环境保护管理 环境与清洁生产(无污染技术)

X38200600717中国实施清洁发展机制的潜力分析/王灿(清华大学环境科学与工程系)…∥中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会.-2005,25(3).-310~314环图X-58建立了一个全球碳排放贸易局部均衡模型(TRCW),用于分析中国实施清洁发展机制(CDM)的市场潜力和市场结构。模型结合相关国际协议的规定,考虑了美国的退出、碳汇项目、热空气规模、交易成本、适应性基金、垄断供给等现实因素。结果表明,在马拉喀什协议下,中国的CDM市场规模大大缩小,仅为61MtC/a,利润收入约1.5亿$/a,其中重工业和电力分别约占41%和20%左右;如果俄罗斯不出售其拥有的热空气,…     

温室气体减排与认证——《清洁发展机制温室气体减排与第三方认证》

中国作为全球CDM项目的重要市场,目前在国家发展和改革委员会注册的CDM项目有2000多个,并有100多个CDM项目在联合国CDM执行理事会(EB)注册成功.中国已成为世界上签订清洁发展机制项目最多、减排量最多的国家.中国的CDM项目的审定、核查和核证等认证业务具有巨大的潜在市场.     

中国森林生态系统的异戊二烯排放研究

植被的非甲烷碳氢化合物(non-methane hydrocarbon,NMHC)排放对大气环境变化有重要的影响,异戊二烯是对流层最主要的NMHC之一.本文应用Guenther的光温影响模型,对1993年中国森林生态系统的异戊二烯排放量进行了估算.结果发现:中国森林生态系统异戊二烯总的排放量约为0.03～8.6Tg/a,对全球碳的贡献量以碳计为0.026～7.589Tg/a,年最大可能排放量约占全球年排放总量的1.5%～4.3%;排放有较大的空间(地域)差异,年排放大值区分布在南方多林区和东北地区,以云南和黑龙江2省最大,对全国排放的贡献率分别为22%和11%;不同植被对总排放量的贡献率有较大差异,贡献率较大的杨树和栎类分别达到52.28%和44.29%.     

开放源对环境空气质量影响的评估技术与实例

开放源排放的颗粒物已经成为城市环境大气颗粒物的主要来源之一,介绍了其对环境空气质量影响的评估技术,采用开放源的动力学经验公式测算S市粉煤灰场、原煤堆场、土堆、沙石料堆4类开放源不同粒径颗粒物的起动风速及扩散距离,并利用箱模型(A值)和源解析(化学质量平衡法,CMB)模型测算开放源的区域年均起尘量及其对环境空气中颗粒物的贡献值.结果表明:开放源排放的颗粒物易升腾而且影响面积很大;S市区开放源类排放的小于100 μm的颗粒物约22.2×104 t/a,小于10 μm的颗粒物约15.8×104 t/a;开放源对环境空气中TSP的贡献值约370 μg/m3,质量浓度分担率达60%,对PM₁₀的贡献值约263 μg/m3,分担率达64%.      

上海电厂FGD产物循环利用的可行性分析

按照上海市第三轮环保三年行动计划的要求,未来3年,上海电厂烟气脱硫规模已经确定,650.8×10~4kW 装机容量.35台燃煤机组在3年中,将先后安装湿法烟气脱硫装置,届时可减少约(16～20)×10~4t/a的 S0_2排放量,将产生约(54～72)×10~4t 的脱硫石膏。文章分析了上海市电厂烟气脱硫产物在生产石膏、水泥中循环利用的可行性,对上海市未来3年中脱硫产物的循环利用,进行了经济分析,按上海市目前 SO_2排污费0.63元/kg计,若煤含硫量以0.8%、1%计算,预计每年可节省 SO_2排污费用约1.02、1.28亿元:电厂脱硫石膏销售将获得约2160～2880万元/a;上海石膏板或水泥企业利用(54～72)×10~4t/a 的脱硫石膏,可使企业的原料购买成本节约3250～3650万元/a;提出了促进上海市电厂脱硫及其产物应用的建议。     

中国CDM项目开发现状及存在问题分析研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)是国际社会实现温室气体减排的履约机制之一。目前中国已成为CDM市场的主要输出国,但在CDM项目开发过程中还存在很多问题,例如区域分布不平衡、碳排放权交易标准不统一、缺乏激励机制等。在经济发展和节能减排的双重压力下,中国政府声明将严格遵守《巴黎协定》,正在积极落实已提出的到2020年控制温室气体排放行动目标,并向联合国提交了到2030年的"国家自主贡献"行动目标。中国的积极行动推动了全球气候问题的解决。     

芬兰北部流域内林业、农业及沉积对氮输出综合作用的模拟

本文运用了以遥感为基础的土地利用和森林分类,研究了大流域氮输出-存留空间模型N_EXRET.根据经验研究,估算了用以描述农业、林业和泥炭产量(收获)所起作用的输出系数.通过一小块集水试验区内详细记录的数据,求得林业活动典型系数.讨论了将该模型应用于奥鲁(Oulujoki)河流域(22840km2)的模拟效果.将氮通量预估模型与该流域不同地点测得的氮能量值进行了比较.根据资源配比,农业占总输出的17%,变动范围为8%(最高的亚流域)约38%(最低的近海亚流域).林业约占16%,不同亚流域间变化较小(11%～24%).在各亚流域中,所得到的氮输出总额中有7%～37%存留下来.根据质量平衡和敏感度分析,估计湖泊存留为5～10kg/hm2·a,泥炭地为0～1kg/hm2·a.从三条邻近的河流流域中取得的试验数据证实了模型结论.但是,对那些土地利用和沉积格局与北部流域明显不同的流域,还需进一步研究.     

基于流域水环境模型评估重金属面源污染负荷

为定量评估重金属面源污染负荷,以分布式流域水环境模型SWAT模型为基础,借鉴输出系数模型,考虑溶出率影响,发展了一个重金属面源污染模型—SWAT-MT模型. SWAT-MT模型模拟重金属在流域内的大气沉降、地表径流冲刷、土壤和河道中的运移过程,结构较为简单,兼具机理模型和输出系数模型的优点. 本文应用SWAT-MT模型评估了湘江株洲段一个子流域的铅面源负荷,并通过敏感性分析和蒙特卡洛模拟识别了铅面源模拟的敏感参数,量化了模型输出中的不确定性. 结果表明:①研究区铅的面源侵蚀量为2.09 t/a,侵蚀强度为5.27 kg/(km2·a). 铅侵蚀强度时空差异明显,汛期(4—7月)雨水集中,铅的侵蚀量大. 侵蚀强度高的地方集中在流域下游,城镇用地的侵蚀强度约为流域平均水平的2倍. ②流域出口的铅负荷为0.79 t/a,约60%的铅侵蚀量滞留在河道,说明沉降是河道运移的主要过程. ③蒙特卡洛模拟结果显示,模型输出存在显著的不确定性, 95%置信区间下,铅的面源侵蚀量为1.62～2.59 t/a,流域出口负荷为0.50～1.16 t/a;为降低模拟不确定性并提高模型可靠性,应重点关注城市地表积尘的铅浓度、铅溶出率和河道铅沉降速率等敏感参数的取值. 研究显示,通过合理的参数赋值,SWAT-MT模型能够提供较为可靠的重金属面源负荷估算结果,为重金属污染综合防治工作提供科学工具.      

中国碳交易市场建设的SWOT分析

随着全球二氧化碳排放权交易的蓬勃发展,碳交易市场的规模迅速膨胀,各国纷纷建立碳交易市场,为其国内的清洁发展机制(CDM)项目产生的核证碳减排量(CERS)及相关衍生品搭建交易平台,以期在这个新兴市场中抢占先机.     

通风方式对高含水率垃圾生物干化的影响

以高含水率混合收集生活垃圾为研究对象,研究了不同的通风方式(间隙通风10min/20min、间隙通风5min/25min、40℃热空气通风和间隙-连续通风)对生物干化影响.结果表明,40℃热空气通风和间隙-连续通风可提高产物含水率下降幅度、单位质量垃圾水分去除率、单位有机物降解脱水容量、产物低位热值;但堆体高温持续时间短,VS消耗量小,并且有机物稳定化程度低.经过18d的干化试验,4组试验产物含水率分别为39.6%,34.4%,23.7%,24.5%,相应的单位去除率(以原生垃圾质量计)为0.437,0.476,0.523,0.517kg/kg,低位热值为11954,12994,15760,14801kJ/kg,与原生垃圾相比,热值分别提高了121%、140%、191%及173%,以40℃空气通风产物热值最高.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.