南太行山山前平原地下水和地表水氢氧同位素组成及环境意义

借助氢氧同位素和水化学方法对南太行山山前平原地下水补给运移规律进行研究,阐明人类活动对地下水的影响过程。研究结果表明:(1)区内不同水体δD、δ~(18)O、氘盈余值(d-excess)和氚同位素(T)值差异明显,深层地下水均值分别为-74.0‰、-9.4‰、1.5‰和8.73TU,浅层地下水均值分别为-72.1‰、-8.8‰、-1.9‰和17.46TU,河水均值分别为-71.3‰、-8.9‰、-0.4‰和18.60TU,工业废水均值分别为-68.3‰、-7.2‰、-10.7‰和21.11TU;(2)补给区深层地下水δD、δ~(18)O和d-excess年均值分别为-68.08‰、-9.24‰和5.84‰,径流区深层地下水δD、δ~(18)O和d-excess年均值分别为-62.30‰、-8.50‰和5.66‰,排泄区深层地下水δD、δ~(18)O和d-excess年均值分别为-75.14‰、-10.26‰和6.94‰;(3)深层地下水补给源包括大气降水和河水,受污染河水通过断层导水裂隙带补给深层地下水。浅层地下水补给源包括大气降水和河水,受污染河水通过河流侧渗方式补给浅层地下水;(4)受河水影响的深层地下水氘盈余值变低,T含量升高,因此结合氘盈余值与T含量可以很好地识别区内深层地下水污染过程。     

鄱阳湖典型湿地地下水—河湖水转化关系

选取鄱阳湖典型洪泛湿地为研究对象,分析了2018年4~10月降水、湖水、河水和湿地地下水的氢氧同位素变化特征,利用δ¹⁸O~δD关系确定了不同水文时期湿地各类水体的转化关系,并结合同位素端元混合模型估算了不同水源对湿地地下水的贡献分量.结果表明,研究区降雨δ¹⁸O和δD值在6~7月份偏小,其余月份较高,存在明显季节变化和雨量效应.河水、湖水同位素与降水同位素的季节变化规律基本一致,但受蒸发分馏影响,重同位素更为富集,且变化幅度远小于降水同位素.湿地地下水同位素的季节变化较小,δ¹⁸O、δD均值（-5.26‰,-31.1‰）高于大气降水（-6.32‰,-40.1‰）、低于湖水（-3.60‰,-26.4‰）,与河水同位素（-5.09‰,-34.4‰）较为接近,表明湿地地下水受降水、湖水和河水的共同影响.涨水期（4~5月）河水的补给源为降雨和流域内地下径流,湖水主要受河水和降水共同补给,湿地地下水主要受前期降水和河水补给的滞后影响,河水的贡献比重更大.丰水期（6~8月）地下水主要接受湖水和河水共同补给,湖水的补给贡献比例超过50%,退水期（9~10月）湿地地下水向河道和湖泊等地表水体排泄.     

湖水氢氧同位素组分的时间变化特征及影响因子分析

湖水氢氧稳定同位素组分对于水文学、气象学和古气候学研究都有重要的意义.本研究在太湖对湖水HDO和H_2~(18)O组分(δDL和δ~(18)OL)开展了长期连续地观测,计算了过量氘(dL),分析了它们的时间变化规律,并研究其主要控制因素.结果表明:1湖水氢氧同位素组分存在明显的时间变化,δDL的变化范围-59.8‰~-24.2‰,δ~(18)OL的变化范围-8.6‰~-2.6‰,dL的变化范围为-7.9‰~12.9‰;暖季δDL和δ~(18)OL较高,dL较低;冷季反之.2在月尺度上,湖水蒸发量及其占湖泊入水量的比重是湖水氢氧稳定同位素富集的主要控制因素,湖水蒸发量或者蒸发量占湖泊入湖水量比重增加,δDL和δ~(18)OL升高,dL降低.3对于太湖而言,降水氢氧稳定同位素组分和水温并非湖水稳定同位素变化的控制因素.本文的研究结果可以为稳定同位素水文学研究以及与湖水稳定同位素富集相关的气象学和古气候学研究提供科学参考.     

黄河水氢、氧同位素组成特征及其气候变化响应

于2012年7~8月采集黄河流域干流和支流河水样品,通过分析水体氢氧同位素组成的时间和空间变化特征,研究了河水主要来源的变化以及其对流域气候变化的响应.结果表明:除源头河水外,黄河干流河水δD值变化范围为-97.2‰~-62.9‰,均值为-72.2‰,δ~(18)O值范围为-13.0‰~-8.7‰,均值为-9.9‰,d盈余值为4.1‰~11.0‰,均值为7.0‰;支流河水δD值范围为-103.8‰~-30.5‰,均值为-68.9‰,δ~(18)O值范围为-13.7‰~-1.5‰,均值为-9.2‰,d盈余值为-18.5‰~13.2‰,均值为4.5‰.黄河干流兰州段以上以及中游河水氢氧同位素均值均偏负,而兰州至头道拐和下游河水氢氧同位素均值偏正,但河水氘盈余均值呈现由上游到下游逐渐降低的趋势.黄河干流和支流河水Na~+/Cl~-摩尔比值范围为0.94~3.02,源头区黄河干流河水Na~+/Cl~-摩尔比均值为1.02,兰州段以上均值为1.58,兰州至头道拐间均值为1.30,中游均值为1.79,下游均值为1.41.河水Na~+/Cl~-摩尔比值与河水δ~(18)O值呈较好的负相关关系,表明黄河河水受大气降水补给,地下水补给以及蒸发作用等控制.与前人研究结果对比发现,2000年以来黄河河水年径流量逐渐增加,上游河水受二次蒸发过程影响在降低,中游和下游河水受蒸发作用影响在减弱,显示区域气候干旱状况有所降低.     

典型岩溶槽谷区土壤水δD和δ18O时空分布特征:以重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷为例

为了揭示岩溶槽谷区土壤水氢氧同位素的时空分布特征,以重庆市北碚区中梁山为研究基地,于2017年5月和2017年9月收集降水及3种不同土地利用方式(耕地、草地和林地)不同深度的土壤水,利用稳定同位素技术研究不同土地利用方式下0~15 cm、15~45 cm土壤剖面的土壤水氢氧同位素时空变化特征.结果表明:(1)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O的平均值分别为-50.0‰±33.6‰和-7.9‰±4.3‰,其值均在大气降水线(LMWL)周围,说明降水是该区土壤水的主要补给来源;(2)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O具有明显的季节变化,5月(土壤水δD和δ~(18)O的平均值-19.4‰±6.8‰和-4.1‰±1.0‰)9月(土壤水δD和δ~(18)O的平均值-82.2‰±14.0‰和-11.9‰±2.2‰);(3)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O在不同土地利用方式下没有表现出明显差异;(4)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O随土壤深度呈梯度变化,5月耕地、草地和林地土壤水稳定同位素以垂直递减趋势为主,9月耕地和林地以递增趋势为主,草地以递减的趋势为主.     

藏南干旱区湖泊及地热水体氢氧同位素研究

青藏高原水循环过程情况复杂,水体氢氧同位素包含了其重要信息.选取西藏南部干旱区淡水湖、咸水湖及地热水水体为研究对象,分析研究区内不同水体氢氧同位素组成、变化特征、影响因素及水循环过程.结果表明,3种水体均表现出了高海拔地区氢氧同位素组成偏负的特点,淡水湖打加芒错δ18O平均值为-17.0‰,δD平均值为-138.6‰,咸水湖朗错δ18O平均值为-6.4‰,δD平均值为-87.4‰,搭格架地热区热水δ18O平均值为-19.2‰,δD平均值为-158.2‰;受内陆干旱区强烈的蒸发作用影响,湖泊及地热水蒸发线斜率均小于8,氘过量d值均为负值;搭格架地热区热储温度较高,氢氧同位素关系存在氧漂移现象.     

台风“杜鹃”降水δ~(18)O的云雨区效应初探

我国东南地区台风降水显著,但对这种强降水事件中的稳定同位素研究较少,限制了对短时间极端降水稳定同位素变化过程和影响因素的认识。论文根据2015年9月28日至29日第21号台风"杜鹃"两次登陆(台湾宜兰、福建莆田)前后台北、福州两地气象数据和降水稳定同位素数据,分析了此次台风的降水稳定同位素变化特征及影响因素。台风期间,两地降水δ~(18)O波动范围为-3.4‰～-15.0‰,变化幅度达11.6‰。台风前端和尾端两地降水同位素值相对偏正,平均值为-4‰～-6‰;而台风中端两地降水同位素值极其偏负,平均值分别为-12.4‰和-13.2‰。台风前端与尾端降水同位素值偏正,水汽受蒸发效应影响明显;而台风中端降水δ~(18)O值极端偏负主要受"云雨区效应"的影响,即云雨区气流急剧上升,水汽在过饱和环境中快速凝结降落,受动力分馏作用小,降水δ~(18)O极端偏负。结合降水δ~(18)O变化特征、过量氘及模拟水汽轨迹,得到台风"杜鹃"降水主要的水汽来源为西太平洋海域。     

西北干寒区冰雪融水氢氧同位素水文地质意义

该文根据Dansgoard氘盈余理论,对中国西北干寒地区(甘肃祁连山-黑河流域、新疆塔什库尔干河流域、青海阿尼玛卿山和西藏羊八井)4个典型研究区大气降水、地表水、冰雪融水、地下水的氢氧同位素组成进行了研究对比;发现冰雪融水和部分地下水的δ~2H-δ~(18)O信号均位于地方降水线和全球降水线左上方的罕见现象;进一步研究证明了δ~(18)O、δ~2H和d值在干寒、缺水而有现代冰川分布区研究天然水循环过程有奇特的效果,可以识别地下水是由冰雪融水补给的还是由大气降水补给的,甚至可以区分不同含水层地下水的补给来源,同时分析δ~2H-δ~(18)O信号和氘盈余资料,对判断有冰川、积雪存在地区地下水的补给来源和循环演化具有普遍的水文地质意义和应用价值。     

瓶装饮用水的水化学、同位素特征及其指示意义

通过对四类(天然矿泉水、纯净水、矿物质水、苏打水)36种品牌瓶装饮用水的水化学与同位素组成的分析,研究了各瓶装饮用水的水化学和同位素组成特征、水文地球化学形成作用及其水源补给循环特征。研究结果表明:瓶装饮用水的TDS变化幅度较大(7.26~638.23mg/L),纯净水和矿物质水的TDS较低(7.26~47.5mg/L),水化学类型以HCO3-Na型为主,其次为HCO3-Ca·Na型和HCO3-Ca型,Gibbs图和离子比例系数揭示了各类饮用水水源在形成过程中所发生的水化学作用;瓶装饮用水中氢氧同位素组成变化幅度较大(δD:-160.21‰~-43.96‰,δ18 O:-20.91‰~-6.00‰),其同位素组成均分布我国大气降水线附近,表明各饮用水水源主要来自于大气降水补给,西南地区水样中氢氧同位素较为贫化(δD:-160.21‰~-83.83‰,δ18 O:-20.91‰~-11.58‰),东南和华北地区则较为富集(δD:-79.68‰~-43.96‰,δ18 O:-10.9‰~-6.00‰),除东北和西北地区,其他地区氘盈余(d值)均低于全球雨水的平均值10‰,反映各水样的补给水源在形成过程中受到蒸发作用的影响;高程和温度与氢氧同位素有较好的相关性,随高度增加或温度降低,瓶装饮用水中δ18 O逐渐贫化。     

厦门地区大气降水氢氧同位素组成特征及水汽来源探讨

采集厦门地区6个站位春、夏和冬季的大气降水样品,并用稳定同位素质谱仪分析降水样品中的氢氧同位素值(δD和δ18O).结果表明:厦门地区大气降水中δD和δ18O值春季最高(-7.86‰±8.07‰和-2.18‰±0.80‰),夏季最低(-61.17‰±4.85‰和-8.42‰±0.62‰).本文同时利用HYSPLIT模型对不同季节厦门地区水汽来源及输送路径进行追踪,发现厦门地区夏季降水主要受到来自南海及西太平洋气团的影响,期间降水量大,δD和δ18O值较低.厦门地区大气降水线方程为δD=8.35δ18O+12.52(R2=0.906),与全球降水线方程(δD=8.17δ18O+10.56)相比,截距及斜率略有偏高.厦门地区氘剩余值(d值)波动范围较大(-5.13‰~32.25‰),说明厦门地区降水的水汽来源较为多样,降雨条件较为复杂.厦门地区降水中d值表现为冬季高,春季次之,夏季低的季节性变化特征.年尺度下,厦门地区氢氧同位素与降水量在呈显著的负相关关系(r分别为-0.477和-0.369,p0.01).     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.