白石砬子自然保护区几种主要植被类型土壤入渗特性研究

为了深入研究辽东山区森林土壤的水源涵养功能,以白石砬子自然保护区内的6种主要植被类型下土壤为研究对象,采用野外双环试验和室内理化性质分析相结合的方法,研究了不同植被类型下土壤入渗能力及其与理化性质的关系。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤的初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率、渗透总量均表现为下层低于上层,最大值是最小值的近3倍;不同植被类型间土壤入渗能力差异较大,其中A层初渗率排列顺序为原生红松阔叶混交林>红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>农地>蒙古栎林>杂木林,B层初渗率排列顺序为鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>农地>杂木林>红松人工林>原生红松阔叶混交林>蒙古栎林,A层稳渗率排列顺序为红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>原生红松阔叶混交林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,B层稳渗率以杂木林最大,为3.8 mm?min-1,原生红松阔叶混交林最小,仅为1.1 mm?min-1,其他4种植被类型土壤稳渗率几乎无差异,A层平均入渗率排列顺序为红松人工林>原生红松阔叶混交林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,B层平均入渗率排列顺序为杂木林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>红松人工林>蒙古栎林>农地>原生红松阔叶混交林,A层的渗透总量以红松阔叶混交林和红松人工林最大,蒙古栎林和农地相对较低,B层的渗透总量以杂木林最大,红松阔叶混交林最小;主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序为红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>原生红松阔叶混交林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率和渗透总量等4个指标综合起来能够很好的表达土壤入渗能力,其主成分方差的累积贡献率为90.662%;不同层次土壤入渗速率与入渗时间均存在良好的幂函数关系;土壤的稳渗率、平均入渗率、渗透总量与非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关关系,初渗率与非毛管孔隙存在相关性,但不显著。与容重存在负相关关系,但不显著。     

雾灵山典型林分枯落物和土壤水文效应

通过标准地调查、枯落物持水能力测定、土壤物理性质及持水能力测定和入渗实验对雾灵山5种林分类型枯落物和土壤水文效应做了初步研究,结果表明:1)华北落叶松林(Larix principic-rupprechtii)枯落物储量最大,为45.73 t·hm~(-2);核桃楸林(Juglans mandshurica)最大持水量最高,为118.73 t·hm~(-2),相当于11.87 mm的水深;华北落叶松林有效持水量最大,为112.68t·hm~(-2),相当于11.27 mm的水深.2)5种不同林分类型土壤层持水能力相差很大,山杨林(Populus davidiana)的有效持水量最大,为122.80t·hm~(-2),相当于12.28 mm的水深,利用幂函数对土壤入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,结果显示相关系数都在0.94以上.     

砒砂岩区不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素研究

砒砂岩区是黄河中游粗泥沙集中来源区之一。为了探究砒砂岩区不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能及其影响因素,该文以砒砂岩区鲍家沟小流域的林地、水浇地、草地和裸地土壤为研究对象。采用野外双环法测定土壤入渗速率,运用约束性排序方法分析了土壤因子与入渗速率的关系。结果表明:(1)研究区不同土地利用类型土壤容重在1.34-1.52g·cm~(-3)之间,林地和水浇地相比其他土地利用类型土壤更为疏松且肥沃,利于水分的入渗;(2)研究区林地的初渗速率为14.96 mm·min~(-1)显著高于其他土地利用类型,其余依次为水浇地、草地和裸地,稳渗速率在0.53-2.71mm·min~(-1)之间,呈水浇地林地草地裸地的趋势;(3)4种模型中Kostiakov模型对砒砂岩区不同土地利用类型土壤入渗过程模拟效果最好;(4)冗余分析排序关系可以充分反映土壤因子对入渗速率的影响作用,土壤容重对初渗速率的解释能力最强,土壤有机质含量对稳渗速率的解释能力最强。砒砂岩区林地土壤肥力条件良好,其水分入渗过程主要受土壤容重的影响。而草地、裸地的土壤贫瘠且结构较差,入渗过程受多因素的综合影响。水浇地土壤结构与人为管理措施有关,其入渗过程主要受土壤养分条件的影响。     

辽宁东部山区几种主要森林植被类型土壤渗透性能研究

沿辽河水系设置临时标准地 ,对辽宁东部山区具有代表性的油松林、落叶松林、红松林、柞木林、杂木林及灌丛 6种植被类型的土壤水分的入渗性能进行了研究。结果表明 ,辽东山区 6种植被类型下土壤都表现出较强的渗透性能。A层的初始入渗率 (f0 /mm·min- 1) 1 2 .8～ 6 1 .1 ,平均值为 38.7,B层 1 6 .8～4 1 .7,平均值为 2 7.0 ,C层 2 9.2～ 38.2 ,平均值为 2 4 .4 ;A层的稳定入渗率 (fc/mm·min- 1) 2 .6～ 4 .2 ,平均值为 3.5 ,B层 2 .2～ 4 .1 ,平均值为 2 .9,C层 1 .1～ 3.3,平均值为 2 .2 ;A层的饱和导水率 (k10 /mm·min- 1)1 .5 3～ 2 .2 3,平均值为 1 .86 ,B层 0 .77～ 2 .0 5 ,平均值为 1 .2 7,C层 0 .5 0～ 1 .2 8,平均值为 0 .79。不同植被类型下不同土壤发生层次的入渗能力差异显著 :一般地 ,阔叶林下土壤的入渗性能明显好于针叶林 ,榛丛下土壤也表现出很好的渗透性能 ;不同土层入渗性能大小为A层 >B层 >C层。林龄差异在 2个龄级以上时 ,林龄越大 ,土壤初渗性能越好。用Horton方程拟合土壤饱和渗透过程 ,模拟结果与实测结果相近。     

苏北山丘区典型次生林下土壤理化性质的对比分析

在苏北山丘区现存的6种典型次生林下设置8块测试样地,对各林分植被因子进行调查并对其林下土壤理化性质进行分析比较.结果表明,赤松(Pinus densiflora)林、黑松(Pinus thunbergii)林、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)林以及刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)林多为纯林,是该山丘区主要的次生林类型;不同次生林下土壤平均硬度为(11.57±5.26)～(20.92±6.91) kg·cm-2;常绿针叶林下土壤容重、黏粒组成、田间持水量等指标均小于落叶阔叶林;常绿针叶林下土壤呈酸性,而落叶阔叶林下土壤呈弱碱性;刺槐林下土壤有机质、氮、磷等养分含量相对较高,供肥能力较强.     

滇中亚高山5种林型土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

探究不同森林类型林地土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征的垂直分布情况对评价森林生态系统养分循环具有重要意义。本研究以滇中亚高山地区5种森林类型(常绿阔叶林(Evergreen broad-leaf forest)、高山栎林(Quercus semicarpifolia forest)、华山松林(Pinus armandii forest)、云南松林(Pinus yunnanensis forest)、滇油杉林(Keteleeria evelyniana forest))林地土壤为研究对象,对不同土层土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)及其生态化学计量比的垂直分布特征进行分析。结果表明,不同林型、不同土层深度土壤养分含量及其化学计量比存在显著差异,5种林型各层土壤中C、N、P的变化范围分别为2.09-15.07、0.34-0.97和0.23-0.32 mg·g~(-1),各土层土壤C含量均表现为阔叶林针叶林;各土层土壤N含量除30-40cm外均表现为阔叶林针叶林;土壤P含量无显著差异。5种林型各层土壤C/N、C/P、N/P的变化范围分别为5.35-16.42、6.69-43.97和1.16-2.84,各土层土壤C/N均表现为云南松林和滇油杉林显著低于其他3种林型,C/P均表现为常绿阔叶林最高,N/P均表现为阔叶林针叶林。5种林型土壤C、N、P三者间存在显著正相关,阔叶林土壤C、N、P三者间存在极显著正相关,而针叶林土壤C、N间存在极显著正相关,土壤P与C、N之间相关性则未达显著水平。     

洪涝灾害干扰下受损自然恢复林地土壤基本性状及分形维数特征

选取重大洪涝灾害干扰下受损自然恢复3种不同林地(毛竹林、杉木林、次生阔叶林)为研究对象,以未受损林地为对照,测定不同林型土壤基本性状指标(包括土壤颗粒组成在内的物理性质、主要养分含量),并运用分形理论计算了分形维数D值,探讨分形维数与土壤基本性状的相关关系.结果表明:(1)3种不同林型土壤均以粉粒含量占比最大,分形维数在2.58-2.70之间,0-10 cm土层分形维数表现为毛竹林杉木林次生阔叶林,受损自然恢复林地未受损林地,其中次生阔叶林的受损自然恢复林地与未受损林地差异显著.(2)毛竹林与次生阔叶林土壤容重表现为受损自然恢复林地显著大于未受损林地,土壤含水量、毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度与总孔隙度则相反,受损自然恢复与未受损杉木林间土壤物理性质的差异较小;各林型土壤养分含量随土层深度的增加而降低,且受损自然恢复林地显著低于未受损林地,总体恢复状况表现为杉木林次生阔叶林毛竹林.(3)土壤分形维数与土壤黏粒含量、土壤容重存在显著正相关关系,与有机质、全氮、土壤含水量、毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度及总毛管孔隙度存在显著负相关关系.因此,分形维数能够客观地表征土壤的结构特征以及土壤养分肥力特征;受损恢复林地土壤条件还未达到未受损林地的水平,对恢复状况较差的毛竹林,可以适当地进行人工植树造林,优化群落结构,进而改善土壤条件,促进灾害干扰下受损植被的恢复进程.     

桐庐生态公益林主要森林类型土壤抗水蚀功能综合评价

以浙江省桐庐县生态公益林定位监测站为依托,研究了该区域不同森林类型土壤的抗水蚀功能。对比无林地,各森林类型的土壤均有较好的抗水蚀功能。选取土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、水稳性指数、团聚度、分散率、〉0.25水稳性团聚体含量、有机质含量为评价指标,以优劣解距离法为基础,构建了土壤抗水蚀功能综合评价方法。结合实测数据,对研究区各样地土壤的抗水蚀功能进行评价。结果表明：土壤抗水蚀功能为青冈林（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）〉杉木林（Cunninghamia Lanceolata）〉香樟林（Cinnamomum camphora）〉毛竹林（Phyllostachys heterocycla）〉马尾松林（Pinus massoniana）〉板栗林（Castanea mollissima）〉无林地;其中青冈林土壤的抗水蚀功能属较强等级,香樟林、杉木林、马尾松林、毛竹林、板栗林属中等等级,无林地属较弱等级。     

大金山岛常绿阔叶林和落叶阔叶林中小型土壤动物群落特征

于2017年秋季(10月)和冬季(12月)及2018年春季(3月)和夏季(6月)分别对大金山岛8个植物群落中小型土壤动物群落进行调查,共捕获5门14纲23个类群土壤动物8 506只,优势类群分别为线虫纲(66.06%)、蜱螨亚纲(17.95%)和弹尾纲(11.15%),其余为稀有类群(4.84%)。常绿阔叶林中小型土壤动物4季平均密度和类群数均高于落叶阔叶林,且2种林型间类群数差异显著(P0.05),而这2种植被类型夏季中小型土壤动物密度均显著高于其他3季(P0.05);常绿阔叶林秋季中小型土壤动物类群数显著高于春、冬2季(P0.05),而落叶阔叶林表现为秋季显著高于其他3季(P0.05)。在垂直分布上,2种植被类型中小型土壤动物密度均表现出明显的表聚型,其0～5 cm土层密度分别占0～20 cm土层总密度的68.68%和66.94%。常绿阔叶林Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均高于落叶阔叶林,且常绿阔叶林秋季这2个指数均显著高于其他3季(P0.05);落叶阔叶林秋季中小型土壤动物Margalef丰富度指数显著高于其他3季(P0.05)。由Pearson相关性分析可知,中小型土壤动物总密度以及线虫纲、蜱螨亚纲和弹尾纲密度均与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,与土壤pH呈负相关。     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段土壤渗透性研究与评价

以典型的衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地植被不同恢复阶段为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列方法,选用立地条件基本相似的草坡恢复阶段(Ⅰ)、灌草恢复阶段(Ⅱ)、灌丛恢复阶段(Ⅲ)与乔灌恢复阶段(Ⅳ),通过Spearman秩相关分析法与灰色关联度分析方法,对各植被恢复阶段土壤水分入渗特进行研究分析.结果表明:(1)不同植被恢复阶段土壤饱和导电率与土壤容重呈极显著负相关(p＜0.01),与非毛管孔隙度呈现出极显著正相关(p＜0.05),与粒径在2～0.25 mm的含量呈显著正相关(p＜0.05);(2)选取各植被恢复阶段的初渗速率、稳渗速率、平均渗透率和渗透总量4项参数进行灰色关联分析,各植被恢复阶段土壤水分入渗特性灰色关联度依次为乔灌恢复阶段(Ⅳ)(0.730 03)＞灌丛恢复阶段(Ⅲ)(0.686 02)＞灌草恢复阶段(Ⅱ)(0.596 09)＞草坡恢复阶段(Ⅰ)(0.56009)＞裸露地(CK) (0.414 03),乔灌恢复阶段(Ⅳ)在所研究的区域内具有较好的水分入渗性能;(3)Horton水分入渗模型拟合的相关系数R2值≥0.774,对所研究的区域的土壤水分入渗过程具有较好的适用性.图1,表6,参23.     

Modeling the forest transition: forest scarcity and ecosystem service hypotheses.

An historical generalization about forest cover change in which rapid deforestation gives way over time to forest restoration is called "the forest transition." Prior research on the forest transition leaves three important questions unanswered: (1) How does forest loss influence an individual landowner's incentives to reforest? (2) How does the forest recovery rate affect the likelihood of forest transition? (3) What happens after the forest transition occurs? The purpose of this paper is to develop a minimum model of the forest transition to answer these questions. We assume that deforestation caused by landowners' decisions and forest regeneration initiated by agricultural abandonment have aggregated effects that characterize entire landscapes. These effects include feedback mechanisms called the "forest scarcity" and "ecosystem service" hypotheses. In the forest scarcity hypothesis, forest losses make forest products scarcer, which increases the economic value of forests. In the ecosystem service hypothesis, the environmental degradation that accompanies the loss of forests causes the value of ecosystem services provided by forests to decline. We examined the impact of each mechanism on the likelihood of forest transition through an investigation of the equilibrium and stability of landscape dynamics. We found that the forest transition occurs only when landowners employ a low rate of future discounting. After the forest transition, regenerated forests are protected in a sustainable way if forests regenerate slowly. When forests regenerate rapidly, the forest scarcity hypothesis expects instability in which cycles of large-scale deforestation followed by forest regeneration repeatedly characterize the landscape. In contrast, the ecosystem service hypothesis predicts a catastrophic shift from a forested to an abandoned landscape when the amount of deforestation exceeds the critical level, which can lead to a resource degrading poverty trap. These findings imply that incentives for forest conservation seem stronger in settings where forests regenerate slowly as well as when decision makers value the future.     

3 forest simulation model

The 3 forest simulation model is a process model of tree growth, carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a single-species, even-aged forest stand. It is based on the model. Major changes include the computation of sun angle and radiation as a function of latitude and day of the year, the closed-form integration of canopy production as a function of day and hour, the introduction of tree number, height, and diameter as separate state variables, and different growth strategies, mortalities, and resulting self-thinning as function of crowding competition.The tree/soil system is described by a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the state variables: tree number, base diameter, tree height, wood biomass, nitrogen in wood, leaf mass, fine root mass, fruit biomass, assimilate, carbon and nitrogen in litter, carbon and nitrogen in soil organic matter, and plant-available nitrogen. The model includes explicit formulations of all relevant ecophysiological processes such as: computation of radiation as a function of seasonal time, daytime and cloudiness, light attenuation in the canopy, and canopy photosynthesis as function of latitude, seasonal time, and daytime, respiration of all parts, assimilate allocation, increment formation, nitrogen fixation, mineralization, humification and leaching, forest management (thinning, felling, litter removal, fertilization etc.), temperature effects on respiration and decomposition, and environmental effects (pollution damage to photosynthesis, leaves, and fine roots). Only ecophysiological parameters which can be either directly measured or estimated with reasonable certainty are used. 3 is a generic process model which requires species- and site-specific parametrization. It can be applied to deciduous and coniferous forests under tropical, as well as temperate or boreal conditions.The paper presents a full documentation of the mathematical model as well as representative simulation results for spruce and acacia.     

Corruption and forest concessions

We examine how corruption impacts a central government's application of concession policy instruments consisting of royalty rates, concession size, environmentally sensitive logging levels, and enforcement. Harvesters have incentives to illegally log by taking more volume than is allowed, high grading through removal of only the highest valued and best formed trees, and shirking environmentally sensitive logging requirements, all of which reduce public goods produced from native tropical forests. Corruption is introduced through logging inspectors who can be bribed by harvesters to avoid fines associated with illegal logging. Both the theory and a simulation are used to compare policy design under corruption and no corruption.     

Potentials and limitations of using large-scale forest inventory data for evaluating forest succession models

Forest gap models have been applied widely to examine forest development under natural conditions and to investigate the effect of climate change on forest succession. Due to the complexity and parameter requirements of such models a rigorous evaluation is required to build confidence in the simulation results. However, appropriate data for model assessment are scarce at the large spatial and temporal scales of successional dynamics. In this study, we explore a data source for the evaluation of forest gap models that has been used only little in the past, i.e., large-scale National Forest Inventory data. The key objectives of this study were (a) to examine the potentials and limitations of using large-scale forest inventory data for evaluating the performance of forest gap models and (b) to test two particular models as case studies to derive recommendations for their future improvement.     

Usage of non-timber forest products by women in forest villages of Trabzon, Turkey

Women are responsible for procuring the food for their family in many places in the world. The usage of the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) reaches to the beginning of the humanity NTFPs are used for food and medicine especially in the developing countries as a whole. In this research, totally 611 questionnaires were conducted with women participants by polling face to face in 68 forest villages in the research area. The main reason for studying with women is that; the gathering activities are usually done by women in that area and they also knew the used parts and how to use the NTFPs. Results showed that about 14.4% of the women in the research area are gathering the plants for food (17 species and 2-8 kg annually) and 9.2% of the women are gathering the plants for medicinal purposes (16 species and 1-4 kg annually). These plants are usually used for additional medicinal treatments. 4 species are used for livestock treatment and 2 species in the hand weaving.     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

森林凋落物是指森林生态系统内由生物组分产生,然后归还到林地表面的所有有机物质的总称。森林凋落物在促进森林生态系统正常的物质循环和养分平衡,维持生态系统功能中具有重要作用,其分解受多因素影响,且各因素之间相互交错。不同情况下,各因子的重要性可能不同。温度和湿度被认为是影响凋落物分解主要的气候因子。凋落物随着温度升高分解速率加快,增加土壤湿度对凋落物分解有积极作用。凋落物的化学性质中,C、N比和木质素含量被认为是最重要的指标。凋落物分解前期的分解速率受到养分含量、水溶性碳化合物和结构碳化合物含量的强烈影响,而后期则更多地受到木质索及纤维素／木质素比值的支配。土壤动物可以粉碎凋落物,土壤微生物也是促进凋落物分解的重要因素,人为活动也影响凋落物分解。N沉降、全球变暖和臭氧层破坏等全球变化对森林凋落物分解的影响已逐渐成为研究热点。未来凋落物分解的研究方向是统一研究方法,开展长期定位监测,加强对分解过程中有机碳含量和释放量的研究,以及N沉降对凋落物分解作用机理的研究。     

Stochastic models for forest fires

A stochastic model for man-caused forest fires is developed for a forest with given environmental conditions which is represented by an index. This model is then generalized to take into account both man-caused and natural fires and the mean and the variance of the number of fires is derived. Fitting procedure for given data is suggested.     

LANDIS and forest landscape models

This paper provides contextual documentation of the LANDIS model development to provide a framework for the other papers in this special issue. The LANDIS model of forest landscape disturbance and succession was developed since the early 1990s as a research and management tool that optimizes the possible landscape extent (100 s ha to 1000 s km²), while providing mechanistic detail adequate for a broad range of potential problems. LANDIS is a raster model, and operates on landscapes mapped as cells, containing tree species age classes. Spatial processes, such as seed dispersal, and disturbances such as fire, wind, and harvesting can occur. LANDIS development benefited from the modelling and research progress of the 1960s to the1980s, including the growth of landscape ecology during the 1980s. In the past decade the model has been used by colleagues across North America, as well as in Europe and China. This has been useful to those not able to undertake the cost and effort of developing their own model, and it has provided a growing diverse set of test landscapes for the model. These areas include temperate, southern, and boreal forests of eastern North America, to montane and boreal western forests, coastal California forest and shrub systems, boreal Finnish forests, and montane forests in Switzerland and northeastern China. The LANDIS model continues to be refined and developed. Papers in this special issue document recent work. Future goals include integration within a larger land use change model, and applications to landscape and regional global change projection based on newly incorporated biomass and carbon dynamics.     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

森林凋落物是指森林生态系统内由生物组分产生,然后归还到林地表面的所有有机物质的总称。森林凋落物在促进森林生态系统正常的物质循环和养分平衡,维持生态系统功能中具有重要作用,其分解受多因素影响,且各因素之间相互交错。不同情况下,各因子的重要性可能不同。温度和湿度被认为是影响凋落物分解主要的气候因子。凋落物随着温度升高分解速率加快,增加土壤湿度对凋落物分解有积极作用。凋落物的化学性质中,C、N比和木质素含量被认为是最重要的指标。凋落物分解前期的分解速率受到养分含量、水溶性碳化合物和结构碳化合物含量的强烈影响,而后期则更多地受到木质素及纤维素/木质素比值的支配。土壤动物可以粉碎凋落物,土壤微生物也是促进凋落物分解的重要因素,人为活动也影响凋落物分解。N沉降、全球变暖和臭氧层破坏等全球变化对森林凋落物分解的影响已逐渐成为研究热点。未来凋落物分解的研究方向是统一研究方法,开展长期定位监测,加强对分解过程中有机碳含量和释放量的研究,以及N沉降对凋落物分解作用机理的研究。