Characterization, treatment and releases of PBDEs and PAHs in a typical municipal sewage treatment plant situated beside an urban river, East China

Characterization, treatment and releases of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater were evaluated along the treatment processes of a typical secondary treatment municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) (in Hefei City) situated the beside Nanfei River, East China. The findings showed that the average concentrations of the total PBDEs in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 188.578 and 36.884 ng/L respectively. Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 209 congener, the predominant PBDE in the STP and Nanfei River, could be related to the discharge of car-industry-derived wastes. For PAHs, the average concentrations in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 5758.8 and 2240.4 ng/L respectively, with naphthalene, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene being detected at the highest concentrations. PAHs mainly originate from the combustion of biomass/coal and petroleum. The STP reduced about 80% of the PBDEs and 61% of the PAHs, which were eliminated mainly by sedimentation processes. The removal rates of PBDEs/PAHs increased with the increase of their solid-water partitioning coefficients. Accordingly, the STP's effluent, containing some PBDE congeners (e.g., BDE 47, 99 and 209, etc.) and low-molecular-weight PAHs, could be an important contributor of these contaminants' input to Nanfei River. It resulted in a significant increase of PBDE/PAH concentrations and PAH toxicological risk in the river water downstream. About 4.040 kg/yr of PBDEs and 245.324 kg/yr of PAHs could be released into the Nanfei River. The current conventional wastewater treatment processes should be improved to remove the relatively low-molecular-weight PBDEs/PAHs more effectively.     

东海沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征研究

采集分析了中国东海28个表层沉积物和7个柱状沉积物.结果表明,东海表层沉积物中除BDE-209外∑PBDEs的浓度范围为0.20~2.09ng/g dw,BDE-209的浓度范围为0.57~2.87ng/g dw,在总PBDEs中所占浓度百分比为57.9%~76.7%;接下来分别是BDE-99和BDE-47,所占比例分别为11.7%~21.5%和7.1%~17.4%.表层沉积物中PBDEs分布呈现出(离海岸线)由近及远浓度越来越低的趋势,由北到南浓度上升的趋势.东海柱状沉积物中PBDEs浓度随着深度加深呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,很好的反映出了PBDEs在中国大陆的使用历史和现状.表层沉积物TOC含量在0.54%~0.88%之间,柱状沉积物TOC的含量在0.62%~0.88%之间,而且不管是表层沉积物(R²=0.723,P < 0.01)还是柱状沉积物(R²=0.595, P < 0.01),PBDEs浓度和TOC含量之间有较强的线性关系,表明沉积物中TOC含量是影响PBDEs分布的一个重要因素.     

巢湖重污染汇流湾区沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价

对巢湖重污染汇流湾区沉积物中主要重金属分布和累积特征及生态风险进行了分析评价.结果表明:受底泥分布影响,湾区沉积物重金属主要累积于距岸边约700m以上的低洼区,且表层沉积物(0~2cm)重金属含量大致随泥深增加而增大.基于地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,除Hg(Eri=325.5)和Cd(Eri=240.28)外,大多数重金属处于低风险状态,各金属元素污染顺序为Hg>Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cr>Ni.其中,富集倍数最高的Hg和Cd具有同源性,污染等级均为3级.垂向分析表明,受Hg和Cd的影响,0~14cm沉积物已达严重生态风险程度(RI>525),14~34cm沉积物中Hg具有中度生态风险.建议亟须从流域角度对该汇流湾区重金属特别是Hg和Cd进行控制.     

重庆主城区次级河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价

山地城市次级河流因季节性降雨容易导致沉积物中污染物形成"二次污染",沉积物可能具有重金属潜在生态风险.本文采集了重庆市主城区19条次级河流表层沉积物,分析了7种重金属元素(V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb)的污染水平,解析了重金属污染来源,并从流域层面评价次级河流表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,与背景值(中国土壤元素背景值)相比,除V外,其它6种重金属元素超标1.1~6.7倍.富集系数分析和主成分分析显示,沉积物中重金属V、Ni和Pb均未发生富集(富集系数小于1.5),且主要来源于自然源.Cd、Zn、Cu和Cr平均富集系数分别为6.63、2.31、1.90和1.40,均存在不同程度的富集;Cr、Zn和Cu主要来源于工业废水的排放.主城区次级河流表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数RI值范围为77~382,均值为228,总体属于中等生态风险等级.空间分布上,重庆主城区西北部汇入嘉陵江的次级河流表层沉积物重金属表现出较高的生态风险,东南部汇入长江的次级河流表层沉积物表现为相对较低的风险.     

巢湖表层沉积物中砷的分布特征及其污染评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR法研究了该沉积物样品中不同形态砷的分布特征,并对该沉积物中砷的污染状态进行了评价。结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中的总砷浓度高于沉积物的背景值(源自“安徽省江淮流域区域生态地球化学调查”项目9个湖泊663件沉积物样品统计结果),在空间上表现出东西高,中间低的分布特征,巢湖表层沉积物中的砷主要以残渣态为主,占总砷浓度的68.64%~79.24%,弱酸提取态、可还原态和可氧化态砷浓度分别为1.18~2.82,0.73~2.01和0.05~1.06 mg/kg,三种形态的砷浓度平均值所占比例为3.83:2.90:1,该沉积物中总砷浓度为西湖区高于东湖区,可氧化态砷则为东湖区高于西湖区。由于沉积物中砷浓度的高低与流域有机物和营养盐的污染负荷密切相关,因此该沉积物中的残渣态砷有向可还原态和弱酸提取态砷迁移转化的可能性。采用潜在生态风险指数法、地累积指数法和沉积物重金属质量基准法对巢湖表层沉积物中砷的污染状态进行评价,结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中砷污染程度较轻,潜在风险很小,短期内对周边环境和生物不会造成很大的威胁。     

深圳市龙岗区大气颗粒物中多溴联苯醚的污染特征研究

为了解深圳市龙岗区大气颗粒物中多溴联苯醚的污染状况,于2017年1月、4月、8月和11月分别采集龙岗区大气颗粒物样品.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC/MS）对深圳市龙岗区4个功能区（工业区、商业区、居民区和生态区）的80个大气颗粒物样品进行检测,得到PBDEs（多溴联苯醚）8种单体（BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154、BDE-183、BDE-209）的质量浓度,同时研究了大气颗粒物中PBDEs质量浓度的时空分布特征.结果表明:①深圳市龙岗区大气颗粒物中ρ（∑₈PBDEs）（∑₈PBDEs为PBDEs 8种单体的加和）范围为0.07~77.80 pg/m3,ρ（∑₈PBDEs）年均值为（6.86±14.17）pg/m3.ρ（BDE-209）范围为0.01~76.23 pg/m3,年均值为（5.10±13.58）pg/m3,BDE-209为主要污染单体.② 4个功能区的ρ（∑₈PBDEs）平均值大小顺序依次为工业区（13.65 pg/m3）>商业区（7.75 pg/m3）>生态区（3.95 pg/m3）>居民区（2.19 pg/m3）,工业区是环境空气颗粒物中PBDEs的主要污染区.③ ρ（∑₈PBDEs）平均值的季节性变化规律为春季（13.32 pg/m3）>冬季（9.18 pg/m3）>秋季（2.17 pg/m3）>夏季（1.51 pg/m3）,符合深圳市亚热带海洋季风气温和气候对环境空气中颗粒物质量浓度的影响规律.研究显示,深圳市龙岗区大气颗粒物中PBDEs质量浓度处于较高水平,污染严重,建议减少含PBDEs产品的生产、使用和运输等活动,或找到更利于环境安全和人体健康的替代品,降低PBDEs对该地区的污染.      

泉州山美水库及入库河流沉积物中多溴二苯醚的时空分异和降解分析

为了解城市水源水库中多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)的时空分异和同系物的降解来源及其贡献,分析了泉州山美水库及入库河流表层沉积物中PBDEs的含量、污染程度、空间分布、水文期变化、赋存量、同系物组成及其降解来源的贡献.结果表明,入库河流沉积物中∑PBDEs中值(1072.1 ng·g^-1)是山美水库(160.4 ng·g^-1)的6.7倍,山美水库单位面积沉积物中∑PBDEs的赋存量(80.3 kg·km^-2)是太湖的6.3倍,北美五大湖的188倍,其污染程度较国内外大多数湖库更严重,且以BDE-209为主(84.5%～99.2%).水库大多数样点(r为0.564～0.994,P<0.034)及河流各点(r为0.953～1.0,P<0.000)间PBDEs组成相似度较高,入库区和入库河流样点间极显著正相关(r为0.779～0.964,P<0.005)且相关性强于其他功能区,显示入库河流是水库中PBDEs的主污染源.库尾区与入库河流相关性较低(r为0.454～0.915,P≤0.128),受九都镇影响较大.各样点∑...     

Potential toxic risk of heavy metals from sediment of the Pearl Riverin South China

Based on the monitoring of five heavy metal elements in the surface sediments of the Pearl River in South China, potential toxicity of the heavy metals was assessed using consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) method and geo-accumulation (I_geo) index method. The monitoring results showed the heavy metal concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with each other, demonstrating a common trend in variation of concentration in the surface sediments. The assessment using the consensus-based SQGs method showed the potential toxicity of Cu was the highest, and Cd was the lowest. The evaluation based on mean probable effect concentration (PEC) quotient showed the region was seriously polluted with high toxicity heavy metals. Correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation between the mean PEC quotient and the average of I_geo with a correlation coefficient of 0.926 (n = 23, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the consensus-based SQGs and mean PEC quotient are applicable to assess potential toxicity risks of heavy metals in freshwater sediments in the Pearl River.     

珠江三角洲沉积物钻孔中多溴联苯醚的垂直变化规律研究

采用GC/MS分析方法测定了珠江三角洲水体5个钻孔(分别采自东江东莞段、珠江广州段、北江中段、西江入海口和顺德段)80个样品中10种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs,BDE209和∑9BDEs)的含量,对其沉积规律进行研究和探讨.∑9BDEs含量范围为1.54~94.8 ng·g-1,平均值为15.4 ng·g-1.BDE209含量范围为14.4~588 ng·g-1,平均值为136 ng·g-1,占总PBDEs含量的70%以上.钻孔中PBDEs含量从底部到表层呈现上升趋势,表明近年来珠江三角洲PBDEs环境排放仍在增加.5个钻孔中低溴代∑9BDEs从表层至底部逐渐增加,而高溴代∑9BDEs逐渐减少,意味着钻孔中可能存在脱溴降解行为.     

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenylethane in surface sediments from Fuhe River and Baiyangdian Lake, North China

Nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river (Fuhe River) in North China were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE). The concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in sediments ranged from 5.5 to 300.7 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 68.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Their levels in sediments in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake. Compared to data from other regions, the PBDE levels in surface sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River were in the medium to lower range. Among the PBDE congeners, BDE209 was predominant, with contributions to the total PBDEs ranging from 79.4% to 97.3% in sediment samples. For the lowly brominated congeners (tri- to hepta-BDE), BDE47 and BDE99 were the most abundant, which contributed 52.1% and 44.1% to the sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs in the sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River, respectively. The compositional patterns of PBDEs in Baiyangdian Lake sediments indicated that technical deca-BDE mixture was the major pollutant sources with a minor contribution of penta-BDE mixture. The present study suggested that the importance of Fuhe River as a possibly potential sources of PBDEs contamination in Baiyangdian Lake.     

沉积物中溴化联苯醚的分析方法和污染特征研究

详细讨论了沉积物中溴化联苯醚的提取净化、仪器测定、定量方法和质量控制。总结了国内外沉积物中PBDEs的污染现状与特征。最后根据我国的国情,对PBDEs的研究重点和方向提出建议。     

上海城市地表灰尘重金属污染粒级效应与生物有效性

以上海中心城区为例,在分析地表灰尘重金属污染粒级效应基础上,研究重金属赋存形态及其生物有效性.结果表明,地表灰尘平均中值粒径为132 μm,低于75 μm粒径级别颗粒物占有最大的体积含量.重金属污染显示出明显的粒级效应,随着粒径降低,重金属含量呈现明显的增加趋势,150 μm和75 μm是主要级别,其中<75 μm颗粒物污染物含量依次为Cr>Pb>Cd>Zn>Ni>Cu.对地表灰尘重金属赋存形态研究表明,Zn以碳酸盐态为主;Ni以残渣态为主;Pb主要为铁锰结合态存在,Cu和Cd则以有机态为主;Cr主要以残渣态存在.重金属活性形态比例依次为Zn>Pb>Ni>Cd>Cu>Cr.与国外城市相比,上海城市地表灰尘Zn、Pb和Ni生物活性比例较大,而Cu和Cd活性比例相对较低,Cr活性水平与其它城市相当,环境危害相对最小.     

开封城市河流表层沉积物重金属分布、污染来源及风险评估

河流沉积物重金属污染状况对河流水生态系统健康发展具有重要意义.采集开封城市河流水系表层沉积物,分析了沉积物p H、粒度、有机质、总氮及6种重金属含量,使用相关性与主成分分析方法对沉积物中重金属来源进行解析,并采用污染负荷指数法和沉积物质量基准系数法进行了重金属的污染评价.结果表明,开封城市河流表层沉积物有机质平均含量为88.87 g·kg-1,全氮平均含量为2.48 g·kg-1,重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb含量远超河南省土壤元素背景值.相关分析和主成分分析显示,沉积物有机质、全氮含量和重金属含量有一定相关关系,而沉积物p H及平均粒径对重金属含量影响较小;6种重金属可被辨识出2个主成分,其中Cd、Cr、Zn和Pb为人为复合源因子,Cu和Ni为工业与自然源因子.污染负荷指数分析表明,惠济河和化肥河为强度污染,黄汴河、东护城河、药厂河和马家河为中度污染.沉积物质量基准系数评价结果表明,惠济河存在中等生态风险,化肥河存在高等生态风险,且沉积物重金属存在较大潜在生物毒性效应.     

多溴联苯醚在电子废弃物拆卸地沉积物中的垂直分布

采用气相色谱质谱联用仪对采自清远电子废弃物拆卸地水库钻孔沉积物中的多溴联苯(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)进行了分析,调查其在沉积物中的垂直分布.结果表明,PBDEs在所有的样品中均检出,含量为0.43～141 ng/g,平均为9.26 ng/g.PBDEs在下层(16 cm以下)沉积物中含量较低、变化很小(0.43～2.30 ng/g),但在上层沉积物中含量明显增加(2.90～141 ng/g),反映了当地电子废弃物拆卸活动的影响;3种工业源的PBDEs,即五溴、八溴和十溴PBDEs,表现出相似的垂向分布趋势,说明其来源的一致性.其中,十溴PBDEs是最主要的PBDEs,平均占所有PBDEs的79.6%,其次是五溴PBDEs(14.7%),而八溴PBDEs所占比例最低(5.69%).3种PBDEs的组成模式显示,它们与相应的工业品PBDEs组成都有一定差异,可能因其降解行为不同所致.一些PBDE的同族体组成在沉积钻孔的垂直变化也进一步说明高溴代PBDE在沉积物的埋藏期间可能发生了降解,虽然还需要进一步研究证实.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from three typical industrial areas in Beijing, China

Areas containing industrial facilities belonging to three different typical industries that may cause pollution by polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in Beijing, China were investigated. Specifically, the areas contained a solid waste incineration plant, a chemical factory, and a heat and power plant. Investigation of the pollution status of PBDEs in the surface soil from areas around these industries revealed the highest concentration of 42 PBDE congeners （118 ng/g, dry mass） at the solid waste incineration plant. In the other two plants, the highest concentrations were both 26 ng/g （dry mass）. Among the PBDE homologues, the PBDE contamination at all sites showed similar congener compositions, with BDE 209 being the dominant congener. Our findings established the first contamination status of three typical industrial areas in Beijing. Furthermore, the total concentrations of 42 PBDE congeners tended to decrease as the distance from the investigated plants increased. Overall, these plants were identified as potential pollution sources of PBDEs in Beijing. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the major PBDE source in Beijing may be associated with the technical deca-BDE and penta-BDE mixture. Based on the data obtained in this preliminary investigation, further study of the potential of these sources to emit PBDEs in Beijing is warranted.     

巢湖表层沉积物重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为对象,对重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb)总量及形态进行分析并运用潜在风险指数法和风险评价编码两种方法对巢湖表层沉积物重金属的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中的重金属含量表现为西部湖区高,东部湖区低的特征,其中南淝河入湖区重金属含量是全湖的1.09~1.21倍.BCR形态分析表明,巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Ni和Cu以残渣态为主(分别占总量82.99%、63.63%和54.25%),Cd和Zn以弱酸提取态为主(分别占总量55.96%和35.84%),Pb以可还原态和可氧化态为主(分别占总量39.66%和24.56%).潜在生态风险危害指数(RI)表明,南淝河入湖河口区域具有较大生态风险(RI值范围为351.54~381.17).风险评价编码方法(RAC) 的结果显示,Cd处于极高风险水平,Zn基本处于高风险水平,Cu 和Ni处于中低风险,Pb处于低风险水平,Cr各采样点均处于无风险.因此, 对需着重考虑对南淝河入湖湖区的Cd和Zn元素的重点治理.     

开封城市河流底泥重金属积累生态风险评价及同位素源解析

分析了开封市不同区位3条代表性河流底泥样品中重金属总量及形态.采用改进的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了不同区位河流底泥的污染情况.使用MC-ICP-MS分析了Pb、Zn和Cu的稳定同位素组成,并基于此尝试解析底泥中重金属污染来源.结果表明：①开封城市河流底泥各重金属含量均超过环境背景值,重金属污染以Cd最为严重,其次为Zn、Cu、Pb、As、Cr和Ni.位于老工业区的化肥河底泥中重金属的平均含量明显高于老城区和新开发区.②从形态分布来看,开封城市河流底泥重金属Cd和Zn的生物有效态含量最高,具有较高的潜在风险.老工业区河流底泥中重金属的生物有效态含量高于老城区及新开发区.③潜在生态风险评价结果表明,位于老工业区的化肥河底泥重金属污染表现为很强生态风险程度的V等级,位于老城区的黄汴河和新开发区的马家河则均表现为强生态风险程度.④基于Pb-Zn-Cu同位素组成表明,老工业区底泥重金属主要来自工业活动,老城区黄汴河和新开发区马家河重金属主要来自生活污水的排放及城市地表径流.     

广州市室内尘土中多溴联苯醚的分布特点及来源

随机采集了广州市46个家庭和12个办公室内尘土样品,同时采集了17个室外尘土样品、2个电视机和2个电脑尘土样品并分析了室内尘土中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量、单体分布及来源.结果表明,家庭尘土中∑10PBDEs(BDE28,47,66,85,99,100,153,154,183,209之和)的含量为 564.3~9654ng/g,中值和均值分别为 2686,3407ng/g;办公室尘土中∑10PBDEs 的含量为 1737~4408ng/g,中值和均值分别为3133,3179ng/g.室内尘土中PBDEs的最主要单体为BDE209,分别占家庭尘土和办公室尘土∑10PBDEs的97.4%和99.0%.BDE47、99和183在室内尘土中含量也较高.大多数室内尘土中∑10PBDEs的含量高于室外,说明室内可能有重要的PBDEs释放源.室内尘土中PBDEs的主要工业品来源为十溴联苯醚,五溴联苯醚次之,八溴联苯醚较少.     

闽江福州段与城市内河表层沉积物重金属污染特征研究

为了探讨城市内河对闽江福州段重金属污染的影响特征,本文对闽江福州段和福州城市主要内河表层沉积物中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb 6种重金属元素进行了系统的分析,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险评价法进行污染情况和潜在危险评估.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb含量范围分别为:5.55~131.35、0.74~138.82、2.45~95.84、24.24~609.72、2.82~95.90、13.91~108.45mg·kg~(-1),各重金属含量平均值明显高于福建省土壤环境背景值,但低于国家土壤环境质量Ⅱ类标准值(除As略高于Ⅱ类标准).地累积指数法评价结果表明,表层沉积物中重金属大多为无污染或中污染程度,受人类活动影响强烈.潜在生态风险评价法表明,表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb和Zn存在轻微潜在风险,As以中等潜在风险为主,总体存在轻微潜在风险.重金属污染物的空间分布与福州市的发展格局相适应,人类活动集中的老城区和工业密集区,是闽江与内河重金属污染物含量相对较高的区域.城市内河汇入闽江后,携带的大量重金属污染物加剧了闽江重金属污染.建议加强对闽江重金属含量较高的晋安河段、光明港段-磨溪河段的污水排放监控.     

莱州湾地区土壤及底泥中多溴联苯醚水平及其分布

对莱州湾地区十溴联苯醚生产厂家附近土壤及底泥中的多溴联苯醚的含量进行了检测.所采集土壤和河流底泥样品中Σ8 PBDEs(BDE-28、-47、-100、-99、-154、-153、-183、-209) 的含量在58.2～7190.7 ng·g-1(干重)之间, 所有样品中,BDE-209 相对含量最高,其对Σ8PBDEs 的贡献为74.81% ～99.01 %.在8种PBDEs同族体的相关性研究中发现BDE-209与BDE-183、-154、-153、-100、-99呈现显著负相关,相关系数r为-0.842～-0.996(α=0.01).BDE-183、-154、-153、-100、-99之间呈显著正相关,相关系数r为0.805～0.994(α=0.01).产品十溴联苯醚在环境中的降解可能是测定样品中BDE-99、-100、-153、-154、-183的来源之一.