Assessing the impact of pesticides on the environment

Pesticide use in agriculture can cause undesirable effects on humans and the natural environment. One of the objectives of integrated agriculture is the elimination or reduction of possible sources of environmental pollution such as pesticides. To achieve this objective, farmers need a method to assist them in estimating the environmental impact of pesticide use. This paper addresses a two-part question: what factors should be taken into consideration to assess pesticide environmental impact, and how can impact be quantified? As the environmental impact of a pesticide depends on its dispersion in the environment and on its toxicological properties, the literature on these topics is reviewed to address the first part of the question. To address the second part of the question, six recent approaches to assess the impact of pesticides on the environment are compared regarding choice, transformation and aggregation of input parameters. The use of simulation models to assess environmental impact is discussed.     

胶州湾岩心柱状沉积物中有机氯农药的气相色谱法测定

采用气相色谱法(GC)测定了胶州湾中部岩心柱状沉积物中10种常见的有机氯农药,发现狄氏剂、p,p'-DDT、异狄氏剂和β-666等4种是该海域主要的有机氯农药污染物.其中狄氏剂和p,p'-DDT的检出率为100%,其余2种分别为44%和67%.10种有机氯农药在样品中的总含量为(4.2～121.8)×10-12(干重).调查站位上4种主要的有机氯农药在柱状沉积物中的垂直分布特征为表层至20～22 cm层位其含量随深度的增加而增大;在22 cm以深层位,∑OCPs迅速降低,可能与深层沉积物中的氧化-还原条件以及微生物作用等环境因素引起的降解速率增大有关.     

跨区域环境治理中地方政府间的博弈分析

地方政府作为利益主体面临着经济发展和环境保护的双重压力,在环境事务的合作治理中,为争取自身利益的最大化展开博弈。文章运用博弈论的理论工具,从动态的、微观的角度分析跨区域环境事务中地方政府间的利益博弈过程和理性决策行为,并为区域间环境事务的合作和交流提出合理建议,以期为我国跨区域环境监管制度、机制的建设和完善提供了理论参考。     

青岛沿海养殖区贝类体内有机氯农药残留量分布和评价

2005年5月和9月分别在青岛周边的胶州湾、田横湾、鳌山湾、胶南等贝类养殖区的17个站位采集了杂色蛤,竹蛏,栉孔扇贝等三种贝类,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD),外标法定量,对贝类体内有机氯农药(HCHs、DDTs)残留量进行检测.并对不同情况下残留量的分布状况进行研究,结果表明:(1)贝类体内HCHs的检出率为60%,DDTs为100%.均未超过国家标准.(2)5月份农药残留量偏高,9月份残留量偏低.(3)生活在河流入海口处的贝类体内农残含量略有偏高.(4)栉孔扇贝对有机氯的富集尤为显著,残留量高.杂色蛤,竹蛏农药残留量低.     

推进企业清洁生产的总体途径

分析比较了企业开展清洁生产的行为与现阶段在推行清洁生产时企业存在的主要问题和障碍后，强调实施良好的环境管理对企业清洁生产行为的重要性。根据上海目前应加速推进清洁生产的进程，尽快建立清洁生产示范项目的目标和要求，提出了要应用ＩＳＯ１４００１环境管理体系的基本原理和要求，从组织上获得企业对清洁生产的承诺和支持，从制度上保证企业对清洁生产的实施和持续，以及资源的投入，以从根本上解决面临的问题和障碍，实现     

Pollution of surface waters with pesticides in Germany: modeling non-point source inputs

Pesticide pollution of surface waters represents a considerable hazard for the aquatic environment. However, the mean amount of pesticides reaching the water resources varies considerably between regions and depends highly upon application rates, chemical characteristics of pesticides and natural conditions during application. In this study a model was developed which estimates loss of 42 active ingredients applied to 11 field crops, vineyards and orchards along each non-point source path of entry (subsurface drains, runoff and spray drift). A spatially and temporally differentiated data set of application rates and periods was compiled for each active ingredient and target culture to enable the modeling of pesticide transport. The model results are provided in digital raster format (100 m×100 m) within a geographic information system (GIS). The calculated pesticide loads in surface waters were compared with measured loads from different catchments in Germany. Both data sets agreed as to the order of magnitude, nevertheless due to the scale of the study the estimated loads cannot be interpreted as absolute values and only differences between active ingredients, regions and application periods should be assessed.     

果园土壤有机氯农药残留的时间趋势研究

以天然荒地和蔬菜基地作为对照 ,于 1993年和 2 0 0 3年对北京市某果园中具有不同树龄的老果园和新果园的土壤有机氯农药 (HCH ,DDT)残留情况进行了定位监测 .结果表明 ,在禁用 2 0年后 ,土壤中的有机氯农药残留水平大幅度降低 ,其中老果园的有机氯农药残留浓度显著高于新果园 (P <0 0 5 ) .果园土壤有机氯残留浓度显著高于荒地和蔬菜基地对照 (P <0 0 5 ) .DDT是当地主要的有机氯污染物 ,利用绿色食品生产基地环境质量标准作为评价标准对该果园土壤的污染程度进行了评估 .评估结果表明 ,新果园的土壤质量能够满足绿色食品生产的要求 ,老果园由于土壤中DDT和HCH残留超标严重不适合作为绿色食品生产基地     

Pesticide exposures and respiratory health in general populations

Human exposures to pesticides can occur in the workplace, in the household and through the ambient environment. While several articles have reviewed the impact of pesticide exposures on human respiratory health in occupational settings, to the best of our knowledge, this article is the first one to review published studies on the association between pesticide exposures and human respiratory health in the general populations. In this article, we critically reviewed evidences up to date studying the associations between non-occupational pesticide exposures and respiratory health in general populations. This article also highlighted questions arising from these studies, including our recent analyses using the data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS), for future research. We found few studies have addressed the impact of environmental pesticide exposures on respiratory health, especially on lung function, in general populations. In the studies using the data from CHMS Cycle 1, exposures to OP insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, and the organochlorine pesticide DDT were associated with impaired lung function in the Canadian general population, but no significant associations were observed for the herbicide 2,4-D. Future research should focus on the potential age-specific and pesticide-specific effect on respiratory health in the general population, and repeated longitudinal study design is critical for assessing the temporal variations in pesticide exposures. Research findings from current studies of non-occupational pesticide exposures and their health impact in general population will help to improve the role of regulatory policies in mitigating pesticide-related public health problems, and thereafter providing greater benefit to the general population.     

低碳经济背景下地方政府环境政策执行力调控研究

环境政策执行力与低碳经济发展之间相互促进、相互推动。目前我国已形成较完整的环境政策体系,但在实际执行中并未取得应有的成效。参考国内外已有的地方政府环境政策执行力调控经验,分析环境政策执行力影响因素,从管理体制、诱导制度、监督制度、执行主体自身建设等多个角度提出在低碳经济背景下我国地方政府环境政策执行力调控策略。     

城市规划与环境规划空间管制协同策略研究

从空间管制角度出发,分析城市规划与环境规划空间管制衔接协调中存在的问题,并探讨了在当前绿色新型城镇化发展背景下,城市规划与环境规划的空间管制协同发展策略。     

On the use of systematic reviews to inform environmental policies

Environmental research varies in its methodological quality, degree of bias, and relevance to policy questions. Using this heterogeneous, and sometimes polarised, research to inform environmental policies can be challenging. Policy-making in the healthcare field sometimes uses systematic reviews (SRs) to tackle these issues and present a comprehensive, policy-neutral, transparent and reproducible synthesis of the evidence. However, there is less familiarity with SRs in the environmental field. The aim of this article is to: (1) summarise the process of conducting SRs, using best practice methods from the healthcare field as an example, (2) explain the rationale behind each stage of conducting a SR, and (3) examine the prospects and challenges of using SRs to inform environmental policy. We conclude that existing SR protocols from healthcare can be, and have been, applied successfully to environmental research but some adaptations could improve the process. The literature search stage could be expedited by standardising the reporting and indexing of environmental studies, equivalent to that in the healthcare field. The consistency of the study appraisal stage of SRs could be augmented by refining the existing quality assessment tools used in the healthcare field, enhancing their ability to discriminate quality and risk of bias in non-randomised studies. Ultimately, the strength of evidence within SRs on environmental topics could be improved through more widespread use of randomised controlled trials as a research method, owing to their inherently lower risk of bias when conducted according to best practice.     

溧阳市1985~2011年环境空气质量变化规律的模糊综合评价

选用模糊综合评价法,对溧阳市1985~2011年环境空气质量进行了综合评价,选用SO2、NO2、TSP/PM10作为评价因素,通过计算各评价因素权重分配系数和隶属度,分析了长期空气环境质量变化趋势。结果表明:TSP/PM 10为1985年以来溧阳市首要环境空气质量制约因素,20世纪80年代中期全市空气质量主要隶属于一级标准,20世纪80年代后期主要隶属于二级标准,20世纪90年代初期主要隶属于三级标准,20世纪90年代中后期至今主要隶属于二级标准,近几年受TSP/PM1 0因素影响,在三级标准的隶属度有上升趋势;自20世纪90年代中期始,NO 2超越SO2成为继PM 10之后制约空气质量的第2大因素;经济发展对环境空气质量的规模效应较为显著,技术减排效应逐步显现。     

Unpacking the black box of cleaner technology

This paper scrutinizes the concept of cleaner technology, drawing on both a review of the literature and case study analysis of new data. By analysing the intentions behind innovations as separate from outcomes, a complex relationship between intentions and outcomes, as well as between different motives, is revealed. The paper argues that cleaner technology is not in fact a type of technology, that the concept obscures the role of underlying environmental motives and ambitions and that cleaner technology innovations do not necessarily deliver the economic gains they are normally understood to do.     

近20年渔子溪流域土地利用变化的环境影响

采用渔子溪流域1986、1994及2002年的遥感影像资料,对流域土地利用变化导致的生态系统服务价值及景观格局指数的变化进行了定量分析.结果表明,在1986～2002年间,流域土地利用变化导致其总体生态系统服务功能增加了0.42%,其中产品供给功能、生态调节功能、生命系统支持功能、文化娱乐功能的相对变化率分别为1.15%、0.36%、0.16%和-0.94%,它们对总体生态系统服务功能变化的贡献率分别为62.95%、46.82%、6.33%和-16.1%.从景观格局变化来看,渔子溪流域的斑块密度指数在1986-2002年间从0.0016减小到0.0013,而景观破碎度指数从0.00307增大到0.00474,表明渔子溪流域的景观粒度减小而景观破碎化的程度提高.研究结果还表明,流域不同土地利用类型景观破碎度的变化趋势并不一致,其中耕地、疏林地、高覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地和居民建设用地的破碎度指数有所增加,而有林地、灌木林、中覆盖度草地和永久性冰雪覆盖的破碎度指数有所下降,这主要是由于一些零散分布的灌木林被开垦为耕地或转变为居民建设用地及气候变暖使得部分永久性冰雪覆盖转变为中覆盖度草地等原因造成的.     

Temporal trends in organophosphorus pesticides use and concentrations in river water in Japan, and risk assessment

We reviewed organophosphorus pesticide use in Japan between 1982 and 2016 using data from the National Institute of Environmental Studies. Organophosphorus pesticide concentrations in river water throughout Japan were taken from the literature, and risk assessments were performed for some organophosphorus pesticides based on risk quotients and hazard quotients. Assessments were performed for 20 common pesticides, including insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. The amounts used decreased in the order: insecticides?>?herbicides?>?fungicides. Organophosphorus insecticide and fungicide use have decreased over the last four decades, but organophosphorus herbicide use has increased. During this period, annual organophosphorus pesticide use was the highest for chlorpyrifos (105,263?tons/year) and the lowest for glyphosate-sodium (8?tons/year). The ecotoxicological risk assessment indicated that diazinon and fenitrothion posed strong risks to the Japanese aquatic environment, and chlorpyrifos and malathion have moderate risks. None of the pesticides that were assessed posed significant risks to humans. Continued use of organophosphorus pesticides in Japan may cause strong risks to aquatic environments. These risks should be reassessed periodically.     

科技创新战略中的“十二五”环境保护规划展望

本文对黑龙江省"十二五"期间经济又好又快发展、城镇化进程加快等因素带来的环境压力以及需重点关注的环境问题进行了分析,提出要创新思路,完善环境科技支撑体系,发展壮大环保产业,以解决重大环境问题为突破,推动环境科技创新,为黑龙江省环境保护"十二五"规划编制提供思路。     

中国环境法制建设的进展与任务

总结了中国在环境法制建设所取得的成就，指出经过20多年的努力，中国已基本形成了适应社会主义市场经济体制，具有中国特色的环境法律体系。分析了当前环境法制建设中存在的突出问题及其原因。提出了“十五”期间全国环境法制建设的主要任务及措施。强调要通过加强前期调研，不断提高立法质量；强化环境行政执法，依法严励查处各类环境违法行为，严厉打击环境犯罪；并通过建立有奖举报制度，完善公众参与环境执法的监督机制。     

Wildfire policy and use of science in the context of a socio-ecological system on the Aegean Archipelago

This paper summarizes the results of a primarily qualitative (with certain quantitative elements) socio-ecological study on three Greek islands of the Aegean Archipelago to characterize fire science and policy at regional and local levels, and perceptions of fire risk. Among the most important factors influencing dynamics of fire regimes on the islands are changing land use patterns and practices, and changes in climate and fuel conditions. While use of scientific information is not widespread, there are individuals in all three islands who regularly consult scientific sources. Although fire policy is largely controlled at the national and European Union levels, local activity also occurs, most notably through the volunteer fire fighting organizations, interactions with local officials, and public education efforts. However, though seen as important, significant lack of financial support and resources exist to support prevention and pre-suppression programs. Prevention of fires on the islands, including the use of prescribed burning, is relatively inadequate, and while an intense interest in preventing the loss of communities and ecosystems is frequently encountered, public participation in fire prevention remains limited. The findings suggest that relying on local knowledge, in combination with fire managers’ decision-making abilities, could improve fire management options and reduce wildfire suppression costs and ecological disasters.     

邛海流域设施葡萄园土壤养分与地下水污染特征研究

为揭示邛海流域设施葡萄园土壤养分的累积状况与地下水的污染特征,选取邛海北岸典型设施葡萄种植区为研究区域,采集不同种植年限的设施葡萄园和普通农田表层土壤以及相应区域地下水进行分析,并采用相关性分析方法探讨葡萄园表层土壤中氮、磷浓度,土壤理化性质与种植年限之间的关系。结果表明：设施葡萄园表层土壤中速效氮浓度平均为0.702 g/kg,速效磷浓度平均为0.135 g/kg,分别是背景（未耕作）土壤的8.2倍和6.5倍;土壤中总氮和总磷浓度与种植年限呈显著正相关,氮、磷养分会随着种植年限的增加在土壤中累积,且由于种植过程中磷肥的长期大量施用,土壤中磷素累积显著;设施葡萄园土壤pH与其养分浓度呈显著负相关,土壤电导率与其养分浓度呈显著正相关,氮、磷肥料的大量施用会加重土壤的酸化和盐渍化程度;设施葡萄园土壤养分淋失主要以硝态氮为主,地下水中硝酸盐浓度随着种植年限的增加而升高,对邛海水质存在潜在污染风险。     

城市或区域建立环境管理体系的探讨

通过试点证明，建立并认证环境管理体系（ＩＳＯ１４０００）对企业的好处是多方面的，特别对强化企业环境管理，改善企业环境行为，发迹企业形象起到了十分明显的作用，该文对如何在城市或区域建立环境管理体系作了一些探讨，首先就城市或区域建立环境管理体系的必要性与可能性进行了阐述，然后就其如何的基本思路，基本框架，以及思想与物质基础等作了较详细的论述，笔者认为，城市或区域推行ＩＳＯ１４０００标准，应用把基点放在