Behavior of pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) using combined conventional and ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (UF/RO) treatments

The behavior along the potabilization process of 29 pharmaceuticals and 12 drugs of abuse identified from a total of 81 compounds at the intake of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) has been studied. The DWTP has a common treatment consisting of dioxychlorination, coagulation/flocculation and sand filtration and then water is splitted in two parallel treatment lines: conventional (ozonation and carbon filtration) and advanced (ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis) to be further blended, chlorinated and distributed. Full removals were reached for most of the compounds. Iopromide (up to 17.2 ng/L), nicotine (13.7 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (1.9 ng/L), cotinine (3.6 ng/L), acetaminophen (15.6 ng/L), erythromycin (2.0 ng/L) and caffeine (6.0 ng/L) with elimination efficiencies ≥94%, were the sole compounds found in the treated water. The advanced treatment process showed a slightly better efficiency than the conventional treatment to eliminate pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse.     

Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants - Conception of a database and first results

We created a database in order to quantitatively assess the occurrence and removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). From 117 scientific publications, we compiled 6641 data covering 184 PPCPs. Data included the concentrations of PPCPs in WWTP influents and effluents, their removal efficiency and their loads to the aquatic environment. The first outputs of our database allowed to identify the most investigated PPCPs in WWTPs and the most persistent ones, and to obtain reliable and quantitative values on their concentrations, frequency of detection and removal efficiency in WWTPs. We were also able to compare various processes and pointed out activated sludge with nitrogen treatment and membrane bioreactor as the most efficient ones.     

某饮用水处理厂中5种抗生素的去除

通过对美国某饮用水厂处理工艺和对象的介绍,研究各处理单元对克拉霉素(clarithromycin,CLA)、脱水红霉素(erythromycin-H2O,ERY)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin,LEV)、新诺明(sulfamethoxazole,SUL)和甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim,TRI)等5种目标抗生素的去除规律;从目标抗生素的残留和各处理单元的去除率角度分别分析时间和空间对去除规律的影响,并探讨抗生素和常规水质参数去除率间的相关关系。研究发现,原水中5种抗生素的平均浓度范围为0～26.8 ng/L,出水降至0～2.3 ng/L,该水厂工艺对5种抗生素的总去除率可达79.5%,其中CLA、ERY、LEV、SUL和TRI的去除率分别为92.8%、24%、100%、85.7%和53.2%;不同采样时间各采样点的抗生素浓度均呈现出秋季高的特点,但各处理单元的处理效率在不同的季节却表现出很大的差异;CLA可作为抗生素总量变化趋势预测的"指示抗生素";抗生素的总量浓度和总去除率与UV254的浓度及去除率之间有很好的正相关性,可以通过对UV254值的测定和去除率的计算来预测抗生素浓度的大小和去除率变化趋势。该研究从抗生素去除角度为我国新建和改扩建饮用水厂工艺提供较好的理论依据。     

东部河网地区某饮用水厂运行效果分析及纳滤净化

为考察我国东部河网地区饮用水水质,本文以浙江某饮用水厂为研究对象,评估了水厂现有净水工艺(混凝-沉淀-炭砂过滤)对常规水质指标、金属离子、消毒副产物(DBPs)和微量有机污染物(TrOCs)等的控制效果,并基于小试实验探究了纳滤工艺对水质的提升情况。结果表明,水厂现有工艺处理后的出水能满足国家饮用水卫生标准要求,而纳滤工艺可显著提高部分常规指标以及富里酸、蛋白质类有机物的去除效果,减少50%以上的DBPs生成量。水厂原水和滤后水中检出了22种TrOCs,其中磺胺甲恶唑、美托洛尔、磺胺噻唑、咖啡因、阿替洛尔、诺氟沙星等的纳滤去除率为62%~100%。对于经济条件较好而水源微污染风险较高的东部河网地区,可以考虑以纳滤工艺为核心进行水厂升级改造,提升饮用水水质。     

生产废水回用对常规净水工艺去除有机农药的影响

通过小试实验,研究了生产废水直接回用对常规净水工艺各处理单元去除有机农药的影响。结果表明,尽管生产废水直接回用能够显著提高浊度和UV254的去除率,但对有机农药去除的影响差异较大。对于具有较大正辛醇/水分配系数(lgKow)的农药,生产废水回用能够提高其去除效果,而对于lgKow较小的有机农药,生产废水直接回用对其去除效果没有显著影响;另外,由于生产废水本身含有一定浓度的该类农药,长期回用可能会引起出水中该类物质的富集现象。     

天津市某污水处理厂脱氮效率的评价

城市污水处理厂作为城市污水处理的重要承担者,其处理能力不足势必会对下游水体产生严重影响,也给水体的再生利用带来了难度,污水处理厂的去除效率变得尤为关注。以2014年3-12月天津市某污水处理厂氮的监测数据为基础,对其脱氮效率进行了评价。结果表明:污水处理厂脱氮效率偏低,总氮平均去除率为55.61%,且出水仅达到二级排放标准(GB 18918-2002),水厂进水C/N、水温对总氮的去除效率影响很大;水厂氨氮的平均去除率为87.40%,其去除率受进水NH4+-N浓度影响很大,水厂对高浓度的进水NH4+-N(大于70 mg/L)去除效率偏低,而进水NH4+-N小于60 mg/L时,出水NH4+-N基本能满足一级A排放标准(GB 18918-2002);水厂出水的亚硝态氮含量很高,其主要受溶解氧和C/N的影响;水厂对有机氮的去除效果不佳,需要采用深度处理技术。     

Evaluating pharmaceuticals and caffeine as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water sources of the Greater Montreal region

We surveyed four different river systems in the Greater Montreal region, upstream and downstream of entry points of contamination, from April 2007 to January 2009. The studied compounds belong to three different groups: PPCPs (caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen, gemfibrozil, and trimethoprim), hormones (progesterone, estrone, and estradiol), and triazine herbicides and their metabolites (atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, simazine, and cyanazine). In the system A, B, and C having low flow rate and high TOC, we observed the highest detection frequencies and mass flows of PPCPs compared to the other compounds, reflecting discharge of urban contaminations through WWTPs and CSOs. However, in River D, having high flow rate and low TOC, comparable frequency of detection of triazine and their by-products and PPCPs, reflecting cumulative loads of these compounds from the Great Lakes as well as persistency against natural attenuation processes. Considering large differences in the removal efficiencies of caffeine and carbamazepine, a high ratio of caffeine/carbamazepine might be an indicative of a greater proportion of raw sewage versus treated wastewater in surface waters. In addition, caffeine appeared to be a promising indicator of recent urban fecal contaminations, as shown by the significant correlation with FC (R² = 0.45), while carbamazepine is a good indicator of cumulative persistence compounds.     

Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a municipal wastewater treatment plant: mass balance and removal processes

Occurrence and removal efficiencies of fifteen pharmaceuticals were investigated in a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant in Michigan. Concentrations of these pharmaceuticals were determined in both wastewater and sludge phases by a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer. Detailed mass balance analysis was conducted during the whole treatment process to evaluate the contributing processes for pharmaceutical removal. Among the pharmaceuticals studied, demeclocycline, sulfamerazine, erythromycin and tylosin were not detected in the wastewater treatment plant influent. Other target pharmaceuticals detected in wastewater were also found in the corresponding sludge phase. The removal efficiencies of chlortetracycline, tetracycline, sulfamerazine, acetaminophen and caffeine were >99%, while doxycycline, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine and lincomycin exhibited relatively lower removal efficiencies (e.g., <50%). For sulfamethoxazole, the removal efficiency was approximately 90%. Carbamazepine manifested a net increase of mass, i.e. 41% more than the input from the influent. Based on the mass balance analysis, biotransformation is believed to be the predominant process responsible for the removal of pharmaceuticals (22% to 99%), whereas contribution of sorption to sludge was relatively insignificant (7%) for the investigated pharmaceuticals.     

铈改性净水污泥除磷效能与机理分析

磷酸盐含量是控制水环境质量的重要标准之一,吸附是一种高效、清洁和经济的除磷技术。采用铈改性净水污泥吸附去除磷酸盐,考察了铈负载量、投加量、pH、共存离子等因素对吸附磷酸盐的影响,探讨了可能的吸附机理及吸附材料循环再生能力。结果表明,铈改性净水污泥吸附磷酸盐过程符合拟二级动力学和Freundlich吸附等温线,最大吸附量为69.43 mg·g⁻¹,吸附速率受内扩散、边界层效应等多重因素的限制。在Cl⁻、NO₃⁻、CO₃²⁻、SO₄²⁻等共存离子干扰下,铈改性净水污泥具备选择性吸附磷酸盐的能力。在进行5次吸附-解吸循环后,吸附材料对磷酸盐的去除率下降了25.4%。吸附机制主要为磷酸盐与羟基以及含铈基团的静电吸引和配体交换。     

Assessing the diurnal variability of pharmaceutical and personal care products in a full-scale activated sludge plant

An intensive sampling campaign has been carried out in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to assess the dynamics of the influent pharmaceutical active compounds (PhAC) and musks. The mass loadings of these compounds in wastewater influents displayed contrasting diurnal variations depending on the compound. The musks and some groups of PhACs tended to follow a similar diurnal trend as compared to macropollutants, while the majority of PhACs followed either the opposite trend or no repeatable trend. The total musk loading to the WWTP was 0.74 ± 0.25 g d⁻¹, whereas the total PhAC mass loading was 84.7 ± 63.8 g d⁻¹. Unlike the PhACs, the musks displayed a high repeatability from one sampling day to the next. The range of PhAC loadings in the influent to WWTPs can vary several orders of magnitude from one day or week to the next, representing a challenge in obtaining data for steady-state modelling purposes.     

中型污水处理厂中药物和个人护理品的分布与去除

为了解15种药物及个人护理用品(PPCPs)在中小型污水处理厂中的分布及其去除效果,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术对3座A2/O工艺的污水处理厂水样进行分析研究。结果显示,除普萘洛尔、吉非罗平和吲哚美辛在3座中小型污水处理厂各个工艺单元中均未被检出外,其余12种目标化合物的检出频率在90%~100%之间。进水水样中PPCPs的平均检出浓度为2 285.4 ng/L,其中咖啡因(CF)的平均检出浓度最高为973.3 ng/L,酮洛芬(KP)的平均检出浓度次之为844.7 ng/L,两者之和占进水水样中PPCPs平均含量的79.5%,表明污水处理厂的主要污染物为CF和KP。3座污水处理厂对CF的去除效果最为显著,平均去除率为95.3%,对15种PPCPs总去除效率在39.3%~82.8%之间。     

北方某污水厂MBBR工艺升级改造后的高效脱氮除磷效果

为研究北方某污水厂经过MBBR提标改造后,在秋冬季进水碳源较低的条件下生化段脱氮除磷率高于理论值的原因,采用沿程水质测定法及小试实验的方法验证其脱氮除磷效果,并通过基于16S rRNA的高通量测序对好氧段微生物菌群进行分析。结果表明,系统在好氧区存在显著的TN去除,去除率约占15%~20%,在缺氧区存在显著的TP去除,去除率高达63.04%,显示系统内发生了同步硝化反硝化(SND)和反硝化除磷现象。通过小试实验验证了好氧SND现象主要来自于悬浮载体,得益于悬浮载体生物膜功能菌分层分布;反硝化除磷现象则得益于系统较长的缺氧停留时间及较短的泥龄。系统中SND和反硝化除磷的存在是系统在低碳源消耗条件下取得高效脱氮除磷效果的主要原因;微生物菌群分析验证了SND现象主要来源于悬浮载体;悬浮载体上硝化菌群相对丰度为28.56%,是污泥的14倍,反硝化菌相对丰度约8.34%,为SND效果的发生提供了微观保证;污泥中存在Candidatus Accumulibacter、Acinetobacter和Tetrasphaera,为该污水厂存在反硝化除磷及高效除磷现象提供了微观证据。     

新型生物膜-微絮凝滤池与高密度沉淀-纤维转盘过滤深度处理污水厂尾水效能对比

为进一步去除污水厂二级处理出水中的氮、磷和悬浮污染物,对比研究了一种新型生物膜-微絮凝滤池与高密度沉淀-纤维转盘过滤联用工艺(以下简称组合工艺)的深度处理性能。结果表明：新型生物膜-微絮凝过滤的出水TP质量浓度≤0.1 mg·L⁻¹、$ {{\rm{PO}}_4^{3 - }}$-P质量浓度≤0.05 mg·L⁻¹、SS质量浓度≤10 mg·L⁻¹、TN质量浓度≤2 mg·L⁻¹、$ { {\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N质量浓度≤0.5 mg·L⁻¹;出水水质对受纳水体的环境影响小,综合污染指数仅为0.731,远小于组合工艺的2.734。此外,新型生物膜-微絮凝滤池避免了频繁的反冲洗,降低了反冲洗能耗,水处理成本仅为0.207元·m⁻³,比组合工艺低0.039元·m⁻³。     

Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants at the Spanish Mediterranean area of Valencia

A survey on the presence of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater of a Spanish Mediterranean area (Castellon province) was carried out. The scope of the study included a wide variety of pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutical classes. For this purpose, 112 samples, including influent and effluent wastewater, from different conventional wastewater treatment plants were collected. Two monitoring programmes were carried out along several seasons. The first was in June 2008 and January 2009, and the second in April and October 2009. During the first monitoring, the occurrence of 20 analytes in 84 urban wastewater samples (influent and effluent) was studied. The selection of these pharmaceuticals was mainly based on consumption. From these, 17 compounds were detected in the samples, with analgesics and anti-inflammatories, cholesterol lowering statin drugs and lipid regulators being the most frequently detected groups. 4-Aminoantipyrine, bezafibrate, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ketoprofen, naproxen and venlafaxine were the compounds most frequently found. In the highlight of these results, the number of analytes was increased up to around 50. A lot of antibiotic compounds were added to the target list as they were considered “priority pharmaceuticals” due to their more potential hazardous effects in the aquatic environment. Data obtained during the second monitoring programme (spring and autumn) corroborated the results from the first one (summer and winter). Analgesics and anti-inflammatories, lipid regulators together with quinolone and macrolide antibiotics were the most abundant pharmaceuticals. Similar median concentrations were found over the year and seasonal variation was not clearly observed. The removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals in the wastewater treatment plants was roughly evaluated. Our results indicated that elimination of most of the selected compounds occurred during the treatment process of influent wastewater, although it was incomplete.     

2种再生水深度处理工艺对有毒有机污染物去除效果的评价研究

采用固相萃取(SPE)技术和气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)的方法对2个再生水厂的进水和不同深度处理工艺出水中的有毒有机污染物进行了定性和定量分析,讨论了这2种不同再生水深度处理工艺对有毒有机污染物的去除效果.结果表明,厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A2/O)+连续微滤技术(CMF)+加氯消毒处理工艺和水解酸化+膜生物反应器(MB...     

Accounting for intended use application in characterizing the contributions of cyclopentasiloxane (D5) to aquatic loadings following personal care product use: Antiperspirants,skin care products and hair care products

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, commonly known as D5 (cyclopentasiloxane) has a wide application of use across a multitude of personal care product categories. The relative volatility of D5 is one of the key properties attributed to this substance that provide for the derived performance benefits from the use of this raw material in personal care formulations. On this basis, rapid evaporative loss following use of many products comprising D5 is expected following typical use application and corresponding wear time.     

An overview of the methods used in the characterisation of natural organic matter (NOM) in relation to drinking water treatment

Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. During recent decades, reports worldwide show a continuing increase in the color and NOM of the surface water, which has an adverse affect on drinking water purification. For several practical and hygienic reasons, the presence of NOM is undesirable in drinking water. Various technologies have been proposed for NOM removal with varying degrees of success. The properties and amount of NOM, however, can significantly affect the process efficiency. In order to improve and optimise these processes, the characterisation and quantification of NOM at different purification and treatment processes stages is important. It is also important to be able to understand and predict the reactivity of NOM or its fractions in different steps of the treatment. Methods used in the characterisation of NOM include resin adsorption, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The amount of NOM in water has been predicted with parameters including UV-Vis, total organic carbon (TOC), and specific UV-absorbance (SUVA). Recently, methods by which NOM structures can be more precisely determined have been developed; pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), multidimensional NMR techniques, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The present review focuses on the methods used for characterisation and quantification of NOM in relation to drinking water treatment.     

美国某污水处理厂工艺设计及运行效果

介绍了美国某污水处理厂的处理工艺流程、主要构筑物构成及其设计参数,通过对该污水处理厂一年内运行效果的调研,分析评价了该污水厂的进出水水质指标;该水厂工艺流程对TSS、BOD5、COD、NH3-N、TP和浊度的年平均去除率分别可以达到97.7％、97.7％、93.5％、82.6％、95.2％和97.9％,各项出水水质均优于我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准,通过对该水厂工艺的介绍和分析,为我国污水厂的建设及改造升级提供了一定的参考依据.     

热电厂双膜法中水深度处理系统运行效果与问题分析

中水已成为热电厂的重要水源,其深度处理是影响电厂水处理系统的关键。为评估双膜法在电厂深度处理中的潜力与稳定性,考察了山东某热电厂石灰混凝-超滤(UF)-反渗透(RO)系统不同季节的处理效果及污染物去除特征与各工段贡献率。研究表明：双膜法对浊度、色度、电导、碱度、COD和TOC的去除率分别达95.82%、96.62%、96.73%、98.22%、96.42%和89.13%,在夏季严重膜污堵的条件下,也可保障产水达标,是一种有效的中水深度处理技术。预处理仅去除某些大分子腐殖酸类有机物、硬度类物质、悬浮物,富里酸类有机物、氮等其他溶解性物质主要由RO去除(去除率均60%),因此,存在膜结垢和污堵的风险。不同季节污染物浓度变化不显著,但夏季高温条件下微生物代谢和繁殖速率较高,荧光指数(fluorescence index, FI)大于2,生物指数(biological index, BIX)为1.2左右,这是夏季膜污堵爆发的关键原因。     

外加植物碳源强化人工湿地处理农田退水效能分析

人工湿地作为一种高效处理农田退水的工程设施,其污染物去除效果会因系统内碳源缺失而降低。为了探究外加碳源强化人工湿地处理农田退水的效果,本研究选用芦苇、水葱作为外加碳源,分析了简单处理、碱泡处理、碱热处理3种预处理方式下植物碳源的静态释碳规律,并筛选优质碳源,探究了外加碳源对垂直流人工湿地净化农田退水的促进作用。结果表明,碱热处理后的芦苇具有持续析出碳源的能力,可显著提高人工湿地的脱氮除磷效能,其总氮和总磷平均去除率可达75.67%和91.37%;碱热处理后的芦苇自身析出的氮、磷含量较低,对湿地系统产生污染较小。此外,植物碳源添加的最适碳氮比为5,可实现同步强化脱氮除磷;在碳源充足的情况下,总氮、总磷在人工湿地底层的去除效果好于人工湿地中上层,底层微生物反硝化作用强,可促进系统脱氮,氧气可能是脱氮效果的限制因素之一。