1994～1999年西北太平洋热带气旋活动时空分异研究

采用西北太平洋热带气旋年鉴数据(1949～1999年),进行了统计分析,然后以每次热带气旋的中心位置资料,建立起1.×1.经纬度的热带气旋路径频数分布图,从季节、年际变化全面分析了西北太平洋热带气旋的时空变化规律.结果表明(1)1949年到1999年,西北太平洋热带气旋活动频繁,20世纪60年代是热带旋多发期,70年代后期以后逐渐减少;而从年内的变化来看,7,8,9,m,这4个月热带气旋发生的次数占绝大多数;(2)热带气旋频数的分布大体以中国南海地区、菲律宾群岛以及马里亚纳群岛附近这3个密集区为中心,向各个方向呈辐射状减少;(3)热带气旋频数空间分布存在着明显的季节变化,而年际变化不明显.     

西北太平洋热带气旋风险分析

选取1949-2000年西北太平洋每6小时热带气旋中心位置的风速资料,统计了2×2经纬度网格的热带气旋中心位置次数,并构造了风速强度指数分析其大风强度.同时,选取风速为指标,计算了西北太平洋热带气旋风险,给出了10年一遇、20年一遇和50年一遇大风分布图.结果表明:(1)热带气旋中心点位置基本集中在以中国南海、菲律宾群岛以东以及马里亚纳群岛附近这3个地区,与热带气旋发生源地和路径频率图较为一致;(2)风速强度指数和热带气旋中心位置次数的分布相差不大,但风速强度指数最高值范围明显比热带气旋中心位置次数高值区分布范围广;(3)西北太平洋热带气旋最大风速的概率分布呈指数函数分布,主要分布在小于50m/s的范围内,小75m/s的大风占到99.41%,75m/s以上的大风比较罕见;(4)10年一遇和20一遇热带气旋大风高值区主要分布在菲律宾群岛附近、南海南部及台湾岛以东的地区,相对集中,而50年一遇风速分布图中,具有多个高值中心.     

广东热带气旋及其降水的年际变化特征

采用1951—2005年热带气旋和广东26个测站降水的观测资料,分析了广东热带气旋及其降水的年际变化特征。结果表明：影响广东的热带气旋的个数和年平均强度及其降水均存在明显的年际变化,而且主要有3种空间振荡型态。另外,广东热带气旋降水具有峰值为3年左右周期的显著振荡,该振荡周期在20世纪70年代中期和90年代初期有明显的突变。广东热带气旋降水的年际变化与热带气旋个数的年际变化高度相关,同时跟西北太平洋中高纬40°N-60°N部分区域的台风季节（5—11月份）平均SST年际变化存在显著的负相关。     

1951-2006年西北太平洋热带气旋活动时空特征

西北太平洋是全球热带气旋(TC)发生次数最多、强度最大的区域之一,其TC研究受到该区域学者的广泛关注。基于日本气象厅(JMA)东京台风中心西北太平洋TC最佳路径数据资料,分析了该区域1951-2006年的TC频数和强度时空分布特征。首先,统计和分析了56年间(1951-2006年)TC的年际和年内变化,并通过建立1°×1°网格计算了落在每个网格内的TC次数,分析了多年TC的空间分布格局;其次,根据国际气象组织按照风速划分TC等级的标准,统计和分析了56年间不同强度TC的年际和年内特征,通过风速强度指数计算,获取了1°×1°网格单元区域内遭受TC影响的强度等级。结果显示,区域频数和强度时空分布规律较好地反映了该区域的TC影响特征,进而为区域台风灾害预报以及台风灾害风险评估提供了支持。     

南半球气候变暖对西北太平洋热带气旋的影响

在分析南半球地面气温序列和西北太平洋热带气旋序列的基础上，讨论了南半球气候变暖对西北太平洋上热带气旋的影响和可能的机制。结果表明，随着南半球气候变暖，西北太平洋上热带气旋的频数减少，强度减弱；同时，随着南半球气候变暖，西北太平洋上强台风的频数将减少，最大中心风速将减弱。一种可能的机制是由于从南半球侵入西北太平洋的冷空气随着南半球气候的变暖而减弱。     

西北太平洋热带气旋的时空分布特征分析

西北太平洋是世界上热带气旋(TC)发生频率最高、强度最强的一个海区,因此对西北太平洋TC进行气候分析是很有意义的.根据1945-2006年JTWC的数据资料对西北太平洋的热带气旋时空分布特征进行了统计分析,得到TC活动的一些最新概况.从时间分布特征上来看:TC频数呈增加趋势,有两个上升阶段,两个下降阶段;台风和强台风与TC的变化趋势大致相同,但自2000年至今有上升趋势;在季节上分布上,热带气旋,台风和强台风频数存在时间上的延迟现象.从空间分布特征来看:TC源地在0°～30°N范围内,纬向发生高频区轴线位于12.6°N,经向对应于南海海区和菲律宾以东及关岛附近洋面有两个峰值;TC强度越强,其发生高频区纬向轴线向赤道方向移动,而经向轴线向东移动;南海海区不是强台风的高发区;台风和强台风源地高频区经向轴线在145°～155°E之间移动;纬向轴线在6°～14°E之间移动,强台风的源地高频区经向轴线始终位于台风轴线的东侧,而纬向轴线位于其南侧.     

影响海南岛台风的时空特征分析

使用1971-2010年的热带气旋路径数据资料和热带气旋潜在影响力指数方法,在西北太平洋生成的所有热带气旋中,筛选出对海南岛有影响的热带气旋,并对其进行时空特征分析。分析发现:影响海南岛的热带气旋生成位置呈现斜向带状分布。高影响热带气旋的分布更加集中。1971-2010年间,影响海南岛热带气旋的数量在减少,同时发生月份更加集中。如果气候变冷,需要警惕影响海南热带气旋增多,月份更加分散现象。     

中国热带气旋灾害及全球变暖背景下的可能趋势分析

在分析中国热带气旋灾害影响及时空分布的基础上，计算得出近４０年西北太平洋年平均热带气旋发生总数和其中台风发生数与海表温度，以及与年平均登陆中国热带气旋总数和其中台风登陆数长趋势变化之间的相互关系，并据此估算了全球变暖后中国热带气旋灾害的可能变化趋势。结果表明，若至２０５０年前后全球变暖引起西北太平洋海表温度升高１℃，则在中国登陆热带气旋总数年平均将比现状增加６５％，其中年平均登陆台风数将可能增加５８％左右。     

热带气旋“莫拉克”在台湾岛登陆前后结构与路径演变机理分析

采用全球预报场分析资料、卫星云图资料及实况观测台风强度、路径资料对2009年热带气旋"莫拉克"在台湾岛登陆前后其结构、路径的演变特征进行了动力学分析,以揭示其演变机理。分析结果表明:(1)热带气旋低层、切向风中心外侧的惯性稳定度低值区,有可能产生径向上加速内流的径向风,其对热带气旋结构的分布产生影响;(2)β效应项产生的高低层通风气流、以及高低层涡旋中心相对位置对热带气旋路径的预报具有重要意义;(3)登陆前后热带气旋尺度在经向上拉伸,在纬向上收缩,这种结构演变对移动速度产生影响;(4)低层辐合中心、正的涡度平流中心量级相当,是影响热带气旋强度与结构演变的重要因素;(5)通过EOF方法分解的500 h Pa位势高度距平场其第1,2模态很好地揭示了热带气旋环境场的演变。     

基于TCPI的灾害影响年代际变化与异常区分析

热带气旋防灾工程可以有效减少灾害损失,但其建设决策需要多领域研究与技术支持。使用TCPI和密度聚类算法研究了热带气旋影响的年代际变化与异常区分布。研究发现,近30年,我国平均TCPI并没有明显增加,但在福建、浙江和台湾TCPI则有显著增加。异常区分析显示,福建北部和浙江南部是异常区的核心区,周边还包括浙江北部、上海、台湾、江西等地,广西西北部的一些地区变化也非常剧烈。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.