Microbial community response to addition of polylactate compounds to stimulate hexavalent chromium reduction in groundwater

To evaluate the efficacy of bioimmobilization of Cr(VI) in groundwater at the Department of Energy Hanford site, we conducted a series of microcosm experiments using a range of commercial electron donors with varying degrees of lactate polymerization (polylactate). These experiments were conducted using Hanford Formation sediments (coarse sand and gravel) immersed in Hanford groundwater, which were amended with Cr(VI) and several types of lactate-based electron donors (Hydrogen Release Compound, HRC; primer-HRC, pHRC; extended release HRC) and the polylactate-cysteine form (Metal Remediation Compound, MRC). The results showed that polylactate compounds stimulated an increase in bacterial biomass and activity to a greater extent than sodium lactate when applied at equivalent carbon concentrations. At the same time, concentrations of headspace hydrogen and methane increased and correlated with changes in the microbial community structure. Enrichment of Pseudomonas spp. occurred with all lactate additions, and enrichment of sulfate-reducing Desulfosporosinus spp. occurred with almost complete sulfate reduction. The results of these experiments demonstrate that amendment with the pHRC and MRC forms result in effective removal of Cr(VI) from solution most likely by both direct (enzymatic) and indirect (microbially generated reductant) mechanisms.     

温度对生物除磷系统微生物种群关系及动力学的影响

以西安市第三污水处理厂的氧化沟工艺为对象,利用荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）,研究了温度对强化生物除磷系统（EBPR）除磷性能及微生物种群关系的影响。结果表明：当水温低于20 ℃时,厌氧释磷速率和乙酸吸收速率随着温度上升逐渐增加,聚磷菌（PAOs）占总细菌（EUB）的比例也逐渐增加;当水温在20~25 ℃之间,厌氧释磷速率达到最大值,为10.86 mg P·（g VSS·h）-1,乙酸吸收速率随温度升高持续增加,PAOs占EUB的比例也达到最大值,为6.65%;当水温高于25 ℃时,厌氧释磷速率随温度的升高而下降,而乙酸吸收速率则继续增加,聚糖菌（GAOs）的数量已经超过PAOs而成为优势菌,导致处理效果下降。通过对实验数据的统计,得出活性污泥厌氧乙酸吸收速率的温度系数为1.018。     

碳氮比对高盐废水单室MFCs产电、污染物去除及微生物群落结构的影响

构建了 5套单室无膜空气阴极微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC),探讨了碳氮比对单室MFC产电及污染物去除效果的影响,并通过微生物高通量测序分析了电极生物膜的优势菌种.结果表明:当碳氮比分别是3∶1、4∶1、5∶1、6∶1和7∶1时,在产电性能方面,碳氮比的提高有利于电池电能的输出;当碳氮比...     

The effect of triclosan on microbial community structure in three soils

The application of sewage sludge to land can expose soils to a range of associated chemical toxicants. In this paper we explore the effects of the broad spectrum anti-microbial compound triclosan on the phenotypic composition of the microbial communities of three soils of contrasting texture (loamy sand, sandy loam and clay) using phospholipid fatty-acid (PLFA) analysis. Each soil type was dosed and subsequently re-dosed 6 weeks later with triclosan at five nominal concentrations in microcosms (10, 100, 500, 1000 mg kg⁻¹ and a zero-dose control). PLFA profiles were analysed using multivariate statistics focussing on changes in the soil phenotypic community structure. Additionally, ratios of fungal:bacterial PLFA indicators and cyclo:mono-unsaturated PLFAs (a common stress indicator) were calculated. It was hypothesised that triclosan addition would alter the community structure in each soil with a particular effect on the fungal:bacterial ratio, since bacteria are likely to be more susceptible to triclosan than fungi. It was also hypothesised that the PLFA response to re-dosing would be suppressed due to acclimation. Although the microbial community structure changed over the course of the experiment, the response was complex. Soil type and time emerged as the most important explanatory factors. Principal component analysis was used to detect phenotypic responses to different doses of triclosan in each soil. As expected, there was a significant increase in the fungal:bacterial ratio with triclosan dose especially in treatments with the highest nominal concentrations. Furthermore, the PLFA response to re-dosing was negligible in all soils confirming the acclimation hypothesis.     

污泥好氧颗粒化过程中微生物群落结构的演变与分析

为了揭示颗粒污泥形成过程中微生物群落结构多样性的演变过程,以人工配水为进水,在SBR中采用厌氧/好氧循环的手段成功培育出具有聚磷特性的颗粒污泥,利用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE技术获得了微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,对条带进行了统计分析和切胶测序,并建立了系统发育树。结果表明,污泥沉降性能的改善要先于颗粒污...     

厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动及微生物群落结构分析

构建了2个装载不同填料的厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器（R1：载活性炭的K3填料;R2：普通K3填料）,对比研究了2种厌氧氨氧化系统的启动特征、脱氮性能,分析了R1反应器的微生物群落结构变化规律,并对R1不同高程的基质去除特征和微生物群落组分进行了解析。结果发现,R1在第86天启动成功,短于R2的100 d,长期运行后R1和R2的最大氮容积负荷（NLR）分别为2.156和2.122 g·（L·d）-1,最大氮去除负荷（NRR）分别达到1.855和1.815 g·（L·d）-1。在R1中,内部基质浓度随高度增加而降低,进水NH4+-N浓度较低时（50、100 mg·L-1）和较高时（350、450 mg·L-1）,基质的去除分别集中在反应器高度0~7 cm和17~37 cm处,而且厌氧氨氧化菌含量与氮去除率间呈正相关关系。另外,R1运行过程中厌氧氨氧化优势菌种由Candidatus brocadia（20 d）变为Candidatus Jettenia和Candidatus Kuenenia的混合菌种（134 d）。     

不同基质碳源下人工湿地微生物燃料电池的电化学性能及微生物群落结构

通过设计一种下流式人工湿地微生物燃料电池(CW-MFC)系统,研究了以葡萄糖(S.G.)和乙酸钠(S.S.)为基质碳源时系统的电化学性能及其微生物群落结构,揭示了该系统在不同基质碳源下的产电特性.结果 表明,S.S.发电电压可达483 mV,最大功率密度为48.14 mW·m-2,优于S.G.(42.61 mW·m-2...     

温度对序批式膜生物反应器生物脱氮影响及微生物机制解析

针对生猪养殖废水处理过程中普遍存在的脱氮效果不佳,工艺流程较长等问题,采用中试规模序批式膜生物反应器(SMBR)处理生猪养殖废水,并与猪场现有废水处理A²/O工艺进行了比较。结果表明：SMBR在运行温度逐步降低的情况下,可以取得较好的污染物去除效果,氨氮平均出水浓度为10 mg·L⁻¹,去除率达到98.6%;总氮平均出水浓度为31 mg·L⁻¹,去除率达到96.5%;COD为332 mg·L⁻¹,去除率达到96.5%。猪场现有A²/O工艺对氨氮、总氮和耗氧有机物的去除率分别为99%、88%和97%。高通量测序和OUT分类结果表明,SMBR中主要的AOB为Nitrosomonas,NOB主要为Nitrospira、Nitrobacter和Nitrolancea。AOB是SMBR主要的硝化细菌,NOB是A²/O工艺中主要的硝化细菌,并且反硝化细菌在SMBR中的菌群丰度高于A²/O工艺中的反硝化菌群丰度。综上所述,与A²/O工艺相比,SMBR具有短流程和脱氮效果较好等优势,这可使其具有较好的应用前景。     

The combined effects of urea application and simulated acid rain on soil acidification and microbial community structure

Our aim was to test the effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) at different pHs, when applied to fertilized and unfertilized soils, on the leaching of soil cations (K, Ca, Mg, Na) and Al. Their effects on soil pH, exchangeable H⁺ and Al³⁺ and microbial community structure were also determined. A Paleudalfs soil was incubated for 30 days, with and without an initial application of urea (200 mg N kg^?1soil) as nitrogen (N) fertilizer. The soil was held in columns and leached with SAR at three pH levels. Six treatments were tested: SAR of pH 2.5, 4.0 and 5.6 leaching on unfertilized soil (T1, T2 and T3), and on soils fertilized with urea (T4, T5 and T6). Increasing acid inputs proportionally increased cation leaching in both unfertilized and fertilized soils. Urea application increased the initial Ca and Mg leaching, but had no effect on the total concentrations of Ca, Mg and K leached. There was no significant difference for the amount of Na leached between the different treatments. The SAR pH and urea application had significant effects on soil pH, exchangeable H⁺ and Al³⁺. Urea application, SAR treated with various pH, and the interactions between them all had significant impacts on total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). The highest concentration of total PLFAs occurred in fertilized soils with SAR pH5.6 and the lowest in soils leached with the lowest SAR pH. Soils pretreated with urea then leached with SARs of pH 4.0 and 5.6 had larger total PLFA concentrations than soil without urea. Bacterial, fungal, actinomycete, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial PLFAs had generally similar trends to total PLFAs.     

水力负荷与有机负荷协同作用对人工湿地微生物群落结构的影响

以单层基质结构(CW1)、3层基质结构(CW3)、6层基质结构(CW6)的水平潜流人工湿地系统为对象,考察水力负荷及有机负荷对不同人工湿地系统去除COD、总悬浮固体(TSS)效果的影响,同时利用高通量测序技术,分析高负荷条件下系统微生物群落结构。结果表明,不同水力负荷运行条件下,随着有机负荷的提高,CW1、CW3、CW6湿地系统对COD、TSS的去除率均表现出先升高后下降的趋势,总体看来,在相同运行条件下CW6湿地系统COD、TSS的去除率最高。群落结构分析表明,不同人工湿地系统微生物结构存在相似性,但湿地床体的基质结构会对微生物群落结构产生一定影响,总的来说分层填充的人工湿地系统微生物群落结构更为稳定,对污染物的去除效果更好。     

间歇曝气生物炭湿地中污染物的去除特征及微生物种群结构

生物炭作为一种疏松多孔的吸附材料,近年来被广泛应用于受污染水体净化。通过构建生物炭投加比为0、10%、30%和40%的间歇曝气湿地系统(分别命名为CW、BW1、BW2和BW3),探究了生物炭投加比例对间歇曝气湿地中污染物去除及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,投加生物炭可提高湿地系统曝气段水体中平均溶解氧(DO)浓度。其中,BW3曝气段平均DO浓度为2.5 mg·L−1,相较于CW提高了13.6%,但添加生物炭对非曝气段DO浓度影响不显著(P>0.05)。所有湿地系统水体中化学需氧量(COD)去除率均高于90%,生物炭添加对耗氧有机物去除的影响并不显著。当生物炭投加比例由0增加至40%时,氨氮的去除率由80.76%提高至99.43%。生物炭可以显著提升湿地系统总氮的去除效果,BW3的总氮去除率相较于空白对照提高了18.5%,且在各反应器出水中均未检测到硝态氮(${{\rm{NO}}_3^ -} $-N)和亚硝态氮(${{\rm{NO}}_2^ -} $-N)。高通量测序结果显示,在门类水平,生物炭增加了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetess)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)数量,降低了放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和螺旋体菌门(Saccharibacteria)的相对丰度。各湿地系统中已检出与脱氮相关的菌属共13种,生物炭投加可提升Nitrospira、Thauera、Rhodobacter和Pseudomonas等10余种与脱氮相关的菌落丰度。在间歇曝气湿地系统中,生物炭可以通过增加脱氮相关菌属,提高对氮素污染物的净化效果。     

不同温度下曝气生物滤池运行效能与微生物群落结构

采用Biostyr 曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理城市污水,研究了温度变化对其处理效果与微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,温度低于18℃(低温)时,BAF对COD和NH4+-N去除率均低于60%;当水温在18~22℃(中温)之间变化时,BAF对COD 和NH4+-N的去除效果稳定且明显高于低温时的去除率;当水温高于22℃(高温)后,BAF对COD和NH4+-N去除率与水温正相关,去除率随温度的升高而显著提高。PCR-DGGE分析表明,温度越高BAF内总细菌微生物群落多样性越好;定量PCR分析表明,BAF内总细菌、氨氧化细菌和硝化细菌的菌群密度均随温度升高而增大,与其对污染物的去除率变化趋势一致。BAF在低温环境下,滤池内的菌群结构变得简单、菌群密度降低,但出水水质仍能满足要求,表明BAF工艺具有良好的抗低温冲击能力。     

Mineralization of PAHs in coal-tar impacted aquifer sediments and associated microbial community structure investigated with FISH

The microbial community structure and mineralization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a coal-tar contaminated aquifer were investigated spatially using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and in laboratory-scale incubations of the aquifer sediments. DAPI-detected microbial populations in the contaminated sediments were three orders of magnitude greater than nearby uncontaminated sediments, suggesting growth on coal-tar constituents in situ. Actinobacteria, beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria, and Flavobacteria dominated the in situ aerobic (>1 mg l(-1) dissolved oxygen) microbial community, whereas sulfate-reducing bacteria comprised 37% of the microbial community in the sulfidogenic region of the aquifer. Rapid mineralization of naphthalene and phenanthrene were observed in aerobic laboratory microcosms and resulted in significant enrichment of beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria potentially explaining their elevated presence in situ. Firmicutes, Flavobacteria, alpha-Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were also enriched in the mineralization assays, but to a lesser degree. Nitrate- and sulfate-limited mineralization of naphthalene in laboratory microcosms occurred to a small degree in aquifer sediments from locations where groundwater chemistry indicated nitrate- and sulfate-reduction, respectively. Some iron-limited mineralization of naphthalene and phenanthrene was also observed in sediments originating near groundwater measurements of elevated ferrous iron. The results of this study suggest that FISH may be a useful tool for providing a much needed link between laboratory microcosms and groundwater measurements made in situ necessary to better demonstrate the potential for natural attenuation at complex PAH contaminated sites.     

pH对SBR处理效果及活性污泥微生物群落结构的影响

采用序批式生物反应器（SBR）对pH值为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0和10.0的原水进行处理,发现COD和TN去除率在pH=8.0时达到最大,NH4+-N去除率随pH升高而增大,在pH=10.0时可达91.0%,碱性条件下污水处理效果更佳;利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术分析不同pH值下的活性污泥总细菌群落结构,其结果显示,碱性条件下的优势菌为β-proteobacterium,承担脱氮功能的细菌中可培养的是Rhodanobacter sp.,pH=8.0时总细菌多样性指数最高。     

The interactions between plant growth,vegetation structure and soil processes in semi-natural acidic and calcareous grasslands receiving long-term inputs of simulated pollutant nitrogen deposition

Regular applications of ammonium nitrate (35-140 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)) and ammonium sulphate (140 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)) to areas of acidic and calcareous grassland in the Derbyshire Peak District over a period of 6 years, have resulted in significant losses in both overall plant cover, and the abundance of individual species, associated with clear and dose-related increases in shoot nitrogen content. No overall growth response to nitrogen treatment was seen at any stage in the experiment. Phosphorus additions to the calcareous plots did however lead to significant increases in plant cover and total biomass, indicative of phosphorus limitation in this system. Clear and dose-related increases in soil nitrogen mineralization rates were also obtained, consistent with marked effects of the nitrogen additions on soil processes. High nitrification rates were seen on the calcareous plots, and this process was associated with significant acidification of the 140 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) treatments.     

某大型造纸废水处理厂的污泥膨胀控制及微生物群落结构分析

以一座处理规模为15×10⁴ m³·d⁻¹的造纸废水处理厂污泥膨胀控制为研究对象。通过进水补充氮磷营养物质、进水更换混凝剂去除硫化物,控制系统DO为1.5 mg·L⁻¹ ,选择池加大预曝气等措施改变优势丝状菌的生存环境。经过调控,系统SV、SVI出现显著下降,分别从98%、198 mL·g⁻¹下降至37%、80 mL·g⁻¹,恢复至正常范围,从而解决了该厂的污泥膨胀问题。对污泥进行微生物镜检和染色镜检分析发现,该厂活性污泥膨胀主要为Type 021N型丝状菌 (发硫菌) 和Beggiatoa sp. (贝氏硫细菌) 过度繁殖引起的丝状膨胀。对污泥膨胀控制前后的活性污泥进行高通量测序以分析其微生物菌群结构,从种属变化角度发现在污泥膨胀前后,Actinobacteria门中Rhodococcus属占比从2.92%下降为0.19% 、Mycolata属占比从0.1%下降为0,Alpha-proteobacteria门中的Meganema属占比从0.14%下降为0、Gamma-proteobacteria中Thiothrix占比从0.18%下降为0.01%。这几种微生物是引起该厂污泥膨胀的主要菌属。本研究案例在解决污泥膨胀问题的前提下,减少了药剂用量,提升了系统处理能力,避免了污泥流失,吨水电耗得以降低,且方法简单易行高效,可为其他同类污水处理厂解决污泥膨胀问题提供参考。     

丰水期长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征及影响因素

为探究长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征及与环境因子的响应关系,在综合考虑主要入湖河流和污染源类型等因素的基础上进行分组,分析入湖河流中溶解氧(DO)、pH、氮磷比(TN/TP)、水温(WT)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)共7个理化因子的分布特征。基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术并结合Circos、ANOSIM和冗余分析(RDA)等方法分析微生物群落结构特征的差异以及微生物群落与理化因子的关系。结果表明：不同污染类型的长荡湖入湖河流中优势菌门、菌属种类相似,但相对丰度却有所差别。优势菌门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);优势菌属包含hgcI clade、CL500-29 marine group、Acinetobacter、Comamonadaceae-Unclassified和Hydrogenophaga。ANOSIM分析表明长荡湖入湖河流微生物群落结构特征与污染源类型相关。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示pH、TP与长荡湖入湖河流的优势菌门呈显著相关(P<0.05);DO、pH与长荡湖入湖河流的优势菌属呈显著相关(P<0.05)。入湖河流的微生物群落在门、属分类水平上具有较高多样性且与污染源类型和理化因子相关,这为长荡湖入湖河流污染防治和生态修复提供了数据支撑。     

The dissipation of three fungicides in a biobed organic substrate and their impact on the structure and activity of the microbial community

Biopurification systems (BPS) have been introduced to minimise the risk for point source contamination of natural water resources by pesticides. Their depuration efficiency relies mostly on the high biodegradation of their packing substrate (biomixture). Despite that, little is known regarding the interactions between biomixture microflora and pesticides, especially fungicides which are expected to have a higher impact on the microbial community. This study reports the dissipation of the fungicides azoxystrobin (AZX), fludioxonil (FL) and penconazole (PC), commonly used in vineyards, in a biomixture composed of pruning residues and straw used in vineyard BPS. The impact of fungicides on the microbial community was also studied via microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration and phospholipid fatty acid analysis. AZX dissipated faster (t _1/2?=?30.1 days) than PC (t _1/2?=?99.0 days) and FL (t _1/2?=?115.5 days). Fungicides differently affected the microbial community. PC showed the highest adverse effect on both the size and the activity of the biomixture microflora. A significant change in the structure of the microbial community was noted for PC and FL, and it was attributed to a rapid inhibition of the fungal fraction while bacteria showed a delayed response which was attributed to indirect effects by the late proliferation of fungi. All effects observed were transitory and a full recovery of microbial indices was observed 60 days post-application. Overall, no clear link between pesticide persistence and microbial responses was observed stressing the complex nature of interactions between pesticides in microflora in BPS.     

复合菌剂对土霉素菌渣好氧堆肥腐熟及微生物群落结构影响

针对抗生素菌渣中抗生素残留难处理的问题,采用好氧堆肥法将其制成有机肥料,以实现其无害化处理及资源化利用。通过将复合菌剂添加到好氧堆肥体系中,研究其对堆体理化性质、肥效、毒性和微生物群落的影响。结果表明,添加复合菌剂最高温度可达70.55 ℃,比对照组高温期延长了5 d,减少了氮源流失,有机质降解率提高了5.56%,土霉素降解率高达98.86%,使堆肥产品达到安全水平。此外,复合菌剂提高了堆肥中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的相对丰度,与堆体升温正相关的嗜热菌属(Thermophilic bacteria genera)丰度显著增加(P<0.01),而致病细菌相对丰度下降。细菌群落相关性分析结果表明,接种菌剂既增加了微生物活性,降低了细菌群落的复杂度,又为优化建立新的和更加健康的堆肥细菌群落奠定了基础。本研究可为抗生素降解菌渣在堆肥中的应用提供参考。