木质素盐在原油污染土壤清洗中的应用

木质素磺酸盐价格低廉,容易获得,若将其作为洗油剂中的牺牲剂,可较大幅度地降低洗油成本.以华北油田原油、华北平原典型表层土壤为模拟原料,配制了石油污染土壤,探讨木质素磺酸铵和木质素磺酸钠的洗油性能,以及木质素磺酸盐与壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚、曲拉通和平平加的复配效果.实验以碳酸钠和硅酸钠为助剂,经反复实验筛选,确定了4组最佳洗油剂配方：（Ⅰ）6（曲拉通）：6（平平加）：8（木素钠）：40（硅酸钠）：40（碳酸钠）;（Ⅱ）6（曲拉通）：6（壬酚聚醚）：8（木素钠）：35（硅酸钠）：45（碳酸钠）;（Ⅲ）9（曲拉通）：3（壬酚聚醚）：8（木素钠）：50（硅酸钠）：30（碳酸钠）;（Ⅳ）6（曲拉通）：6（壬酚聚醚）：3（木素铵）：5（木素钠）：35（硅酸钠）：45（碳酸钠）.以此配方为基础,利用正交实验设计对搅拌温度、时间、固液比和加药浓度等工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明：当搅拌温度75℃、搅拌时间50 min、固液比1：15、加药总浓度为0.3g/L时,洗油率可达92.25%.清洗后污油无明显乳化现象,且浮于液面,只须简单刮油即可回收.     

五硫代碳酸钠处理含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液的实验研究

采用一种新型还原剂五硫代碳酸钠(Na2CS5)处理含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液.考察了含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液的pH值、五硫代碳酸钠的用量、反应时间、沉淀时间和Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度等对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的影响.结果表明,含白(Ⅵ)水溶液初始pH值和沉淀阶段溶液的pH值分别控制为1.5和8～8.5,n(Cr2O72-):n(CS52-)=1:...     

造纸黑液木质素用于制备人造板胶粘剂的研究

分别采用硫酸、硝酸和盐酸从造纸黑液中提取木质素,以此替代部分苯酚.制备改性人造板用酚醛树脂胶粘剂,并测定其固体含量、动力黏度(40℃)、游离甲醛含量和胶合强度等性能;考察了3种酸析木质素掺入量、催化剂(氧氧化钠)加入量和苯酚与甲醛摩尔比(简称酚醛比)对木质素酚醛树脂胶粘剂性能的影响.结果表明,当硫酸、硝酸木质素掺入量为苯酚用量的20%(质量分数,下同)时,获得的胶粘剂性能较好;以硝酸木质素掺入量为苯酚用量的20%为例,当氢氧化钠加入量为苯酚用量的0.6%(质量分数)、酚醛比为1.0:1.5时.制备的硝酸木质素酚醛树脂胶粘剂胶合性能较好.用木质素替代部分苯酚,不仅可以降低产品成本,而且减少了苯酚的用量,更环保.     

电-Fenton法处理4-氯酚废水

采用电解法对 4 氯酚废水进行了处理。以活性炭纤维 (ACF)为阴极 ,铁为阳极 ,并向阴极不断通入空气 ,电解过程中生成的H2 O2 与阳极溶解的Fe2 + 形成Fenton(芬顿 )试剂 ,Fenton试剂在电解的过程中可以产生大量活性羟基·OH ,能够很好地氧化降解废水中的 4 氯酚。在最佳试验条件下 :室温 ,氯酚浓度为 5 0mg/L ,电解时间为 6 0min ,pH值为4 5 ,电流密度为 15 38A/m2 ,Na2 SO4浓度为 3g/L时 ,4 氯酚去除率为 85 70 %。     

飞灰/水菱镁石新型复合脱硫剂的性能研究

采用飞灰和水菱镁石水合搅拌制备飞灰/水菱镁石新型复合脱硫剂,模拟湿法烟气脱硫过程,采用正交实验分析法探讨了液固比(质量比)、反应温度、搅拌速度以及鼓泡深度4个因素对脱硫效率的影响。结果发现:复合脱硫剂的比表面积增大,这有利于该复合脱硫剂与气相SO2的接触和反应,因而提高了脱硫效率。复合脱硫剂的最佳反应组合:液固比为15.0∶1.0、反应温度为常温(20℃)、搅拌速度为150r/min、鼓泡深度为2.0cm,该条件下脱硫效率为98.58%。     

中温焙烧/钠化氧化法回收电镀污泥中的铬

采用中温焙烧/钠化氧化法从电镀污泥中回收铬.结果表明,影响铬浸出率的最主要因素为焙烧温度.电镀污泥与碳酸钠质量比、焙烧时间、水浸时间对铬浸出率的影响较接近,在水浸水固比为10.0 ; 1.0(质量比)、室温、焙烧温度为650℃、焙烧时间为2.0h、电镀污泥与碳酸钠质量比为1:1、水浸时间为60 min的最佳浸出条件下,铬浸出率为99.3%;去除氢氧化铝、氢氧化锌的最佳反应温度和pH分别为90～95℃和7.5;去除硫酸钠晶体的最佳pH为4.0,在最佳试验条件下,铬回收率为90.57%.     

微波辅助光催化降解氯酚类污染物的研究

研究了溶液中4-氯酚(4CP)、2-氯酚(2CP)、4-氯-3-甲基酚(4C3MP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)的微波辅助光催化降解(MW/PCO).结果表明,6种氯酚(CPs)光降解速率与分子中Cl原子取代的数目、位置等分子结构性质有关,单氯酚比多取代氯酚易光解.MW/PCO降解4CP的主要中间产物为苯酚、氯苯、对苯醌、对苯二酚等,降解PCP的主要中间产物为2,3,5,6-四氯对苯醌、2,3,4,6-四氯对苯二酚、四氯酚.CPs降解的机制是紫外光降解和羟基自由基 (·OH)亲电子加成脱氯过程.     

Experimental research of dyeing and printing wastewater treatment by flocculation-MBR combined technology

采用絮凝—膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺进行印染废水处理的试验研究.结果表明,调节pH至8.5、搅拌时间为30min时,COD和色度去除效果最佳;而单纯絮凝工艺对印染废水处理效果不理想,最佳运行条件为64 mg/L NaOH+75 mg/L饱和石灰水+0.2 mg/L聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)+3 mg/L硅酸钠+8 mg/L聚合氯化铝(PAC),COD和NH3-N平均去除率分别达到23.91％、31.17％.在上述最佳运行条件下,采用絮凝—MBR组合工艺处理印染废水,效果较显著;出水COD均值可达42.2mg/L,其平均去除率为91.62％;出水NH3-N均值可达6.26 mg/L,其平均去除率为92.43％,出水水质可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准.     

纳米TiO_2光催化降解硝基酚类污染物动力学及机理的研究

采用纳米TiO2(P25)粉末作为催化剂,研究了几种典型硝基取代酚在TiO2/UV悬浮体系下的光催化降解.研究表明,这些化合物的降解过程符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,其表观速率常数(kapp)的大小为:2-氨基-4硝基酚(2-A,4-NP)>4-硝基酚(4-NP)>2-硝基酚(2-NP)>3-硝基酚(3-NP)>2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)>2,4,6-三硝基酚(2,4,6-TNP),而吸附平衡常数(KL)却与Kapp成反比.苯环上取代基的种类和数日对有机物光催化降解活性有很大的影响,硝基的加入降低了光催化活性,并且kapp与Hammett常数(σ)具有较好的线性关系.     

废铅酸蓄电池铅膏铵法预脱硫过程的动力学分析

以废铅酸蓄电池中铅膏为研究对象,开展了用NH_4HCO_3为脱硫剂对铅膏进行脱硫转化的实验研究。通过分析反应过程中PbSO_4转化率随时间的变化关系,考察了搅拌速度、反应温度及NH_4HCO_3浓度对铅膏脱硫转化的影响;利用固液多相反应的收缩核模型,分析了反应的动力学过程,并计算了反应的表观活化能及表观反应级数。结果表明:在实验选取的条件范围内,提高反应温度、增大NH_4HCO_3浓度及加快搅拌速度均可以促进铅膏的脱硫转化;表观活化能为9.7 kJ·mol~(-1),表观反应级数为0.71,反应过程受内扩散步骤控制。研究结果可为铅膏铵法预脱硫技术能高效、低耗的应用提供参考。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.