Ansätze zur regionalen Quantifizierung von Methan aus Pflanzen

Background

Methane as a gas influencing our climate is of high importance according to the Kyoto-Protocol. The more precisely we can determine anthropogenic and biogenic sources, the more effective measures we can take to reduce the gas. Direct emission of methane from plants apparently contributes significantly to the total emission but has not been accounted for in emission balances until now.

Methods

A model was created to calculate methane emission for a short time period in regional resolution for Lower Austria and to relate the results to known literature.

Results and Discussion

First model results suggest that the amount of methane released from plants in relation to emissions from other known sources are of importance.

Perspectives

The uncertainties associated with both measurements and quantification require reduction by further research.     

Bakterielle Biotestverfahren zur Bestimmung der Toxizität von Abfällen

For a risk assessment of wastes, fast and sensitive screening methods are required to detect possible toxic effects. In this study, different leachability methods (DIN 38414, part 4; EPA 1310; EPA 1320) were used to prepare aqueous leachates from different wastes; these leachates were rested in different bacterial toxicity test systems for possible toxic effects. As bacterial toxicity tests, the luminescent bacteria test and the growth inhibition test with activated sludge bacteria were used. The test systems showed a good agreement of the results from the different leaching methods, thereby indicating the reliability of the test systems used. The luminescent bacteria inhibition test showed a higher sensitivity than the growth inhibition test which is in good accordance with literature data. We conclude that both test systems are well suited to assess the toxic potential of aqueous waste leachates.     

Prüfanforderungen des Umweltbundesamtes zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf terrestrische Pflanzen

The fundamental data requirements for the authorization of plant protection products and the inclusion of active ingredients in Annex I of Council Directive 91/414/EEC are described in the Annexes II and III of this Directive. Definite instructions with regard to preconditions and for implementation and methodology (guidelines) concerning investigations with terrestrial plants are deficient. In the following, the scientific data requirements are explained for assessing the effects of plant protection products on terrestrial plants.     

Untersuchung von Abfällen mit biologischen Testverfahren zur Bewertung der Wassergefährdung

Wastes from three different types of waste treatment facilities were examined with bioassays to determine their hazard potential to waters (→Part I). All examined wastes showed toxic effects and have to be classified as hazardous to waters according to section 19g of the German Federal Water Management Act. The toxicity is probably caused by heavy metals in the leachates, especially copper. An evaluation pattern to classify wastes in the German system of Water Hazard Classes is presented. According to this proposal, a classification of the examined wastes into Water Hazard Class 1 seems to be appropriate. This classification does not describe the hazards resulting from the regular disposal on a landfill or from the utilisation of the treated wastes.     

Untersuchung von Abfällen mit biologischen Testverfahren zur Bewertung der Wassergefährdung

Wastes from three different types of waste treatment facilities (slag from a municipal waste incineration plant, slag granules from a pilot plant combining carbonization and incineration, mechanical and biological treated wastes) were examined to determine their hazard potential to different waters sites. The process temperature is seen to be the main difference between the three treatment processes. The wastes were extracted with water according to the German standard DIN 38414 S 4 and additionally at a constant pH value of 4. The leachates were investigated in a battery of aquatic bioassays and characterised physically and chemically. Every leachate revealed in a toxic effect at least in one test. The toxicity of the leachates prepared at a pH of 4 was significantly higher than the toxicity of the leachates prepared by extraction with water without pH adjustment. The leachates of the slag granules showed the lowest toxicity. On the basis of these experimental results, a scheme to derive Water Hazard Classes of wastes, which is presented in part II of this publication, was developed.     

Bewertungsmaßstäbe zur Beurteilung von Schadstoffbelastungen in Böden anhand der Bioverfügbarkeit

Until now, assessment of contaminated sites is based on variable protection goals, whereby total contents and in part mobile contents are considered. Due to interactions of pollutants in soil and bound residues, total contents do not reflect the actual risk. In contrast an investigation based on availability/bioavailability of contaminants would enable a harmonization of the protection-goal-based evaluation and a closer-to-reality risk assessment for the individual location.     

Abschätzung der Einträge von polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen in deutsche Gewässer

Background, aim, and scope Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) result from incomplete combustion of almost every organic materials, e.?g. due to forest fires, residential heating, combustion engines, grilling, or smoking. PAH are predominantly distributed over the air-path. Their usage in products (e.?g. moth-balls) has been limited strictly or completely forbidden in the past. In the context of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), the single substances anthracene, fluoranthene and naphthalene, as well as PAHs as group of substances, are listed as “priority” substances. Background of this work is a first compilation of sources of PAH emissions, and in this context, the collection of all relevant data and information to calculate the total emissions into surface waters in Germany. Materials and methods Within the scope of diverse research projects, funded by the German Environmental Agency, the available data material concerning PAH input in surface waters has been analyzed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research. On the basis of the collected data, a first evaluation of relevance of the different sources has been conducted using the model MONERIS. Results As a result of the atmospheric deposition, PAHs enter, to a large extent, surface waters directly or indirectly through surface runoff (e.?g. urban areas, wastewater treatment plants, erosion). Discussion Although there is still additional research need for some of the covered PAH sources, a noticeable distribution pattern of relevance emerges. Conclusions The scenarios, based on the currently known sources, show that the implementation or the neglect of emission reduction measures in the field of diffuse air-borne PAHs are crucial for the further development of the deposition of PAHs in surface waters. More far-reaching studies are necessary, e.?g. concerning emissions from inland navigation/motor boats, the inhomogeneous source “products”, or the path “erosion”. Recommendations and perspectives According to the EU-WFD, all depositions, emissions and losses of “priority hazardous” classified substances, such as the group of PAHs, have to be stopped or gradually finished in the long term. Until the year 2015, environmental quality standards (EQS) have to be met for all “priority substances”. Presently, the EQS often are not completely fulfilled for many substances of the PAH group, including benzo(a)pyrene. Reduction measures are necessary within diverse areas, especially concerning diffuse atmospheric emissions (e.?g. “residential heating”).     

Bewertung der Umweltgefährlichkeit von Stoffen

By sending a questionnaire to all companies of the pulp and paper, textile finishing and leather industries in Germany a study ascertained wastewater data concerning the general situation, treatment processes and specific amounts. With these data standard figures used in the EU for the assessment of chemical substances were checked. The volume flows of the industrial sewage treatment were determined for the facilities of all three branches which discharge their wastewater directly to the receiving waters. The 10 percentile score of these facilities amounted to only a quarter of the EU standard figure of 2,000 m³/d. This value is related to a standardised waste water treatment plant within the EU, which treated the wastewater of 200 l/d from 10,000 inhabitants. The analyses of the entire branch in each case yield dilution factors of 20–70% of the EU standard value of 10. Only the full tanning leather companies yielded a dilution factor of 10. The volume flows of the sewage treatment plants of the facilities discharging to the sewer system exceeds 2,000 m³/d in call cases.     

Die rolle der umweltprobenbank in der Umweltüberwachung am beispiel von chlorierten kohlenwasserstoffen in ausgewählten matrizes

For precautinary environmental protection the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) has been successfully established as a permanent environmental surveillance tool in Germany. The presented monitoring results on chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) show very clearly the effects of political decisions and can be used for the identification of pollutant sources. The CHC burden of breams (Abramis brama) from five German rivers (Elbe, Rhein, Saar, Mulde, Saale) gives an current overview of the pollution situation of different limnic ecosystems in Germany. A calculation model about the distribution of organic pollutants between different tissues offers the possibility to predict concentrations in liver and muscle of breams. Legislative emission restrictions have led to a significant decrease of dioxin levels in herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs between 1988–1996.     

Beurteilung von Gefahren aus militärischen Altlasten in Einzugsgebieten von Trinkwassergewinnungsanlagen auf der Basis eines Kriterienkataloges

To include consequences emanating from former military sites on the drinking water supply, a catalog of criteria has been developed which permits the determination and assessment of the hazards in general and their impact on human health in particular. The assessment criteria correspond to the special requirements and standards for drinking water hygiene and protection in Germany. The criterion catalog is a completion module to the usual praxis and existing conceptions, and has proved its practical value in the initial assessment of military sites in the new federal states of Germany. The scheme is a control instrument suitable for obtaining an assessment concerning the extent to which drinking-water resources are and will be affected by former waste disposal and other contaminated sites at the present and in the future.     

Photometrische Bestimmung der Zytotoxizität von Chemikalien

Two test methods are presented to assess the cytotoxicity of chemicals. On one hand the protozoonTetrahymena pyriformis and on the other the bacteriumPseudomonas aeruginosa is cultured in defined media containing the test chemicals. Test parameter is the quantity of living cells surviving exposure. The conversion of the tetrazolium salt MTT into formazan is equivalent to cell viability. A mixture of detergent and isopropanol is used to dissolve the blue formazan which is not soluble in water, prior to photometric measurement. For cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt, potassium dichromate, 4-toluenesulfonic acid sodium salt, and 4-nitrophenol the EC50-values (mol/l) in theTetrahymena pyriformis- (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) test system were: 10^?5,81 (10^?5,08); 10^?4,68) (10^?3,80; 10^?4,50 (10^?4,14); 10^?3,97 (10^?5,11); 10^?2,71 (10^?2,50) and 10^?4,00 (10^?3,64). — With the assays described here it is possible to measure a large number of samples by quick and simple means.     

Analyse „stetigkeitsbasierter“ Methoden zur Bestimmung von Stofffrachten in Fließgewässern

Aim and background

Increasing ecological awareness puts the load as a tool for water quality assessment in the foreground. Therefore it is very desirable to find optimal procedures for any given situation on basis of existing data. Criteria will be derived to fill that desire.

Method

The load for a water ingredient is an integrated entity of time-continuous loads (product of concentration and flow) for a given time, i.?e. a year (yearly load). Normally you can only observe a sample (in a statistical meaning) of these data. Therefore, load calculations vary with the concrete sample given. Each such calculation represents an estimation of the load, afflicted with some uncertainty. This uncertainty can be quantified, at least approximatively, by adding variance (scatter around “expected” mean) and the square of bias (divergence of “expected” mean from true mean). This quantity is called “mean squared error”. The methodological results will be illustrated by examples.

Focus

The main focus lies on the methodologies, which, besides data of concentrations observed discretely in time, additionally use quasi-continuously recorded data of other variates, namely the flow. For that situation, statistical models are developed and the load derived and estimated according to existing data. Hereby it is seen that all model based estimation formulae can be described as standard sampling formulae plus some additional terms which stem from comparison of some measurements (i.?e. mean) for quasi-continuous and discrete samples. This way a “continuity-correction” is performed on the standard formulae for the sampling case. This method is called “continuity-based” load determination.

Results

A surprising result is that no complicated mathematical-statistical models are necessary to determine the load. A simple linear concentration- or load-flow-model is sufficient. Additional variates lead, most of the time, to a larger mean squared error in load estimation, even when it is well known that they cannot detoriate the model fit. Only models which describe the concentration extraordinarily precise, near perfection, result in a smaller error.

Implications

It is enough to use one of the given formulae with some “continuity correction” to calculate a load. That can be done without using any software.     

Das Biologische System der Elemente (BSE): Eine modelltheoretische Betrachtung zur Essentialität von chemischen Elementen

The correlation of data on the elements obtained by instrumental chemical analysis of highly representative plant samples led to the establishment of a first Biological System of Elements (BSE) in 1994. Including other physiological parameters like availability of chemical elements, transport, storage, etc. it is clear, that aside from the bioinorganic aspects of coordination chemistries of given elements, features of essentiality or toxicity depend on their interference with enzymatic processes. Notably, the latter are not to be considered as purely catalytic transformations, but are instead related to the reproduction of organisms in a direct or indirect manner — as autocatalytic: a process whereby a protein containing some metal or burdened in function by its presence is indirectly involved in its own reproduction. Stoichiometric Network Analysis (SNA) explicitly deals with the general dynamics of such autocatalytic systems. Given there is a relationship between the kinds of metal or metalloid species and the key biological/biochemical transformations to be promoted using them — a relationship which is the topic of bioinorgnaic chemistry-, and that biochemistry is in effect about systems which can reproduce and thus behave autocatalytically, one can expect SNA to yield statements on the basic features of biology and biochemistry as well.     

Identifizierung toxischer Verbindungen in Sedimenten: Ansätze zur Integration von Wirkung und Bioverfügbarkeit

Sediments play an important role for aquatic ecosystem functions. However, they also act as sink, storage and source of lipophilic toxicants and metals. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is a powerful tool to identify compounds causing adverse effects. In order to avoid misinterpretations and biased prioritization bioavailability needs to be considered together with effects. Bioavailability is a complex process finally resulting in the transfer of a so far particle bound molecule to the target location within the organism where it causes an effect. In order to operationalize this concept for EDA it can be divided into several partial processes. These include desorption from sediments and thus bioaccessibility, equilibrium partitioning of desorbable compounds between sediment, water and organisms driven by activity, and toxicological bioavailability as a result of toxicokinetics including resorption, transport, metabolization and excretion. Bioaccessibility is based on desorption kinetics and can be simulated with mild extraction methods e.?g. using TENAX. Equilibrium partitioning can be simulated with partition-based dosing techniques. First results with these approaches indicate that consideration of bioavailability increases the significance of polar sediment-associated toxicants relative to classical non-polar contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.