郑州市城市化进程中土壤环境质量评价

以郑州市为例,揭示城市化过程对土壤环境质量的影响.对距市中心不同距离的表层土样的重金属(Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和As)含量进行分析.根据土壤环境背景值标准对土样进行污染评价,同时采用克里格插值方法分析土壤环境质量指数分布的空间特征.结果表明,城市扩张对土壤中重金属Cr含量的影响最大,对As有一定影响,而对其他重金属含量的影响较小.样点表层土壤中各重金属含量均有超过背景值现象,其中Cr平均含量远高于背景值,为主要污染因子; Pb为轻污染; Cd、Hg和As平均含量小于背景值.各重金属单因子污染指数的空间分布特点不同,其中Cd在郑州市西部为轻污染; Hg在北郊为轻污染; Pb为较普遍的轻污染; As存在点源污染; Cr在绝大部分地区属重度污染.因此,郑州市在城市化进程中应把Cr作为严控指标.     

德兴地区土壤重金属人为污染的地球化学评价

在系统采集德兴地区表层土壤样品的基础上,采用标准化方法确定了该区Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As的地球化学基线值,并采用富集因子对表层土壤的人为污染进行了地球化学评价.结果表明:1)土壤中7种重金属元素的基线值较江西省土壤背景值高;2)土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn的人为污染以轻微污染为主,Cu的人为污染为轻微污染和中度污染,人为污染的区域主要分布在德兴铜矿及其周边地区;3)土壤重金属污染源判别表明,Pb、Zn、Cd具有相似的来源,其污染与铅锌矿的采矿及冶炼活动有关,Cu的来源与德兴铜矿的采矿活动有关,其他重金属来源差异较大.     

三峡库区重庆段土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

为摸清三峡库区重庆段土壤重金属污染状况,分别采自农田、果园、企业周边等不同利用方式的土壤,运用土壤达标率、单项污染指数、综合污染指数和潜在生态指数法对不同类型的土壤样品中的重金属含量进行分析评价。结果表明,三峡库区重庆段土壤环境中Hg、Cd、As、Pb含量均值均超过推荐背景值;变异系数显示Hg和Cd的分布最不均匀,受到人类活动的影响最为强烈;单项污染指数和综合污染指数评价结果显示,只有部分土壤受到了Cd和Hg不同程度地污染,主要是企业周边土壤,而土壤重金属污染主要与人类活动密切相关;三峡库区重庆段土壤环境中各重金属元素的潜在生态危害指数小于40,土壤风险指数为97.5,尚处于低污染、清洁安全水平。     

某页岩气开发场地重金属污染风险分析

为探究页岩气开发不同阶段对开发场地土壤中重金属含量的影响，以长宁区块某平台为例，监测开发过程中场地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的质量比变化，并对其分布特征评价。结果表明：页岩气开发各阶段场地土壤中重金属元素As的超标率最高达到了76.92%,页岩气开发对场地土壤中重金属Hg、Cd、As质量比变化影响程度相对较大；部分采样点土壤受重金属元素Cd与Hg影响存在中等生态危害风险，但场地内土壤重金属的综合生态风险指数RI平均值为70.357<150,仍有0.67%的比例存在中等生态危害风险；4.35%采样点土壤中因重金属元素As影响为中度污染风险，场地内土壤重金属的综合污染指数P的平均值为0.880,但1.35%采样点的土壤为中度污染风险。因此页岩气开发场地内土壤重金属存在一定的污染风险，为避免页岩气开发过程对场地土壤的污染，应加强重点区域防控与措施整改降低页岩气开发过程对场地土壤的污染风险，减少页岩气开采对资源地环境的影响。     

保定城市土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

为了解保定城市土壤重金属污染状况及潜在生态危害,以保定城市土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、尼梅罗综合指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对保定城市土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明,保定城市土壤As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均值分别为9. 75 mg/kg、0. 18 mg/kg、0. 21 mg/kg、38. 99 mg/kg、66. 30 mg/kg、29. 10mg/kg、122. 36 mg/kg、28. 05 mg/kg。保定城市土壤中重金属元素平均值(除As、Ni、Cr外)均高于河北省土壤背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Zn元素的平均值较大,分别是河北省土壤背景值的5. 28倍、1. 74倍、1. 75倍,表明这些元素受到人为因素及工业活动的影响。保定城市土壤重金属污染程度从大到小依次为Zn、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、As,其中Cd、Pb、Cu以清洁状态为主,Hg以安全状态为主,As、Cr、Ni元素处于完全清洁状态,Zn元素出现污染,面积达到研究区面积的2. 08%。整体而言,保定城市土壤环境良好,局部污染,清洁、安全、警戒土壤面积比例分别为64. 58%、33. 33%、2. 08%,主要出现在保定市北部地区,其形成可能与工业生产及人类活动有关。保定城市土壤重金属潜在危害程度由大到小依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni。各重金属元素中,产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Hg,已达到很强潜在生态危害水平,其余重金属均为轻度潜在生态危害;综合潜在生态危害指数(RI)达到中等生态危害程度,达到强生态危害和很强生态危害程度的面积之和占研究区总面积的35. 41%,其形成可能与工业生产有关。     

新建电子废弃物拆解厂附近土壤重金属污染评价及其来源分析

为了探究新建电子废弃物拆解厂附近土壤重金属污染水平与同源相关性,对上海某新建(2012年)电子废弃物处理厂附近土壤中的重金属进行了分析,通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对土壤中As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn 5种重金属元素进行了测定,采用潜在生态风险指数法和地累积污染指数法对污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,除Zn外,该场区附近土壤As、Cd、Cu、Pb质量比的最小值均大于当地化工区土壤的背景值,其中As和Cd的质量比更高,分别为国家二级标准(GB 15618—1995)的1.7倍和1.68倍。评价区土壤重金属的风险指数为392,属于强生态风险,其中Cd的潜在风险指数达到了285,具有很强的生态风险;As的风险指数为83,具有强生态风险;Pb、Cu和Zn具有轻微生态风险,应用地累积污染指数法得到了相似的结果。通过重金属相关性分析得出,5种重金属相互间具有显著相关性,可初步判断均来自电子废弃物拆解生产过程中产生的污染,因此,必须进一步加强电子废弃物拆解过程的污染控制。     

某废弃的草酸生产场地土壤重金属污染特征与风险评价

该文以合肥市某废弃的草酸生产场地的Ni、Pb、As、Ba、Cr、Cu、Hg重金属为研究对象进行测定与分析,采用克里金插值法对其表层空间分布进行描述,采用相关性分析与主成分分析法对其来源进行分析,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行评价。结果表明,七种重金属最大值均超过安徽省土壤背景值,其中Pb在各土层的最大值均超过了GB 36600-2018中的第二类用地筛选值,最大值在0～0.5m,其他六种重金属最大值均未超过筛选值。主成分分析表明,土壤中Pb主要来源于原料生产过程中的遗撒泄漏,Ba、Hg主要来自污水不达标排放。地累积指数评价表明,9.72%点位的Pb处于中度及以上污染状态,其中重污染集中在酸化车间。潜在生态风险法表明,该场地整体处于轻度风险。     

应用地积累指数法和富集因子法对铜矿区土壤重金属污染的安全评价

采用地积累指数法和富集因子法对炼铜厂区土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果表明:两种方法均能对人为污染行为做出较为科学的评价,且两种方法可得到相似的评价结果。评价中采用地球化学背景值和浙江省土壤背景值对土壤重金属污染程度进行对比分析,发现两种背景值对土壤重金属的污染程度在分级上没有明显差异。土壤中Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn重金属元素显著富集,人类活动的影响比较明显,而Cr,Ni元素均处于零级别污染。厂区周围土壤受冶炼活动的影响,一些易于富集的重金属长期累积,其污染程度比远离厂区的未污染区域高出几十倍。     

典型生态旅游地土壤重金属空间分布及潜在生态风险评价

以黔江区城市郊区和生态旅游区域作为研究对象,分析了土壤中8种(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn、Hg)重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中重金属进行了空间分布及潜在风险评价。结果表明:黔江区土壤中8种重金属平均值含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级标准,除Cd、Cr和Ni低于重庆市土壤背景值外,其余5种重金属都高于其背景值。黔江区土壤中8种重金属元素的污染程度大小为CuHgPbZnAsNiCrCd,不同采样点位呈现轻度、中度和重度污染。8种重金属之间相关性较强,Cr、Hg与As的来源可能相同,主要受到人类活动的影响。8种重金属平均单项生态风险因子由强到弱的顺序为HgCdAsCuPbNiCrZn,除Hg处于中等水平生态风险外,其余7种重金属的潜在生态危害程度都较低。与城郊区域土壤生态风险相比较,生态旅游区域土壤指数相对较高。研究区土壤平均潜在生态风险均值为107.6,处于轻微生态危害等级。     

贵州草海表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价

以Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As和Hg 7种重金属为研究对象,均匀布点采集草海表层0~30 cm沉积物,测定样品重金属质量比,分析其空间分布,并应用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和生物效应浓度法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,湖泊表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As和Hg质量比分别为14.8~50.8 mg/kg、26.1~108.0 mg/kg、72.0~473.0 mg/kg、0.6~10.1 mg/kg、25.6~136.0 mg/kg、6.0~22.6 mg/kg和0.039~0.088 mg/kg,其中Cd超标率为100%,最大超标达50.5倍,为主要污染物,S1和S2两站位污染严重。Cd处于强~极强污染级别,具有强生态风险,负面生物毒性效应频繁发生;Cu、Cr、As、Pb和Zn处于无~中度污染级别,具有中等生态风险,负面生物毒性效应发生但不频繁;草海几乎不受Hg污染。空间分布上,靠近威宁县城且受人工码头航运影响的东北湖区(代表站位S1和S2)及白家嘴码头附近湖区(代表站位S4)污染严重,重金属污染分布规律大致呈由东向西逐渐降低的趋势。     

记录历史见证成长携手明天

对于<中国安防产品信息>杂志社来说,2004年是一个特殊的年份,是我们创刊的第十个年头.回首十年历程,<中国安防产品信息>杂志锐意进取,改革创新,共出版杂志62期,其学术性、权威性为业内所公认.作为安防行业的首家专业媒体,我们记录历史,见证成长,推动了中国安防行业的进步与快速发展.     

Age,work experience,and the psychological contract

The purpose of the current paper is to examine the ways in which age and work experience shape how individuals experience psychological contract breaches. We first introduce the concepts of contract malleability (the degree to which individuals can tolerate deviations from contract expectations) and contract replicability (the degree to which individuals believe that their psychological contracts can be replicated elsewhere). Next, we discuss the variety of reasons why contract malleability and replicability become greater with age and work experience and how contract malleability and replicability may temper negative reactions to psychological contract breaches. We also address the different ways contract malleability and replicability mediate the relationships between age and work experience, on one hand, and exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect behaviors on the other. We consider the moderating effects of age similarity and dissimilarity here as well. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for future research designs and for managing older and more experienced workers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Constructive controversy,the Vroom-Yetton model,and managerial decision-making

Empirical tests have indicated that following the Vroom-Yetton Normative Model of leadership predicts reliably to successful managerial decision-making. However, it does not consider the kind of social interaction among decision makers. Recent experiments have demonstrated that controversy constructively discussed can facilitate decision-making. To see whether constructive controversy can supplement the Vroom-Yetton model, 58 managers enrolled in an executive-level MBA programme described a successful and unsuccessful decision-making experience by answering the Vroom-Yetton questions and by indicating the extent those involved in making the decision experienced constructive controversy. Results indicate that both the Vroom-Yetton model and constructive controversy are significantly related to successful decision-making. A regression analysis indicated that constructive controversy accounted for 45 per cent of the variance of decision success whereas the Vroom-Yetton model accounted for 5 per cent. While the Vroom-Yetton model is useful at the preplanning stage for choosing a decision style, much greater contribution is provided by constructive discussions of opposing opinions when actually generating the decision.     

广东汕头市农业土壤和蔬菜铅含量及健康风险评估

重金属元素铅的危害已经引起人们的广泛关注,为了得到汕头市土壤及蔬菜铅污染的状况,选取了该市115个土壤样品及34个蔬菜样品进行铅含量分析.研究发现,汕头市土壤样品铅含量差异较大,最高含量为110mg/kg,最低含量则为12.1mg/kg,极差达到97.9mg/kg.56.52%的土壤样品铅含量超过国家土壤环境质量标准,表明该市土壤铅污染存在普遍性,且各区(县)土壤铅含量极不均匀.汕头市蔬菜样品铅含量全部超过国家食品卫生标准(GB 14935-94),不同蔬菜品种对铅的富集能力均较强,蔬菜样品铅最低含量为5mg/kg,最高含量为85mg/kg,分别为国家标准限值的5倍和425倍.经分析认为,该市铅污染源主要来自工业"三废"排放、大量含铅农药的使用、汽车尾气排放以及大气沉降等.还对汕头市民通过食用蔬菜而导致的铅暴露进行了健康风险评估,结果表明该市居民使用蔬菜存在较大的健康风险.     

Predictors of intentions to leave the ward,the hospital,and the nursing profession: A longitudinal study

The stages preceding and following the intention to withdraw from an organization have not been adequately examined. Data were collected at two time periods from a sample of 146 nurses working in a general hospital located in a large metropolitan area in Israel. Essentially, intention to withdraw from three levels — ward, hospital and profession — were examined. LISREL was used to test alternative longitudinal models for the best fitting set of linkages among variables. The findings supported a progression model of withdrawal intention. According to this conceptualization, a nurse first decides to leave the ward, then the hospital, and, finally, the profession. Theoretical and practical implications of the results were presented.     

Safety metaphors and theories,a review of the occupational safety literature of the US,UK and The Netherlands,till the first part of the 20th century

The 19th century and first half of the 20th century is one of those periods in history of rapid economical, technical and social changes. There is an ongoing mechanization, followed by a movement to rationalize production and to make it cost effective. This has created a heavy burden of occupational deaths amongst workers. In this period occupational safety is developing into a professional field. Engineers are enclosing hazards and fencing heights, shaping up safety technique, and writing very practical publications on occupational safety. These publications, predominantly published in the United States, are leading to quite some safety related metaphors, with the iceberg and the domino’s as the most famous ones. Sociologists, psychologists, and physicians are more concerned with questions related to accident causation, and these specialists are conducting research leading to two different safety theories. Causes of occupational accident are found either in the workers’ capacity to handle hazardous situations, or in external causes, like very long working hours, dangerous machines and the increased pressures of work and speed of production. The Pittsburgh survey, the first extended analysis of occupational accidents in a steel district, strongly advocated the environmental hypothesis, while the so-called ‘individual hypothesis’ is favored by the American Safety First Movement, starting as a private initiative in 1906 by US Steel, and later spreading out over Western European countries. The British Industrial Fatigue Board has given the individual hypothesis its scientific justification. Despite scientific criticism just after World War II on the concept of accident proneness and ‘unsafe acts’, its popularity is not fading. Even nowadays the famous metaphors are still part of the vocational training of safety experts, also in The Netherlands. Apparently professional and scientific developments in occupational safety are belonging to two separate worlds. Before World War II, The Netherlands is not a leading country in occupational safety but a follower, first of France and the German speaking countries. After World War I its focus is directed towards the Anglo-Saxon countries.