式车站

利用全尺寸热烟测试(Hot SmokeTest)的方法,在一个四节编组、安全门系统制式下的地下二层地铁车站,开展了防灾系统安全性的火灾热烟测试实验,检测了地铁防灾系统的联动效果、事故模式切换状况和综合安全性能,实验得到了闭式全高安全门系统下的烟气扩散特点、楼扶梯开口向下流速、有效疏散时间,分析了排烟量的非对称性设计导致的烟气非对称流动特点。实验数据可为国内类似的采用四节编组(80m长)的站台、闭式系统设计的地铁线路提供参考。     

基于ZigBee技术智能家居无线报警系统设计

本文根据ZigBee技术和家居报警系统的特点,设计了基于ZigBee技术智能家居无线报警系统,设计了该报警系统的硬件结构,并完成了报警系统的软件设计.经实验证明:该报警系统使用方便、稳定可靠,具有一定的实用价值.     

基于超声检测的储罐底板腐蚀等级评价方法研究

本文针对常压储罐底板无损检测发展了一种基于水浸式超声检测的储罐底板腐蚀评价方法,开发了水浸式超声检测用储罐底板腐蚀评价实验系统;利用标准缺陷试件对开发的储罐底板腐蚀评价实验系统进行了性能测试,并将该系统应用于板结构腐蚀试件的等级评价。     

A numerical model for the prediction of the minimum ignition temperature of dust clouds

This paper presents a numerical model for the prediction of the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of dust clouds. First, a physical model is developed for the dust cloud ignition in the Godbert-Greenwald furnace. A numerical approach is then applied for the MIT prediction based on the physical model. The model considers heat transfer between the air and dust particles, the dust particle reaction kinetics, and the residence times of dust clouds in the furnace. In general, for the 13 dusts studied, the calculated MIT data are in agreement with the experimental values. There is also great accordance between the experimental and numerical MIT variation trends against particle size. Two different ignition modes are discovered. The first one consists in ignition near the furnace wall for bigger particles characterized by rather short residence times. In the second mode, the ignition starts from the center of the furnace by self-heating of the dust cloud for smaller particles with longer residence times. For magnesium, as dust concentration increases, the lowest ignition temperature of the dust cloud IT(conc) decreases first, then transits to increase at a certain point. The transition happens at different dust concentrations for different particle sizes. Moreover, the MIT of the magnesium dust cloud generally increases as particle size increases, but the increasing trend stagnates within a certain medium particle size range.     

The effects of phosphorus-free inhibitors on the ignition of lycopodium dust

The minimum ignition temperature of dust suspension (MIT) and the hot surface ignition temperature of the dust layer (LIT) are essential safety parameters for the process industry. However, the knowledge of the ignition behavior when solid mixtures of flammable fuels and phosphorous-free inhibitors are considered is still scarce and further experimental and theoretical analyses are requested. In this work, the ignition temperature of phosphorous-free inhibitors (coal fly ash and calcium carbonate) mixed with lycopodium dust have been studied in terms of LIT analysis (hot plate thickness: 5 mm, 12.5 mm and 15 mm), and by the Godbert-Greenwald test for the MIT. Both coal fly ash and calcium carbonate have been tested at different concentrations and particle sizes.Results show that the effects of the inhibitor can be counter-productive when layer ignition temperature is considered even if the minimum ignition temperature of the dust suspension shows a positive effect from the safety point of view. This behavior has been analyzed in the terms of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the mixture, by using Maxwell's equation for two-phase solid mixtures. Standard empirical correlations for the ignition temperature of solid mixtures have been also tested, showing their weakness in reproducing mixture behavior.     

煤油共生矿区含油煤尘云最低着火温度试验研究

为研究煤油共生矿区含油煤尘最低着火温度的变化规律,选取3种含油浓度不同的煤样,采用粉尘云最低着火温度测定系统,研究含油煤尘云最低着火温度随含油浓度、喷尘压力及煤尘质量的变化规律。研究结果表明:含油煤尘的最低着火温度较不含油煤尘显著降低,且随着煤尘含油浓度的增加,煤尘中挥发分含量增多,煤尘云最低着火温度降低,爆炸危险性增强;低含油浓度煤尘,煤尘受原油挥发分影响较大,在含油浓度为5.7%,4.3%且质量浓度为1364~4550 g/m3时煤尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,在5.7%,4.3%含油浓度且喷尘压力为0.05 MPa时煤尘MIT随煤尘质量浓度增加先降低后缓慢升高。高含油浓度煤尘,受煤尘团聚现象影响较大,煤尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增加而升高,随煤尘质量的增加呈先减小后增大再缓慢减小的变化规律。     

超细三七粉最小引燃温度实验研究

为研究三七粉着火燃烧的参数,用粉尘云引燃温度装置和粉尘层引燃温度装置,对三七粉的最小引燃温度(MIT)进行实验研究。分别研究喷吹压力、质量浓度、粉尘层厚度对MIT的影响。结果表明:三七粉尘云的质量在0.2 g时最小引燃温度随着喷尘压力的增加先减小再增大,在0.3 g到0.6 g时最小引燃温度随着喷尘压力的增加而增大;在压力20 kPa、30 kPa时随着质量浓度的增大,粉尘云引燃温度先减小后增大,在40 kPa到60 kPa时,随着质量浓度的增大,粉尘云引燃温度增大;粉尘云最小引燃温度高于粉尘层最小引燃温度;三七粉尘云的最小引燃温度399℃,粉尘层最小引燃温度240℃。     

不同挥发分煤尘层最低着火温度变化规律研究

针对煤化工等行业的沉积煤尘热自燃问题,运用煤尘层最低着火温度测试系统,研究了不同挥发分煤尘层的着火状态、不同挥发分及不同厚度煤尘层最低着火温度的变化规律。结果表明:煤尘层厚度为5 mm时,挥发分质量分数大于35%的煤尘在较低温度便出现着火现象,肉眼很容易观察到火星的出现,温度曲线波动剧烈,而对于挥发分质量分数小于15%的煤尘,通过煤尘层内部"温度达到450℃"来判断其着火;在灰分质量分数相当的情况下,煤尘层最低着火温度随挥发分增加呈严格递减的趋势变化;得到了煤尘层厚度和最低着火温度的函数关系式,通过试验得到了挥发分质量分数为37.45%煤尘的重要常数M和N。     

煤岩混合型粉尘云最低着火温度试验研究

为研究半煤岩巷道中岩粉质量分数和煤的挥发分与煤岩混合型粉尘云最低着火温度的关系,选取挥发分差异较大的5种煤样以相同比例配制煤岩混合型粉尘,利用粉尘云最小点火温度测定仪进行煤岩混合型粉尘试验。结果表明,当煤岩混合型粉尘中岩粉质量分数低于40%时,岩粉的混合会导致混合型粉尘云最低着火温度发生小幅度波动;当岩粉质量分数高于40%时,煤岩混合型粉尘最低着火温度会随岩粉质量分数的增加而大幅度升高;挥发分质量分数越小的煤粉,其混合型粉尘云最低着火温度越容易受岩粉质量分数的影响。     

粉尘云浓度对HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的影响

为准确评价高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）粉尘爆炸敏感性和开展有效的粉尘防爆工作,采用Godbert-Greenwald恒温炉标准实验装置研究了典型HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的分布特性,着重探讨了粉尘云浓度对不同喷尘压力条件下HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的影响规律。研究表明:测试条件下HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的变化处于360~445 ℃范围,随粉尘云浓度的增加呈现先降低后升高的总体趋势,粉尘云浓度为1.111 kg/m3时出现拐点,且粉尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增加而降低。     

瓦斯对煤尘爆炸特性影响的实验研究

瓦斯的存在对煤尘爆炸特性的理论计算和数值仿真的结果与实际数据有一定差距,因此,通过不同浓度瓦斯与煤尘共存条件下爆炸实验研究,得出了矿井瓦斯对煤尘的最低着火温度、最小点火能量、爆炸下限浓度、最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速度等爆炸特性影响的规律即瓦斯对煤尘最低着火温度影响不大;瓦斯可使煤尘的最小点火能量减小,尤其是对难于点燃的煤尘;混合物的爆炸下限浓度随瓦斯浓度的增加而降低;混合物的最大爆炸压力上升速度由于瓦斯的存在而增强,而最大爆炸压力几乎没有变化。同时研究了瓦斯对无爆炸性煤尘的影响。实验研究的结论对于现场防止煤尘爆炸的发生具有指导意义。     

Applications of intrinsic safety characteristic parameters of propellant dust: Commercial multi-tube pyrotechnic hazard assessment

Fireworks are widely used in festivals around the world, but the safety issue during preparation the manufacture, storage, and operation of pyrotechnics has also been highly valued. Human operation error and insufficient recognition of the safety characteristics of pyrotechnics are the main factors in pyrotechnic incidents in Taiwan. This study considers thermal and explosion safety by electrostatic sensitivity, minimum ignition temperature, and explosion characteristics of propellant dust in commercial multi-tube pyrotechnics. The results show that propellant dust is not sensitive to static electricity, but it was ignited at 260 °C environment temperature. The lower explosion limit of propellant dust was 125–150 g/m³, which provided an effective control of the dust concentration in the workplace. It was also found that the explosive level of the propellant dust belonged to St-1, which is exceptionally close to St-2 explosion influence, and that cannot be ignored. The high temperature associated with the explosion reminded that after the firework is launched, it should be cooled before leaving. Combining the above results, this research suggests the environmental operation temperature and dust concentration should be controlled within a safer range to effectively avoid the occurrence of dust fire or explosion and substantially enhance the safety of the pyrotechnic industry.     

Applications of dust explosion hazard and disaster prevention technology

Powdered materials are widely used in industrial processes, chemical processing, and nanoscience. Because most flammable powders and chemicals are not pure substances, their flammability and self-heating characteristics cannot be accurately identified using safety data sheets. Therefore, site staff can easily underestimate the risks they pose. Flammable dust accidents are frequent and force industrial process managers to pay attention to the characteristics of flammable powders and create inherently safer designs.This study verified that although the flammable powders used by petrochemical plants have been tested, some powders have different minimum ignition energies (MIEs) before and after drying, whereas some of the powders are released of flammable gases. These hazard characteristics are usually neglected, leading to the neglect of preventive parameters for fires and explosions, such as dust particle size specified by NFPA-654, MIE, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud, the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer, and limiting oxygen concentration. Unless these parameters are fully integrated into process hazard analysis and process safety management, the risks cannot be fully identified, and the reliability of process hazard analysis cannot be improved to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures. Preventing the underestimation of process risk severity due to the fire and explosion parameters of unknown flammable dusts and overestimation of existing safety measures is crucial for effective accident prevention.