飞灰残炭分形特征对汞吸附反应的影响

在残炭汞吸附模拟试验的基础上,采用分形理论,研究了飞灰残炭物理结构的分形特征及其对残炭汞吸附反应的影响,残炭的比表面积与残炭及其炉前煤的分形维数大致呈正相关关系．汞的吸附量不仅同其比表面积相关,而且与分形维数有关．     

燃煤飞灰粒径分布函数的分形特征及其对吸附性能的影响

应用分形几何原理,研究了飞灰颗粒的粒径分布特征及其粒径的分形分布函数,并将分形维数作为描述飞灰颗粒粒径分布的特征参数,从而建立了飞灰粒径分布特征及其与重金属吸附能力的量化关系.应用分形分布函数讨论了不同粒径分布的飞灰颗粒对燃煤烟道气中汞的自吸附脱除效应.利用粒径分布分维数可以定量研究不同粒径分布的飞灰颗粒系统中重金属污染物的吸附能力.     

活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆的吸附性能

探讨了活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆的吸附．结果表明,在pH=2．9时,吸附量最大;活性炭纤维的吸附能力随着温度的升高而升高;Redlich．Peterson方程更适合描述敌草隆的吸附行为;Gibbs自由能（△G0）值小于零,说明此吸附过程是自发进行的吸附过程;假二级方程更适用于描述活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆的吸附动力学过程．     

退耕还湖后安庆沿江湿地土壤颗粒分形特征

以安庆沿江不同退耕还湖方式(白荡湖区,低坝高网式养鱼;菜子湖区,自然恢复湿地)和不同历史利用方式(水耕和旱耕)的湿地土壤为研究对象,分析退耕还湖后湿地土壤的颗粒分形特征变化。结果表明,退耕还湖后白荡湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量降低,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数降幅小于历史旱耕湿地;菜子湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量升高,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数增幅大于历史旱耕湿地。2个湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤细黏粒、粗黏粒和细粉粒含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与粗粉粒、细砂粒和粗砂粒含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤有机质、全磷和有效氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),土壤颗粒分形维数和土壤养分含量的聚类分析结果总体相似。土壤颗粒分形维数可作为评价退耕还湖后湿地生态恢复过程中土壤演变状况的重要参考指标。     

干热河谷植物沙丘形态及植物功能性状特征与土壤分形维数的关系北大核心CSCD

为了解植物沙丘形态及植物功能性状特征对坡面泥沙拦截的作用机制,以干热河谷典型区蒋家沟流域为研究区,采用典型样地调查、野外实地观测和室内试验处理的方法,测定失稳性坡面42个植物沙丘(包括扭黄茅20株、拟金茅13株、丛毛羊胡子草9株)的形态特征、植物功能性状特征和沙丘土壤的颗粒组成,并运用分形理论计算分形维数,分析分形维数与植物沙丘形态特征及功能性状特征间的相关关系.结果表明:(1)3种植物沙丘的形态特征及植物的功能性状特征均无显著差异性.(2)3种植物沙丘间、沙丘与上方30 cm处的土壤各粒径百分比含量和分形维数均无显著差异.(3)干热河谷植物沙丘土壤颗粒的分形维数(D)与植物含水率、根系深度呈极显著正相关性(P <0.01),与沙丘长度显著正相关(P <0.05),与植物其他形态、功能性状特征和沙丘其他形态特征间均无显著相关性.上述研究表明不同植物沙丘各类特征间均无显著差异;沙丘未改变坡面原有土壤颗粒的分布特征;沙丘土壤分形维数可表征植物含水率、根系深度及沙丘长度的大小.结果有助于加深植物控制土壤侵蚀效应的认识,可为干热河谷水土流失治理提供科学依据.(图5表1参35)     

图象法确定底泥颗粒物的表面分形维数(Ds)

研究了不同标度下底泥颗粒物的表面分形特征.结果表明,底泥颗粒的表面在几个nm到几个μm之间一般都具有多重分形特征,而且在不同的标度范围内表面分形维数(Ds)具有一定的差异,在100-102量级之间,随图象分辨率的增大,相应的Ds一般呈变小的趋势.SEM图象计算出的Ds为2.32-2.42,AFM图象计算出的Ds为2.00-2.46,它们是是纯粹几何意义上的表面粗糙特征的描述.     

水滑石及其焙烧产物对阴离子染料酸性蓝-80的吸附

研究了水滑石(HT)及其焙烧产物(HTC)对阴离子染料酸性蓝-80的吸附特征.结果表明,在常见染料废水浓度范围内,HTC的吸附量和吸附速率都明显大于HT,HTC的吸附等温线和动力学分别符合Langmuir等温方程和粒间扩散模型.HTC对阴离子染料的去除受无机阴离子(Cl-, SO2-4 和CO2-3)的影响较小,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的存在能明显降低酸性蓝-80的吸附量.吸附量随温度的升高明显下降.     

NaOH改性落叶松锯木屑对活性染料的吸附性能

通过间歇式试验研究NaOH改性落叶松锯木屑对活性染料KN-B、K-2BP和KN-R的吸附脱色性能。结果表明,酸性条件下该改性木屑对3种染料均具有较好的脱色效果。在初始pH值为3时,3种染料的吸附脱色率均表现为随温度升高而逐渐降低,随改性木屑用量的增加而增加的趋势;而随染料初始浓度的增大,表现出先升高后降低的趋势。在初始pH值为3、温度为298 K条件下,3种染料在改性锯木屑上的等温吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型,KN-B、K-2BP和KN-R的最大饱和吸附量分别为22.32、10.47和14.93 mg.g-1,吸附自由能ΔG298 K分别为-12.61、-9.77和-14.45 kJ.mol-1,均为物理性自发吸附过程。试验条件下,KN-R、KN-B和K-2BP的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学吸附方程,吸附速率常数依次减小。综合等温吸附和吸附动力学研究结果表明,3种染料的脱色效果以KN-R为最好,KN-B次之,K-2BP最差。     

互花米草基活性炭对水中对硝基苯胺的等温吸附

以互花米草为原料,采用氢氧化钾活化法制备了低成本高性能的活性炭SAAC,通过静态实验法,测定了活性炭SAAC对对硝基苯胺的吸附行为及其热力学性质.结果表明,互花米草活性炭SAAC对对硝基苯胺有较大的吸附能力,Langmuir最大吸附量为726 mg·g-1,吸附平衡数据符合Freundlich方程与 Redlich-Peterson方程,表现为优惠吸附.吸附焓变△H0<0且绝对值均小于42 kJ·mol-1,表明对硝基苯胺在活性炭SAAC上的吸附属于放热的物理吸附过程;吸附自由能变△G0<0且其绝对值随温度降低而增大,表明吸附驱动力随温度降低而增大,吸附为自发的反应,低温有利于反应;吸附熵变△S0><0说明对硝基苯胺在活性炭表面上的运动比在溶液中受到了更大的限制.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤粒径分布的分维特征

西安市临潼区杏园、桑园和农田土壤粒径分布的体积分形维数分析结果表明:(1)杏园和农田土壤颗粒的体积分形维数与＜0.002 mm和0.002～0.05 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关关系,与0.05～0.1 mm、0.1～0.25 mm颗粒含量呈极显著负相关关系,与0.25～0.5 mm颗粒含量不相关.桑园土壤颗粒的体积分形维数与＜0.002 mm和0 002～0.05 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关关系,与0.05～0.1 mm、0.1～0.25 mm和0.25～0.5 mm颗粒含量不相关.(2)桑园和杏园土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土壤有机质含量和pH值复相关达显著水平,而农田土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土壤有机质含量和pH值复相关不显著.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.